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FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY.
ZOOLOGY, VOL. XII
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MAP OF PART OF NORTHEASTERN BRAZIL.
Field Museum of Natural History
Founded by Marshall Field, 1893
Publication 255
Zoological Series Vol. XII, No. 18
A CONTRIBUTION TO THE ORNITHOLOGY
OF
NORTHEASTERN BRAZIL
BY
Charles E. Hellmayr
Associate Curator of Birds
THt UBHW Of r
APR 1
Wilfred H. Osgood
Curator, Department of Zoology
UNIVEHSI7
1929
Y ot um
1 a
Chicago, U. S. A.
March 4, 1929
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
BY FIELD MUSEUM PRESS
A CONTRIBUTION TO THE ORNITHOLOGY OF
NORTHEASTERN BRAZIL
BY C. E. HELLMAYR
Introduction
The following account purports to give a condensed review of our
actual knowledge of the ornithology of the three Brazilian states
Maranhao, Piauhy, and Ceara. Although "political boundaries do
not, as a rule, conform to those which mark the limits of faunal
areas,"1 it has been deemed expedient for practical reasons so to limit
the scope of this paper, instead of including the northwestern section
of Bahia, which, from the evidence at hand, is faunistically more
nearly related to the area circumscribed above than to that part of
the state lying south and east of the Sao Francisco River.
While primarily based on collections made for Field Museum from
July 1923 to February 1926, by Heinrich E. Snethlage, a nephew of
Madame E. Snethlage of Amazonian fame, in Maranhao, Piauhy,
and the adjacent districts of western Ceara (and northern Goyaz),
and the material gathered by Robert H. Becker, from June to Sep-
tember 1 913, in eastern Ceara, the present paper includes every
species recorded in literature from the three states. Those not
represented in Field Museum are enclosed in brackets. Besides
our own series, I have had the advantage of examining a large portion
of the material secured by 0. Reiser and his assistants in Piauhy
during the Vienna Academy's expedition. Several hundred birds
from northern Maranhao, collected by the late Ferdinand Schwanda,
have been compared in European museums. More than twenty
years ago the Royal Natural History Museum at Sophia, Bulgaria,
had forwarded to me the first lot transmitted by this collector; and
various other consignments from the same source, belonging to the
museums at Tring, Frankfort on the Main, Munich, Vienna, and
Sao Paulo (Brazil), passed through my hands during the next decade.
Finally, a visit to the Berlin Museum, in June 1926, enabled me to
inspect the types of certain forms described by Madame Snethlage
from Ceara.
'Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 55, p. 3, 1926.
235
236 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
Thanks are due to the authorities of the Vienna Museum, par-
ticularly my old friend Mr. Otmar Reiser; Dr. Alfred Laubmann, of
the Munich Museum; Dr. Erwin Stresemann, of Berlin; Dr. Frank
M. Chapman, of the American Museum of Natural History of New
York; Dr. Charles W. Richmond, of Washington, D.C. ; and Mr.
W. E. Clyde Todd, of the Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, for the
use of material in the collections under their care. To Mr. H. B.
Conover, of Chicago, I am indebted for permission to record in this
report numerous specimens preserved in his private collection, and
to Mr. Charles Westcott I am under great obligations for invaluable
help in revising the manuscript and correcting the proof sheets.
Historical Sketch
The first information concerning the bird life of the region is
due to the efforts of Georg Marc grave (of Liebstadt, near Meissen,
in Saxony), who, together with William Piso, Franz Plante, and
others, accompanied Count (later Prince) Johann Moritz of Nassau-
Siegen, as naturalist, on his military expedition to Brazil. The
Count, in command of a Dutch army, landed on January 24, 1637
at Olinda, drove the Spanish forces over the Rio Sao Francisco,
and immediately organized the government of the reconquered
territory which comprised the provinces Sergipe, Pernambuco,
Itamarica, Parahyba, Rio Grande do Norte, and Ceara. During
his administration, Count Moritz lost no opportunity to explore
the natural resources of the country, and he was materially aided
by the scientists named above in gathering material in all branches
of natural history. When, seven years later, the Dutch expeditionary
corps was forced to retreat, Marcgrave shifted the field of his activity
to Sao Paulo de Loanda, on the west coast of Africa, where he soon
fell a victim to the deadly climate, at the early age of thirty-four
years, leaving, among other scientific material, extensive notes and
drawings on the Zoology and Botany of Brazil. This manuscript
was preserved by Johannes de Laet and, together with W. Piso's
"De Medicina Brasiliae," was published in 1648 at Leiden and
Amsterdam as "Georgi Marcgravi de Liebstadt, Misnici Germani,
Historiae Rerum Naturalium Brasiliae, libri octo," under the joint
title "Historia Naturalis Brasiliae," the account of the birds
forming "liber quintus," divided into fifteen chapters (pp. 190-
220). Many of the birds which were described by Marcgrave
under vernacular names received Latin denominations from
Linnaeus, Gmelin, and others; but owing to the rather vague de-
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 237
scriptions and crude illustrations, some of which were, moreover,
misplaced in the text, considerable doubt existed as to the proper
identification of certain species. Fortunately, the original drawings
were discovered in the Royal (now Prussian State) Library at
Berlin,1 and with their help Lichtenstein2 undertook a review of the
birds included in Marcgrave's work, resulting in the correction of
sundry misinterpretations and errors. Lichtenstein's attempt to
identify the various species was quite successful, and apart from
several cases where our present knowledge leads to different con-
clusions, his paper even now may be consulted with advantage.
Nothing was added to our scanty knowledge of northeastern
Brazil until the Bavarian explorers /. B. Spix and Ph. Martins, in
the course of their famous journey, visited Piauhy (entering from the
southeast and traversing it in a northwesterly direction to Oeiras
and Therezina) and the eastern part of Maranhao, reaching Sao Luiz
by way of Caxias and Itapicuru-mirim, in the early summer of
1819. The few species of birds collected on that trip, hardly more
than a dozen, are duly recorded in Spix's "Avium Species Novae,"
published in two folio volumes at Munich in 1824 and 1825.
At about the same time, the Berlin Museum apparently received
some material from Maranhao, as may be conjectured from the name
Psittacus cumanensis, imposed by Lichtenstein3 upon a species of
Macaw.*
In the latter half of the nineteenth century, trade skins from
Ceara reached the U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C, and
the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts,
and a collector by the name of Zietz sent a series of birds from the
same state to the Bremen Museum.
Much more important, however, were the results of the expedition
organized in 1903 by the Vienna Academy of Sciences under the
leadership of the ichthyologist Franz Steindachner. The party which
included Otmar Reiser as ornithologist, after working for several
months in the state of Bahia, notably along the Sao Francisco River
and its tributaries, the Rio Grande and Rio Preto, in the north-
western section of that state, crossed the Serra do Boqueirao north
of Santa Rita into Piauhy, reaching Parnagua on May 11, 1903.
xSee Lichtenstein, Abhandl. Ak. Wiss. Berlin, Phys. Kl., for 1814-15,
pp. 204-208, 1817.
2Ibidem, for 1816-17, pp. 155-178, 1819.
3Verz. Dubl. Berliner Mus., p. 6, 1823.
4See under Species No. 387, p. 439.
238 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
After exploring the vicinity of this city, they went on to Santo
Antonio de Gilboez, then struck west to Santa Philomena and,
stopping at various places, followed the Rio Parnahyba down to its
mouth. The ornithological material gathered on this journey
through Piauhy, numbering upwards of six hundred birds, con-
stitutes the first collection made along scientific lines in that part
of Brazil. An account of it was published by Reiser in the "Denk-
schriften der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, mathematisch-
naturwissenschaftliche Klasse," 76, pp. 55-100, 1010; pp. 107-252,
1925, with two maps and one colored plate.
In 1905, Ferdinand Schwanda established himself in Maranhao
and soon started sending birdskins to Europe. Schwanda at first
collected at Sao Luiz, B6a Vista, and Primeira Cruz and, later, moved
farther east to Miritiba, halfway between the Rio Itapicuru and the
frontier of Piauhy. Although no account of his collections, scat-
tered through various museums in Europe and America, has ever
been published, it appears that his researches were exclusively re-
stricted to the coast region of Maranhao. Schwanda continued
collecting until the time of his death which took place about 19 10,
though I have no information as to the exact date.
In May and June 1910, Madame Emilie Snethlage, for many years
associated with the Museu Goeldi at Para, explored the western
section of Ceara, working chiefly at Camocim, Ipu, and at Sao Paulo,
in the Serra Grande de Ibiapaba, while Francisco de Queiroz Lima,
taxidermist of the same institution, in 191 5 secured a small collection
in the Serra do Castello, in the southern part of the state. A short
account of the ornithological results of the two trips, embracing 148
species, was published by Madame Snethlage,1 while this paper was
passing through the press.
Robert H. Becker, in behalf of Field Museum, visited Ceara in
the summer of 1913, making collections in the Serra de Baturite, at
Quixada, and at a place called Jua, near Iguatu. The late
C. B. Cory described sundry new forms from this material, but no
complete report was ever written. The entire series has been
studied in the preparation of this memoir, and the specimens
obtained by Becker have been listed under the headings of the
different species.
Madame Snethlage spent the latter half of 1923 in northern Maran-
hao (Tury-assu, Sao Bento, Sao Luiz), collecting upwards of 500
^ol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, pp. 39-48, Nov., 1926.
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 239
birdskins, and has just published1 an annotated list of 196 species
in connection with the report on Ceara quoted above.2
To complete this sketch, it may be mentioned that various speci-
mens from Maranhao, mostly without definite localities, are listed in
E. Snethlage's "Catalogo das Aves Amazonicas,"' while Ihering and
Ihering4 recorded a number of species obtained by F. Schwanda.
H. Snethlage's Expedition6
Dr. Heinrich E. Snethlage began his work late in July 1923 at
Sao Luiz, the capital of Maranhao and, up to the end of August,
collected in the vicinity of that city and at the estate Anil, five kilo-
meters south of Sao Luiz. From August 17 to September 14, his
headquarters were at Sao Bento, inland of Alcantara. Thence he
moved to Tury-assu, farther north on the coast, and to Alto de
Alegria, about 40 kilometers inland, where collecting was carried on
until January 4, 1924. The next station was the island of Mangunca,
opposite Cururupu (February 2 2 -March 22), after which Dr. Sneth-
lage returned to Sao Luiz, and from April 19 to May 27, 1924,
explored the neighborhood of Rosario, situated near the left bank of
the lower Itapicuru. On June 10, he arrived at Cocos, south of Codo,
farther up that river, and after working in this district for a month,
struck across to the Rio Mearim, reaching it on July 25 at Pedreiras,
below the junction of the Rio das Flores. From August 8 to October 2,
Dr. Snethlage investigated the fauna of Barra do Cor da, on the upper
Mearim. An excursion took him to Ponto (Canella), near the sources
of the Rio Estevao, a tributary of the Rio Corda, about seventy kilo-
meters south of Barra do Corda. The greater part of October was
spent at Grajahu, on the river of the same name, in western Maran-
hao. On the return journey, he stopped at Victoria (Queimadas), a
settlement on the Rio Grajahu, about halfway between the city of
Grajahu and the junction of the Mearim.
In December 1924, Dr. Snethlage began operations in the eastern
section of Piauhy at Ibiapaba, on the upper Poty, at the foot of the
Serra de Ibiapaba (December 12, 1924 to January 17, 1925), and then
^oc. cit., pp. 59-69, Nov., 1926.
2Only a few of the more important records, including a number of species not
otherwise found in Maranhao, could be incorporated in the present paper.
3Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, 1914.
4Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, 1907.
5See Snethlage's recently published "Meine Reise durch Nordostbrasilien" in
Journ. Orn., 75, pp. 453-484. P1- 7. 1927; 76, pp. 5°3-581, 668-738, 1928.
240 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
went fifteen kilometers north to Ardra, in the Serra (January 20 to
February 15). Crossing the state line, he collected for several weeks
(February 18 to March 8), at Varzea Formosa, Municipio Ipueiras,
about 40 kilometers northeast of Ardra, at altitudes of from 700 to
1000 meters, in western Ceara, and returning to Piauhy, secured
a representative series at Deserto, a station on the railroad Parnahyba-
Piracurucd, about thirty kilometers west of the Serra de Ibiapaba
(March 28 to April 15).
In May 1925, Dr. Snethlage started on his long inland journey to
southern Maranhao. After spending a few weeks at Sao Francisco,
opposite Amarante, on the Rio Parnahyba, and stopping at Victoria
(July 15), he established headquarters at the Fazenda Inhuma, on
the left bank of that river, about eighty kilometers below Santa
Philomena (July 16 to August 8). From there he went up the Rio
Medonho and finally reached Tranqueira, near the sources of the
Moju, one of its affluents, approximately one hundred kilometers
west of Victoria do Alto Parnahyba (August 13 to September 16).
Crossing the Serra Vermelha, Dr. Snethlage passed into the drain-
age basin of the Tocantins and entered the territory of Goyaz at
Certeza, near the headwaters of the Rio Perdido, a tributary of the
Rio do Somno. On descending the Tocantins, he stopped at Carolina,
Maranhao (November 9-13), Philadelphia (November 25 to De-
cember 30), and the missionary station Santo Antonio, Boa Vista
(January 25 to February 24, 1926), where, however, owing to a
rebellion and poor health, very little collecting could be done.
Altogether, nearly 2000 birdskins were transmitted, all of which,
with the exception of certain game birds, have been incorporated in
the collection of Field Museum. Considering the adverse conditions
under which he was working, Dr. Snethlage deserves full credit for
what he has accomplished, and while much detailed work must yet
be done, we may safely say that the results of his travels, combined
with those of the Vienna Academy's expedition, have supplied us
with the necessary material to form a general idea of the bird life of
the interior of Maranhao and Piauhy.
ZOOGEOGRAPHICAL CONSIDERATIONS
While the available information is not all that could be desired,
it is evident that the interior of Maranhao and Piauhy, and the
state of Ceara probably in its entirety, are closely similar in physio-
graphical respects to the table-land of central Brazil. The greater
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 241
part of the country is more or less open, broken by comparatively
low ridges or mountain ranges (Serras), studded with catinga woods
(thorn thickets), and extensive clearings around the human habita-
tions. Strips of virgin forest (gallery forest) are found along the
river banks and creeks.1
The northern coast of Maranhao, on the other hand, presents
quite a different aspect, being covered, at least partly, with primeval
forest of the same kind as is found in the neighboring Para district.
This applies particularly to Tury-assu, where Dr. Snethlage met with
a surprisingly large number of Lower-Amazonian forms. The theory
expressed in my review of the Para ornis2 that this faunal area would
be found to extend far beyond the Rio Gurupy has been amply con-
firmed by Snethlage's and Schwanda's researches. How far this
forested belt stretches along the coast of Maranhao, has yet to be
determined, though it can be traced, with reasonable accuracy, as far
east as Miritiba, where Schwanda secured such a typical forest
dweller as Pyriglena leuconota leuconota. The occurrence of Todi-
ro strum sylvia schulzi, Xenops minutus genibarbis, Momotus momota
parensis, Brachygalba lugubris lugubris, and Ortalis spixi on the lower
Parnahyba (boundary line of Maranhao and Piauhy), is not quite
conclusive. These species of Amazonian parentage may have fol-
lowed the gallery forest which extends along the banks of many rivers
far into the open country. No doubt this is the way that certain
Amazonian species have penetrated the interior of Maranhao. As
examples we may cite Thraupis episcopus episcopus, taken at Barra
do Corda and Cocos, Xiphorhynchus guttatus eytoni, at Grajahu,
and Dysithamnus mentalis emiliae, at Victoria, Queimadas — inland
localities at all of which, according to Snethlage, patches of gallery
forest exist.
However, it seems pretty certain that not all of the country be-
tween the lower Itapicurti and Parnahyba is unbroken forest, since
the taking at Miritiba by Schwanda of so typical a representative of
the table-land fauna as Furnarius leucopus assimilis clearly speaks for
the existence in that vicinity of open or at least deforested areas.
The close affinity of northern Maranhao to the Para region is best
illustrated by the following list.
JMuch useful information about the various plant associations and their
characteristic birds may be found in the second part of Snethlage's "Meine Reise
durch Nordostbrasilien" (Journ. Orn., 76, pp. 505-540, 1928).
2Abhandl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., Math.-phys. Kl., 26, No. 2, pp. 84, 139, 1912.
242 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
GUIANAN-AMAZONIAN SPECIES EXTENDING INTO MARANHAO,
BUT UNKNOWN FROM EASTERN BRAZIL
Thryophilus leucotis albipectus
Troglodytes musculus clarus
Polioptila plumbea plumbea
Basileuterus rivularis mesoleucus
Pachysylvia semicinerea
Cyclarhis gujanensis gujanensis
Chlorophanes spiza spiza
Dacnis cayana cayana
Leistes militaris militaris
Tanagra cayennensis
Thraupis episcopus episcopus (ranging as far inland as Barra do Corda and Codo)
Ramphocelus car bo carbo (ranging apparently all over Piauhy; represented by
R. c. centralis south of the Serra de Tabatinga)
Eucometis penicillata penicillata
Caryothraustes canadensis canadensis
Cyanocompsa cyanoides rothschildii
Paroaria gularis gularis •
Myiodynastes maculatus maculatus
Terenotriccus erythrurus hellmayri
Onychorhynchus coronatus coronatus
Platyrinchus saturatus
Tolmomyias sulphur escens assimilis
Rhynchocyclus olivaceus guianensis
Todirostrum chrysocrotaphum illigeri
Todirostrum maculatum maculatum
Todirostrum sylvia schulzi (east to the Rio Parnahyba)
Colopteryx galeatus
Tyranniscus acer
Tyrannulus elatus elatus
Piprites chloris chlorion
Manacus manacus purus
Schiffornis turdinus wallacii
Platypsaris minor
Pachyramphus polychopterus niger
Pachyramphus marginatus nanus
Lipaugus simplex frederici
Attila thamnophiloides thamnophiloides
Xipholena lamellipennis (probably of east-Brazilian origin)
Synallaxis gujanensis gujanensis
Synallaxis rutilans omissa
Certhiaxis cinnamomea cinnamomea
Philydor ruficaudatus
Philydor erythrocercus lyra
Automolus infuscatus paraensis
Automolus rufipileatus rufipileatus
Xenops minutus genibarbis (east to the Rio Parnahyba)
Sclerurus mexicanus macconnelli
Dendrocolaptes certhia medius
Xiphorhynchus guttatus eytoni
Xiphorhynchus spixii
Lepidocolaptes fuscicapillus layardi
Dendrocincla fuliginosa
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 243
Conopophaga roberti (south to the upper Rio Parnahyba)
Corythopis torquata anthoides
Thamnophilus aethiops incertus
Thamnophilus amazonicus paracusis
Dysithamnus mentalis emiliae (probably of east-Brazilian origin)
Thamnomanes caesius hoffmannsi
Myrmotherula hauxwelli hellmayri
Myrmotherula axillaris axillaris
Myrmotherula menetriesii omissa
Herpsilochmus rufimarginatus f rater
Cercomacra sclateri
Cercomacra tyrannina laeta
Pyriglena leuconota leuconota
Hypocnemoides maculicauda
Sclateria naevia naevia
Formicarius ruficeps amazonicus
Formicarius analis analis
Hylophylax poecilinota vidua
Phlegopsis nigromaculata paraensis
Threnetes leucurus medianus
Campylopterus obscurus obscurus
Avocettula recurvirostris
Lophornis gouldii
Thalurania furcata furcatoides
Hylocharis cyanus viridiventris
Agyrtrina leucogaster leucogaster
Heliothrix auritus phainolaema
Anthoscenus longirostris longirostris
Nyctipolus nigrescens
Otus choliba crucigerus
Piculus chrysochloros paraensis
Piculus flavigula magnus
Chrysoptilus melanochloros mariae
Veniliornis affinis ruficeps
Celeus jumana jumana
Scapaneus trachelopyrus
Momotus momota parensis (east to the Rio Parnahyba)
Calbula albirostris cyanicollis
Brachygalba lugubris lugubris (east to the Rio Parnahyba)
Notharchus tectus tectus
Rhamphastos monilis
Pteroglossus bitorquatus bitorquatus
Pteroglossus inscriptus inscriptus (east to Pernambuco)
Piaya cay ana subsp.
Aratinga guarouba
Pyrrhura perlata lepida
Brotogeris tuipara
Pionus fuscus
Harpagus bidentatus bidentatus
Leplotila ruf axilla ruf axilla
Ortalis spixi (east to the Rio Parnahyba)
As soon as we advance, in a southerly direction, beyond the
forested belt, we meet a very different lot of birds, and we cannot fail
to recognize the great similarity to the bird life of Bahia. In fact, a
244 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
good many of the characteristic elements known to range from Bahia
to Pernambuco, extend, without showing any racial variation, into
the dryer inner districts of Piauhy and Maranhao, including Ceara.
The most striking representatives of this group are Nyctipolus
hirundinaceus, Compsothraupis loricata, and the peculiar humming-
bird genus Anopetia.
Other species, while widely diffused in the northern provinces,
apparently reach the southern limit of their distributional area in
the northwestern section of Bahia, whereas east and south of the Rio
Sao Francisco they are either absent or represented by allied forms.
Among these may be quoted Planesticus rufiventris juensis, Gnori-
mopsar chopi sulcirostris, Saltator coerulescens super ciliaris, Paroaria
dominicana, Cranioleuca vulpina reiseri, Pseudoseisura cristata cris-
tata, Xiphocolaptes falcirostris, and Cyanopsitta spixii.
Others, like Tangara cyanocephala cearensis, Myiobius atricaudus
snethlagei, Todirostrum mirandae, Xanthomyias virescens reiseri,
Procnias averano averano, Megaxenops parnagnae, Sclerurus scansor
cearensis, Campylorhamphus trochilirostris major, Conopophaga cearae,
Grallaria martinsi, Ramphastos theresae, Aratinga jandaya, Pyrrhura
leucotis griseipectus, For pus passerinus flavissimus, etc., have a still
more restricted range, having so far been found only in one or all of
the three northern states, while in but a few cases a representative
form occurs in Bahia.
Within the boundaries of the region treated in this memoir, very
little differentiation has taken place, and the species recorded from
only part of the territory may yet be discovered in the other sections.
However, in a few instances, Ceara appears to have developed pecul-
iar races of its own, such as Myiarchus tyrannulus pallescens, Phyllo-
myias fasciatus cearae, and Piaya cayana cearae, which are replaced
in the more westerly states as well as in Bahia by Myiarchus tyran-
nulus bahiae, Phyllomyias fasciatus fasciatus, and Piaya cayana
pallescens respectively. In the case of a Woodhewer, the Ceara form,
Lepidocolaptes angustirostris bahiae, encroaches even on the extreme
east of Piauhy, while a slightly different form is found farther west.
Contrary to conditions existing in the Amazonian region, the
rivers in this part of Brazil have no zoogeographical significance,
though the lower Parnahyba evidently separates the ranges of Venili-
ornis passerinus medianus and V. p. taenionotus.
Two Woodpeckers, Crocomorphus flavus tectricialis and Picumnus
exilis alegriae, are hitherto known only from the north coast of
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr.
245
Maranhao, but it is quite doubtful whether they are of Amazonian or
east-Brazilian origin. Pyrrhura perlata coerulescens, a Paroquet, is
recorded solely from eastern Maranhao (Miritiba). Strangely enough,
farther west, around Guimaraes, another closely-allied form, P. p.
lepida, the Para representative has been found. This peculiar
distribution requires further investigation.
The presence in Maranhao of a Bell-bird, Procnias a. averano,
closely allied to a Guianan species, offers a geographical problem
which I am unable to explain.
The subjoined list may help to illustrate the distributional facts
discussed in the preceding lines.
List of Species Wholly or Chiefly Restricted to
Northeastern Brazil
Planesticus rufiventris juensis
Planesticus leucomelas albiventer
Thryophilus longirostris bahiae
Polioptila plumbea cearensis
Vireosylva chivi agilis
Molothrus badius fringillarius
Icterus cayanensis tibialis
Icterus jamacaii
Gnorimopsar chopi sulcirostris
Tangara cyanocephala cearensis
Tangara cayana flava
Cypsnagra hirundinacea pallidigula
Compsothraupis loricata
Schistochlamys ruficapillus capistratus
Saltator coerulescens superciliaris
Cyanocompsa cyanea cyanea
Sporophila albogularis
Sporophila leucoptera cinereola
Sicalis columbiana leopoldinae
Coryphospingus pileatus pileatus
Paroaria dominicana
Xolmis irupero nivea
Fluvicola climazura climazura
Empidonomus aurantio-atro-cristatus
pallidiventris
Myiarchus tyrannulus pallescens
Myiobus atricaudus snethlagei
Todirostrum cinereum cearae
Todirostrum mirandae
Euscarthmornis mar gar itaceiv enter
wuchereri
Stigmatura budytoides bahiae
Camplostoma obsoletum cinerascens
South to n. w. Bahia (Rio Preto)
Eastern Para to Bahia
South to Bahia
South to Bahia
South to Bahia
South to Bahia
South to Bahia
South to the Sao Francisco River, Bahia
Known only from Ceara (represented in
Bahia by T. c. corallina)
South to Bahia
South to Bahia, west to the upper Rio
Madeira
South to Bahia
South to Bahia
South to the Sao Francisco River, Bahia
South to Bahia
South to Bahia
South to Rio
South to the Rio Sao Francisco, Bahia,
west to the Rio Araguaya, Goyaz
South to Minas Geraes and Espirito Santo
South to the Sao Francisco River
Ceara to Bahia
South to Bahia
South to Goyaz
Recorded only from Ceara
Maranhao and Piauhy
South to Bahia
Known only from Ceara
South to Bahia
Piauhy and Bahia
South to Bahia
246 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
X anthomyias virescens reiser i
Phyllomyias fasciatus fasciatus
Phyllomyias fasciatus cearae
Procnias averano averano
Furnarius figulus figulus
Certhiaxis cinnamomea cearensis
Cranioleuca vulpina reiseri
Cranioleuca semicinerea
Asthenes hellmayri
Pseudoseisura cristata cristata
Megaxenops parnaguae
Sclerurus scansor cearensis
Xiphocolaptes falcirostris
Lepidocolaptes squamatus wagleri
Lepidocolaptes fuscus tenuirostris
Lepidocolaptes angustirostris coronatus
Lepidocolaptes angustirostris bahiae
Campylorhamphus trochilirostris major
Sittasomus griseicapillus reiseri
Melanopareia torquata torquata
Conopophaga cearae
Taraba major stagurus
Sakesphorus cristatus
Thamnophilus doliatus capistratus
Thamnophilus caerulescens cearensis
Myrmorchilus strigilatus strigilatus
Herpsilochmus pileatus pileatus
Herpsilochmus pectoralis
Neorhopias melanogaster bahiae
Grallaria martinsi
Anopetia gounellei
Eupetomena macroura simoni
Agyrtrina versicolor nitidifrons
Nyctipolus h. hirundinaceus
Nyctipolus h. cearae
Colaptes campestris chrysosternus
Veniliornis passer inus medianus
Veniliornis passerinus taenionotus
Celeus flavescens ochraceus
Crocomorphus flavus tetricialis
Picumnus pygmaeus
Picumnus limae
Picumnus exilis alegriae
Nystalus maculatus maculatus
Malacoptila striata minor
Ramphastos theresae
Piaya cayana pallescens
Piaya cayana cearae
Cyanopsitta spixii
Thectocercus acuticaudatus haemorrhous
A ratinga jandaya
Aratinga cactorum caixana
Recorded only from Piauhy
Maranhao, Piauhy, Bahia
Recorded only from Ceara
South to Bahia
South to Bahia
South to the Sao Francisco River, Bahia
Ceara to Bahia
South to Bahia
South to the Sao Francisco River, Bahia
Known only from Piauhy and Ceara
Recorded only from Ceara
South to n. w. Bahia (Rio Preto)
Recorded only from Piauhy
Ceara to Bahia
Maranhao, Piauhy, and n. w. Bahia
Extreme eastern Piauhy, Ceara to Bahia
(Represented in Bahia by C. t. trochiliros-
tris)
South to n. w. Bahia and n. Goyaz
South to Bahia
Known only from eastern Ceara
South to Bahia
South to Bahia
South to Bahia
Recorded only from Ceara
South to Bahia
N. Piauhy to Ceara, south to Bahia
South to Bahia
South to Bahia
Recorded only from Ceara
South to Bahia
South to Bahia
Tocantins to Ceara
Bahia to s. Piauhy
N. Bahia to Ceara
South to Bahia
W. and s. Piauhy, south to Minas Geraes
E. Piauhy to Ceara, south to Bahia
Lower Amazonia to Pernambuco
Coast of Maranhao (represented in Bahia
by C. f. subjlavus)
South to Bahia
Known only from s. Ceara
Coast of Maranhao (represented in Bahia
by P. e. exilis)
Lower Amazonia to Bahia
Recorded only from Maranhao
Known only from Maranhao and Piauhy
S. Piauhy to Bahia
Ceara
South to the Sao Francisco River, Bahia
South to Bahia
Maranhao to Ceara
South to n. w. Bahia (Rio Preto)
^11 ■
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 247
Pyrrhura leucotis griseipectus Recorded only from Ceara
For pus passerinus flavissimus Maranhao to Ceara (represented in Bahia
by F. p. vividus)
Rupornis magnirostris nattereri South to Bahia
Columbula picui strepitans South to Bahia
Leptotila verreauxi approximans South to Bahia
Penelope jacu-caca South to Bahia
Odontophorus capueira plumbeicollis Recorded only from Ceara
Nothura boraquira South to Bahia
Rhynchotus rufescens catingae Piauhy, west to the upper Rio Madeira
Rhea americana americana South to Bahia
In studying this list, it will be realized that the bird life of the
campo region of the northern states has much in common with Bahia,
much more so than with the fauna of Goyaz and Matto Grosso;
although a number of species like Polioptila dumicola berlepschi,
Saltator atricollis, Euscarthmus rufomarginatus, Suiriri aifinis atfinis,
Antilophia galeata, Herpsilochmus pileatus atricapillus, Herpsiloch-
mus longirostris, Pygmornis nattereri, Thalurania furcata baeri, and
Picumnus guttifer are of undoubted southern origin, being widely
distributed throughout the central table-land and unknown in Bahia.
In comparison to the endemic Bahian elements their number is,
however, relatively small, and those that are found only in the ex-
treme south of Maranhao and Piauhy may reasonably be assumed
to be immigrants of a comparatively recent period. Further specula-
tion on this subject, however, seems futile until the northern parts
of Goyaz have been more throughly explored.
Annotated List of the Birds of Maranhao, Piauhy and Ceara
Under each species in the following pages will be found a refer-
ence to the original description with the type locality, also references
to the few papers relating to this part of Brazil. Reiser's accounts
published in 19101 and 1925, 2 when quoted separately, are cited
respectively as "Reiser (1)" and "Reiser (2)." When the references
are in both works, the citations read "Reiser, pp." followed by the
page number in each paper. Then follows a list of the specimens
collected by Dr. Snethlage and, under a separate heading, the
material obtained by R. H. Becker and others, whenever examined,
is specified.
10. Reiser, Liste der Vogelarten, welche auf der von der Kaiserlichen Akademie
der Wissenschaften 1903 nach Nordostbrasilien entsendeten Expedition unter
Leitung des Hof rates Dr. F. Steindachner gesammelt wurden; Denks. Math.-
naturw. Kl. Kais. Ak. Wiss. Wien, 76, pp. 55-100, 19 10.
2Ergebnisse der Zoologischen Expedition der Akademie der Wissenschaften nach
Nordostbrasilien im Jahre 1903. Vogel von Otmar Reiser; 1. c, 76, pp. 107-252,
col. plate, two maps, 1925.
248 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XII.
Except in the case of certain widespread species, the range of each
form has been given as precisely as possible. All measurements are
in millimeters.
1. Planesticus fumigatus fumigatus (Lichtenstein).
Turdus fumigatus Lichtenstein, Verz. Dubl. Berliner Mus., p. 38, 1823 — Brazil.
Maranhao: Tury-assu, 9 ad., 9 (first annual), Nov. 26, Dec. 10,
1923.
Agreeing with specimens from Bahia and Lower Amazonia (Para,
Mexiana, Obidos, Rio Tapajoz). Individual variation is remarkably
great in this species, hardly two examples from any locality being
exactly alike. Birds from the Guianas (P. fredericki and P. fumi-
gatus abariensis of Chubb) appear to me inseparable, and those from
southern Venezuela (Orinoco-Caura basin) likewise resemble the
general run of the Brazilian Sabia. In the west, this form ranges to
the Rio Madeira (Borba) and Matto Grosso. Specimens from the
latter district (Engenho do Gama and Sao Vicente, Rio Guapore),
by white under tail coverts and reduced amount of cinnamomeous
quill lining, form the transition to P.f. hauxwelli, of Upper Amazonia.
P. f. fumigatus reaches the southern limit of its range on the Rio
Parahyba, state of Rio de Janeiro.
2. Planesticus rufiventris juensis Cory.
Planesticus rufiventris juensis Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Orn. Ser., 1,
p. 344, 1916 — Jua, near Iguatu, Ceara.
Turdus rufiventer (not of Vieillot) Reiser (1), p. 77, 1910 — Barro Vermelho and
Santa Rita, Rio Preto, Bahia.
Turdus {Planesticus) rufiventer juensis Reiser (2), p. 168, 1925 — Rio Preto
(Bahia) and Cocal, north of Uniao, Rio Parnahyba (Piauhy).
Maranhao: Codo, Cocos, o* (first annual), July 2, 1924.
Piauhy: Ibiapaba, 0" (first annual), Jan. 13, 1925.
Ceara: Varzea Formosa, o" (juv.), March 3, 1925.
Additional specimens. — Ceara: Jua, near Iguatu, three o" o" ad.,
two o" o" (first annual), three 9 9, Aug. 1, 7, 10, 11, 13, 16, 20,
Sept. 4; Quixada, 9 (first annual), June 24, 1913. R. H. Becker.
This light-colored race is distinguished from typical rufiventris of
southern Brazil, Paraguay, and Argentina by more grayish upper
parts, paler chest and decidedly clearer ochraceous tawny abdomen.
It appears to be restricted to northeastern Brazil, ranging from
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 249
Maranhao, Piauhy and Ceara south to Pernambuco and north-
western Bahia (Rio Preto). An adult male from Sao Marcello, Rio
Preto in the collection of Field Museum and a couple of adults from
Santa Rita and Barro Vermelho in the Vienna Museum agree per-
fectly with Cory's original series from Ceara. Birds from southern
Bahia (Macaco Secco, near Andarahy), while slightly intermediate,
are nearer to P. r. rufiventris, as represented by a large series from
Minas Geraes, Rio, Sao Paulo, Matto Grosso, and Argentina.
3. Planesticus leucomelas1 albiventer (Spix).
Turdus albiventer Spix, Av. Bras., 1, p. 70, pi. 69, fig. 2, 1825 — part, "male,"
type loc. restr. Para; Reiser, pp. 77, 169 — Lake Parnagua and below Queimadas,
Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy.
Maranhao: Sao Luiz, d" ad., 9 ad., July 28, Aug. 3, 1923; Cod6,
Cocos, 9 ad., June 12, 1924; Grajahu, 9 ad., Oct. 20, 1924; Fazenda
Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba, 9 (first annual), July 15, 1925.
Additional specimens. — Maranhao: Miritiba, two <? <? ad., one
cfimm., two 9 9, Apr. 28, June 9, Nov. 15, 24, Dec. 31, 1907. F.
Schwanda (Munich Museum). — Piauhy: Lake Parnagua, two 0* 0*
ad., one 9 ad., May 22, 29, June 20, 1903; below Queimadas, Rio
Parnahyba, 9 ad., Aug. 10, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum). —
Ceara: Serra de Baturite\ d" ad., July 21, 19 13. R. H. Becker.
Besides, I have examined the following: Para, d" 9 ad.; Rio
Muria, east of Para, d1 ad. ; Santarem, 9 ad. ; Bahia, seven trade
skins.
This form is exactly intermediate between P. I. leucomelas (Vieill.),
of southern Brazil and Paraguay, and P. I. ephippialis (Sclater), of
Colombia, Venezuela, Guiana, and Brazil north of the Amazon.
In grayish pileum and less rufescent upper parts, it closely resembles
the northern race {ephippialis), but the breast and sides are more
strongly shaded with brownish, though less so than in typical leu-
comelas. While single specimens are not always distinguishable, the
series as a whole cannot well be united to the brown-headed southern
bird, and the recognition of an additional geographic form under
'As pointed out by Ihering (Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 318, 1907) and Dabbene
(Anal. Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. Buenos Aires, 23, p. 344, 1912), Azara's description
of the male of his "Zorzal obscuro y bianco" (No. 80), upon which Turdus leucomelas
Vieillot (Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 20, p. 238, 1818) was based, refers, with-
out doubt, to the species with orange ochraceous under wing coverts and white-
streaked auriculars; and, although the supposed female belongs to another species
(P. amaurochalinus) , I do not see how we can avoid using Vieillot's term for the
southern race of Spix's Thrush.
250 Field Museum of Natural History — -Zoology, Vol. XII.
Spix's name appears to be the most satisfactory course. Wear and
fading, however, cause considerable change in color, which must not
be overlooked when making comparisons.
4. Planesticus amaurochalinus (Cabanis).1
Turdus amaurochalinus Cabanis, Mu?. Hein., i, p. 5, 1850 — Brazil; Reiser,
pp. 78, 169 — Lake Parnagua, Piauhy.
Maranhao: Sao Luiz, o71 ad., July 28, 1923.
Ceara: Varzea Formosa, adult, March, 1925.
Additional specimens. — Piauhy: Lake Parnagua, o71 ad., 9 ad.,
May 29, June 18, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum). — Ceara: Jua,
near Iguatti, two cf d" ad., Sept. 4, 5; Serra de Baturite, d71 9 (first
annual), July 16, 22, 1913. R. H. Becker.
The series agrees with examples from southern Brazil, Paraguay,
and Argentina.
This species ranges north to Para and west to the Rio Madeira,
Bolivia, and southeastern Peru (Marcapata).
5. Donacobius atricapillus atricapillus (Linnaeus).
Turdus atricapilla (sic) Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 295, 1766 — based
on "Le Merle a teste noire du Cap de Bonne Esperance" Brisson, Orn., 6, App.,
p. 47, pi. 3, fig. 2, 1760, "Cape of Good Hope" (errore); hab. subst. eastern Brazil.2
Maranhao: Tury-assu, c? ad., Oct. 26, 1923; Ponto (Canella),
cf ad., 9 ad., Aug. 30, 1924.
Goyaz: Philadelphia, c71 ad., Nov. 28, 1925.
Agreeing with specimens from Surinam and various parts of Brazil,
of which a large series has been compared.
The typical form ranges from northeastern Argentina (Corrientes,
Misiones), Paraguay, and southern Brazil north to Guiana and Vene-
zuela, west to the eastern slope of the Andes in Peru and Colombia.
In eastern Bolivia it is replaced by D. atricapillus albo-vittatus Lafr.
and d'Orb., in which the white superciliary streak persists in the
adult plumage.
6. Mimus gilvus antelius Oberholser.
Turdus lividus (not of Wilson 1810) Lichtenstein, Verz. Dubl. Berliner Mus.,
p. 39, 1823 — Bahia.
•I suspect that the specimens from Anil and Tury-assu, Maranhao, recorded
by Madame Snethlage (Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 59, 1926)
s. n. Turd os (sic) gymnophthalmus, will prove to be referable to the above species.
2See Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 4, 1902.
Brazilian Birds— Hellmayr. 251
Mimus antelius Oberholser, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 32, p. 128, 1919 — new name
for Turdus lividus Lichtenstein, preoccupied.
Maranhao: Mangunca Island, c71 ad., 9 ad., Feb. 23, 1924.
In addition, I have examined an adult female secured by the late
F. Schwanda at Miritiba, on March 6, 1907 (Museu Paulista, No.
7217). These specimens as well as two adult males from Cajetuba
(near Para) agree with others from Bahia and Rio de Janeiro.
This Mocking bird is closely related to M. g. gilvus of Guiana, but
differs by reason of its much longer tail with shorter white tips,
paler grayish upper parts, and the flanks being heavily streaked with
blackish brown. Its range is restricted to the sandy littoral of
eastern Brazil from the vicinity of Rio de Janeiro (Lagda Feia;
Marambaia Island) north to Para (Cajetuba).
7. Mimus saturninus f rater Hellmayr.
Mimus saturninus frater Hellmayr, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 53, p. 220,
1903 — Ypanema, Sao Paulo.
Mimus saturninus arenaceus (not of Chapman) Reiser (1), p. 78, 1910 — -part,
Barro Vermelho, Rio Preto, Bahia and Santo Antonio de Gilboez, Piauhy (spec,
examined).
Maranhao: Sao Francisco, Rio Parnahyba, o71 ad., May 30, 1925;
Cod6, Cocos, three o71 071 ad., 9 ad., June 11, 16, 17, July 10, 1924;
Grajahu, 9 ad., Oct. 27, 1924; Carolina, two o" o71 juv., 9 juv., Nov.
9, 12, 1925.
Additional specimens examined. — Barro Vermelho, Rio Preto,
Bahia, o71 ad., Apr. 20; Santo Antonio de Gilboez, Piauhy, o71 ad.,
June 30, 1903. 0. Reiser (Vienna Museum).
These specimens are obviously inseparable from M. s. frater,
though averaging rather smaller than a topotypical series from the
state of Sao Paulo. The present form is very close to M. s. saturninus1
of Lower Amazonia, with which it agrees in dimensions and size of
bill, but appears to differ in more brownish upper parts, more buffy
suffusion on the rump (in fresh plumage) and less grayish breast, as
far as I can make out on comparison with a female from Santarem
and a couple of adults from Monte Alegre.
M. s. arenaceus,* while identical in coloration, may be distin-
guished from M . s. frater by its much larger bill. Our own material,
xTurdus saturninus Lichtenstein, Verz. Dubl. Berliner Mus., p. 39, 1823 —
"Para" = Rio Tapaj6z.
*Mimus arenaceus Chapman, Auk, 7, p. 135, 1890 — Bahia.
252 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
supplemented by the specimens in the collection of the Vienna
Museum, enables me to determine the range of these two races in
northeastern Brazil. Birds from the vicinity of the city of Bahia
(Santo Amaro, Sao Joao) and Rio do Peixe, near Queimadas typically
represent M. s. arenaceus, as denned by Chapman. An adult male
from Joazeiro and an adult male from Palmeira, near Sambaiba (an
island in the Rio Sao Francisco, below Barra) are likewise referable
to this large-billed form. On the other hand, an adult male from
Barro Vermelho, Rio Preto, and another from southern Piauhy
(Santo Antonio de Gilboez) have much smaller bills, and agree
with our series from Maranhao. The range of M. s. arenaceus thus
appears to be restricted to the section of the state of Bahia east of
the Sao Francisco River, whereas the western districts as also
Piauhy and Maranhao are tenanted by M. s. frater which extends
all over the central-Brazilian plateau west to Matto Grosso and
south to Sao Paulo and Parana.
MEASUREMENTS
M. s. arenaceus
Adult males Wing Tail Bill
Bahia (three)
110,115,116
128,131,133
22,24,24
Santo Amaro (one)
114
131
22M
Mata de Sao Joao (one)
in
'
23
Rio do Peixe (four)
110,113,114,
130,132,132,
23,24,24,
117
24
Joazeiro (.one)
"5
127
24
Adult females
Bahia (five)
100,105,107,
Il6,I20,I22,
21 X. 22, 22,
108,109
125,130
23.23
Santo Amaro (one)
in
132
21
Rio do Peixe (one)
115
135
22
Sambaiba (one)
114
132
24
M. s. frater
Adult males
Wing
Tail
Bill
Maranhao (five)
104,105,108,
115,119,120,
i8X,i8X,I9.
108,110
123,124
19.19
Piauhy (Gilboez) (one)
IIO
120
19
Barro Vermelho (Bahia) (
one) 1 1 3
125
20
Goyaz City (one)
no
123
19
Catalao, Goyaz (one)
117
120
19
Near Bagagem, Minas
Geraes (one)
114
131
19
Sao Paulo (eleven)
110,110,1 1 1,
125,125,125,
18X.19.19
114,115,115,
126,127,127,
I9.i9.i9.
116,116,117,
130,134, ,
19. 19. 19
117,119
—
20,20
Matto Grosso (four)
106, I08, 109;
115,118,124,
18X.19.19K.
115
130
20
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 253
M . s. frater
Adult females
Wing
Tail
Bill
Maranhao (two)
108,108
115,123
19.19
Goyaz City (two)
102, 107 >£
114,120
18,19
Catalao, Goyaz (one)
no
122
20
Western Minas Geraes
(three)
io7,io8,io8K
120,123,
1 8^,20,
Sao Paulo (nine)
103,105,107,
115,115,119,
18,18,18,
107,108,109,
120,123,123,
i8,i8K,i9,
109,109,110
125,126,
19,19,20
Matto Grosso (one)
103,105,108
121,122,
17,18^.19
8. Heleodytes turdinus turdinus (Wied).
Opetiorynchos turdinus Wied, Reise Bras., 2, p. 148, 1821 — Rio Catole\ an
affluent of the Rio Pardo, southern Bahia.
Maranhao: Barra do Corda, two 9 9 ad., Aug. 16, Sept. 12,
1924. — Wing 85, 91; tail 82, 85; bill 20, ax.
Goyaz: Santo Antonio (Boa Vista), cf ad., Jan. 26, 1926. — Wing
93; tail 92; bill 22; 9 ad., Feb. 19, 1926. — Wing 89; tail 86; bill 23;
two 9 9 juv., Feb. 4, 1926.
The present specimens considerably extend the known range of
this scarce species which has previously been recorded only from the
Rio Doce (Espirito Santo) and the Belmonte and Catole rivers
(Bahia).
Birds in juvenile plumage have the outer edges of the remiges
brighter cinnamomeous, and lack the dusky spots on the chest,
while the broad blackish brown bars on flanks and under tail coverts
are barely suggested.
H. turdinus hypostictus (Gould), of Amazonia, differs merely by
having more heavily spotted under parts, the spots extending over
the greater part of the throat which is plain white in the typical
race.
9. Thryophilus longirostris bahiae Hellmayr.
Thryophilus longirostris bahiae Hellmayr, Journ. Orn., 51, p. 535, 1903 — new
name for Thryophilus longirostris striolatus (not of Spix) Hellmayr, Verh. Zool.
Bot. Ges. Wien, 51, p. 776, 1901 — Bahia; Reiser, pp. 78, 170 — Parnagua, Piauhy
(spec, examined).
Piauhy; Ibiapaba, o* ad., Jan. 14, 1925 (wing 69; tail 58; bill 27);
Arara, o71 ad., Feb. 9, 1925 (wing 67; tail 55; bill 25); 9 juv.,
Feb. 13, 1925.
Ceard: Varzea Formosa, cf juv., 9 juv., Feb. 18, 24; 9 ad., Feb.
18, 1925 (wing 67; tail 57; bill 23).
254 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
Additional specimens. — Ceara: Serra de Baturite\ two cfcfad.,
July 16, 18, 1913. R. H. Becker. — Piauhy: Parnagua, 9 ad.,
June 3, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum).
This form, when compared with a good series of T. I. longirostris,
from the wooded coast belt of southeastern Brazil (Rio de Janeiro to
Sao Paulo), differs by reason of its much lighter coloration; the
back, including wings and tail, are tawny or ochraceous tawny
(instead of varying between argus brown and auburn), with the
pileum less dusky, while the under parts, particularly the flanks and
tail coverts, are warm buff or ochraceous buff instead of ochraceous
tawny. Besides, the auriculars are either plain white or barely
streaked with dusky.
The specimen secured by Reiser at Parnagua is in every respect
similar to those listed above.
T. longirostris bahiae ranges from Bahia north to Ceara and east-
ern Piauhy.
10. Thryophilus leucotis rufiventris (Sclater).
Thryothorus rufiventris Sclater, P.Z.S. Lond., 1870, p. 328 — Goyaz and Matto
Grosso.
Thryophilus rufiventris Reiser, pp. 78, 170 — Rio Taquarussu and Santa Philo-
mena, Piauhy (spec, examined).
Thryophilus albipectus piauhyensis Hellmayr, Anz. Orn. Ges. Bay., 4, p. 26,
1 92 1 — Rio Taquarussu, Piauhy.
Maranhao: Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba, 0" 9 ad., July 18,
21, 1925; Sao Francisco, o" 9 ad., July 3, 1925; Grajahu, 9 ad.,
Oct. 21, 1924.
Goyaz: Santo Antonio (Boa Vista), o" juv. Feb. 3, 1926.
In the light of this new material T. a. piauhyensis proves to be
inseparable from rufiventris, of the central -Brazilian table-land. The
specimens obtained by Dr. Snethlage are considerably smaller than
the types, and their measurements (wing of males 70-71, females
67-69; tail 53-55) hardly exceed those of T. I. rufiventris from Goyaz,
Matto Grosso, and Minas Geraes. Furthermore, two adult males
from Descalvados, Matto Grosso, in the collection of the American
Museum of Natural History, New York, are fully as large (wing 74,
75; tail 55, 56) as the original examples of piauhyensis from the
vicinity of Santa Philomena. It must be admitted, however, that
birds from Piauhy and Maranhao generally have larger, stronger
bills.
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 255
The coloration of the upper parts, in the Maranhao series, varies
between Dresden brown and antique brown, and the intensity of
the ventral surface is likewise somewhat variable.
T. I. rufiventris obviously is specifically distinct from T. longiros-
tris bahiae, found in eastern Piauhy, and differs in much shorter,
more curved bill, by no means tawny upper parts, and much more
decidedly streaked auriculars. Even young birds, which approach
each other in shape and length of bill, may be immediately told by
these color-characters. T. I. rufiventris ranges from southern Maran-
hao and Piauhy all over the Brazilian table-land south to Matto
Grosso (Descalvados) and Sao Paulo (Barretos, Rio Grande).
11. Thryophilus leucotis albipectus (Cabanis).
Thryothorus albipectus Cabanis in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, p. 673,
1848 — Cayenne (type in Berlin Museum examined).
Maranhao: Tury-assu, three d" 0* ad., two 9 9 ad., Oct. 3, 8, 10,
16, Nov. 30, 1923.
While rather pale underneath, these birds are exactly matched
by certain specimens from the Caura Valley (Venezuela) and Lower
Amazonia (7\ taenioptera Ridgw.), which I am unable to separate
satisfactorily from albipectus, of the Guianas.
They show not the least approach to T. I. rufiventris, of central and
southern Maranhao and, considered alone, the two forms would
certainly be regarded as specifically different.
Tury-assu, a place in the heavily forested district, probably marks
the eastern limit of the range of this Amazonian type.1
12. Pheugopedius genibarbis genibarbis (Swainson).
Thryothorus genibarbis Swainson, Anim. Menag., p. 322, Dec, 1837 —
Brazil = Bahia (see Nov. Zool., 12, p. 271, 1905); Reiser, pp. ioo, 171 — Primeira
Cruz and Miritiba, Maranhao.
Maranhao: Tury-assii, o71 ad., Nov. 12, 1923; Sao Luiz, d" imm.,
two 9 9 ad., July 25, 27, Aug. 8, 1923; Codo, Cocos, 0" imm., July
8, 1924; Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba, 9 ad., July 28, 1925;
Tranqueira, two 9 9 ad., Aug. 26, 31, 1925.
The birds from the coast region and Cocos are in every respect
identical with a large series from Para (Benevides) and Bahia, while
those from southern Maranhao (Inhuma and Tranqueira), by lighter
Recently recorded by Madame Snethlage (Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2,
No. 6, p. 59, 1926) from Anil, near Sao Luiz.
256 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
Dresden brown pileum and less chestnut back, approach the Goyaz-
Matto Grosso form, P. genibarbis intercedens (Hellmayr).1
With sixteen specimens from Bahia, twelve from Benevides (Para) ,
and two from the Tapajoz (Villa Braga, Itaituba) before me, I am
unable to discover the slightest difference by which the Lower-
Amazonian birds could be separated. The posterior under parts are
exceedingly variable, and ochreous-bellied specimens, along with
pale-bellied ones, occur in Bahia and Maranhao as well as on the
lower Amazon. Therefore, I have little doubt that Thryothorus geni-
barbis harterti Snethlage,2 based on two birds from Serra de Ibia-
paba, western Ceara, is untenable.
13. Troglodytes musculus musculus Naumann.
Troglodytes musculus Naumann, Naturg. Vog. Deutschl., 3, p. 724, table, 1823
— Bahia Reiser (2), p. 171, 1925 — Parnagua, Colonia Floriano and Caitetu, Rio
Parnahyba, Piauhy.
Troglodytes musculus beckeri Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Orn. Ser., 1,
p. 344, 1916 — Serra de Baturit6, Ceara.
Piauhy: Arara, cf ad., Feb. 1, 1925.
Additional specimen. — Ceara: Serra deBaturite\ <? ad., July 14,
1913. R. H. Becker.
In the light of a very satisfactory series from Bahia, Pernambuco,
and other parts of eastern Brazil T. m. beckeri proves to be indistin-
guishable from T. m. musculus. When describing it, Cory had only a
single old faded Bahia trade skin for comparison.
It is thus evident that the dark-bellied typical race ranges north
into Ceara and the arid interior of Piauhy.
14. Troglodytes musculus clarus Berlepsch and Hartert.
Troglodytes musculus clarus Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 8, 1902 —
Bartica Grove, British Guiana; Reiser (2), p. 171, in text, 1925 — Miritiba, Maran-
hao.
Maranhao: Sao Luiz, two cf cf ad., d" juv., Aug. 14, 15, 1923;
Cod6, Cocos, two cT & ad., June 18, 21, 1924.
Additional specimens. — Maranhao: Sao Luiz, 9 ad., June 17,
1905 (Sophia Museum); Miritiba, cf ad., 9 ad., & juv., Apr. 11,
Oct. 31, Nov. 9, 1907. F. Schwanda (Munich Museum).
'Nov. Zool., 15, p. 17, 1908 — Rio Thesouras, Goyaz.
'Journ. Orn., 73, p. 264, 1925.
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 257
Birds from the forested coast of Maranhao are much paler under-
neath, buff rather than light pinkish cinnamon, with the throat and
abdominal line more whitish. While averaging more buffy than
Guianan and Venezuelan specimens, they should doubtless be ranked
with the northern form, as numerous examples from Para match them
precisely. The two Cocos skins cannot be distinguished from the
coast birds, and it would appear that T. m. clarus extends at least as
far east as the Rio Itapicuru.
15. Polioptila dumicola berlepschi Hellmayr.
Polioptila berlepschi Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 8, p. 356, 1901 — type from Rio das
Pedras, northern Sao Paulo.
Goyaz: Philadelphia, two o71 & ad., Dec. 1, 16, 1925.
Agreeing with specimens from Minas Geraes (Agua Suja, near
Bagagem) and Sao Paulo ("Rio Parana).
The present record extends the range of this scarce Gnatcatcher
considerably to the north, Leopoldina, on the upper Araguaya, being
the most northerly locality where it has previously been taken.
16. Polioptila plumbea plumbea (Gmelin).
Todus plumbeus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (1), p. 444, 1788 — based on "Todi
species tertia" Pallas, Spic. Zool., 1, fasc. 6, p. 17, 1769, Surinam.1
Maranhao: Tury-assu, cf ad., three 9 9 ad., Oct. 6, 29, Nov. 26,
Dec. 5, 1923.
The Gnatcatchers secured in the heavily forested coast belt of
Maranhao belong to P. p. plumbea, with light gray upper parts,
white-tipped larger wing coverts, excessively broad white edges to
the innermost secondaries, and very little black at the base of the
lateral rer trices. In all of these particulars they are perfectly similar
to a series from French and Dutch Guiana.
17. Polioptila plumbea cearensis Cory.
Polioptila livida cearensis Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 343,
1916 — Jua, near Iguatu, Ceara.
Polioptila leucogastra Reiser, pp. 77, 168 — Serra near Parnagua, Piauhy.
Maranhao: Barra do Corda, d" ad., Aug. 11, 1924; Codo, Cocos,
two cfcf ad., 9 ad., June 14, 20, 21, 1924; Grajahu, 9 ad., Oct. 18,
1924.
^ee Penard, Auk, 40, p. 334, 1923.
258 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
Piauhy: Ibiapaba, o71 ad., two 9 9 ad., Dec. 14, 20, 1924, Jan. 12,
1925; Arara, juv., Feb. 9, 1925.
Ceara: Varzea Formosa, o71 ad., Feb. 19, 1925.
Additional specimens. — Ceara: Jua, near Iguatu, three o* 0" ad.,
July 31, Aug. 1, Sept. 2, 1913. R. H.Becker. — Piauhy : Serra near
Parnagua, o" 9 ad., May 20, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum).
These specimens differ from P. p. plumbea, of the wooded coast
district, by darker gray upper parts, much narrower white edges to the
inner secondaries (the white margin being separated from the shaft by
a distinct black interspace, about half as wide as the web), much
more black at the base of the lateral rectrices, and by having the
larger upper wing coverts edged with the color of the back instead of
with whitish. They appear to be inseparable from "leucogastra,"
as represented by sixteen examples from various parts of the state of
Bahia. The type of P. I. cearensis has unusually wide edges to the
secondaries, though still narrower than in plumbea; but two other
males from the type locality as well as the specimens listed above,
are not different on this score from "leucogastra." The faint creamy
tinge on the under parts, alluded to by Cory, does not appear to be of
much consequence. It is suggested in the specimen from Varzea For-
mosa (Ceara), and traces are discernible on a few feathers in two
or three other examples. In the type it has completely disappeared
through fading.
The east-Brazilian race of the Plumbeous Gnatcatcher, long
known as P. leucogastra, must stand under Cory's name, since Sylvia
leucogastra Wied1 is untenable on account of Motacilla leucogastra
Ledru2 = Sylvia melanocephala leucogastra, a Warbler of the Canary
Islands.
18. Basileuterus flaveolus (Baird).
Myiothlypis flaveolus Baird, Rev. Amer. Birds, p. 252, note, 1865 — Paraguay.
Basileuterus flaveolus Reiser, pp. 78, 171 — Lagoa Missao and Parnagua, Piauhy.
Maranhao: Barra do Corda, o71 ad., three 9 9 ad., Aug. 9, 11, 18,
Sept. 9, 1924; Tranqueira, o71 ad., Aug. 20, 1925; Fazenda Inhuma,
Alto Parnahyba, two cT cf ad., July 18, 23, 1925.
Piauhy: Ibiapaba, two cf d* ad., 9 ad., Jan. 5, 13, 1925; Arara,
9 ad., Jan. 27, 1925.
xBeitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (2), p. 710, 1831 — Sertao of the state of Bahia.
2 Voyage Teneriffe etc.. 1, p. 182, 18 10 — Teneriffe.
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 259
The series agrees with specimens from Matto Grosso (Chapada,
Urucum), Bahia (Santo Amaro), and Ceara (Jua, near Iguatu).
The species is widely distributed over the interior of Brazil, from
Maranhao and Ceara to Matto Grosso and northern Sao Paulo,
ranging south into Paraguay and west to eastern Bolivia. Besides, it
is found along the north coast of Venezuela (La Guaira and Macuto,
near Caracas; Las Quiguas, Carabobo; Bucarito, near Tocuyo, Lara),
and in spite of this area being entirely cut off from the rest of its
range, the few Venezuelan examples seen appear to be inseparable,
thus affording a case of discontinuous distribution.
19. Basileuterus auricapillus auricapillus (Swainson).
Setophaga auricapilla Swainson, Anim. Menag., p. 293, Dec, 1837 — "Mexico"
and Brazil.1
Basileuterus auricapillus Reiser, pp. 78, 172 — Santo Antonio de Gilboez, Barra
do Cocal, and above Pintados, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy.
Maranhao: Grajahu, one d", two 9 9, Oct. 24, 30, 1924; Tran-
queira, three o* d\ two 9 9, Aug. 21, 22, 27, 28, 29, 1925; Sao
Francisco, cf ad., July 1, 1925; Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba,
C? 9 ad., July 16, Aug. 8, 1925.
Piauhy: Ibiapaba, 0* ad., Jan. 5, 1925.
Goyaz: Santo Antonio (B6a Vista), cf ad., Jan. 27, 1926.
These birds average slightly brighter, more yellowish olive above
than a series from Rio de Janeiro (Therezopolis) and Sao Paulo,
though there is much individual variation. B. a. viridescens Todd,2 of
Bolivia, seems barely separable, since two skins from the type locality
can be matched by specimens picked at random from the series under
discussion.
[20. Basileuterus rivularis mesoleucus Sclater.
Basileuterus mesoleucus Sclater, P.Z.S. Lond., 1865, p. 286, pi. 9, fig. 1 —
Demerara, British Guiana; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6,
p. 59, 1926 — Tury-assu, Maranhao.
A specimen secured by Madame Snethlage at Tury-assu extends
the range of this Guianan form from the Para region to northern
Maranhao.]
^wainson's type, now in the Cambridge (Eng.) Museum, is marked "Brazil,
sale 1834." On careful examination, I found it to agree with specimens from
Espirito Santo (Engenheiro Reeve) and Rio in the British Museum.
2Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 26, p. 170, 1913 — Buenavista, Prov. del Sara, Bolivia.
260 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
21. Compsothlypis pitiayumi pitiayumi (Vieillot).
Sylvia pitiayumi Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., IX, p. 276, 18 17 —
based on Azara, No. 109, Paraguay.
Parula pitiayumi Reiser, pp. 78, 171 — Riacho Fresco, Piauhy.
Maranhao: Tranqueira, c? ad., Aug. 29, 1925.
Additional specimens. — Ceara: Serra de Baturite\ two cf cf ad.,
July 20, 21, 1913. R. H. Becker.
These as well as a number of skins from Bahia (Macaco Secco,
near Andarahy; Rio do Peixe, near Queimadas; Sao Marcello, Rio
Preto) are identical with a series from southern Brazil (Rio, Sao
Paulo) and Paraguay.
Dr. Chapman1 has recently presented us with an admirable
treatise on the distribution of these Warblers, to which we have
merely to add that the range of C. p. pitiayumi is far more extensive
than shown on the map accompanying his paper, stretching as it
does through the northeastern states of Brazil as far north as
Ceara, Piauhy, and Maranhao.
22. Vireosylva chivi agilis (Lichtenstein).
Lanius agilis Lichtenstein, Verz. Dubl. Berliner Mus., p. 49, 1823 — Bahia.
Vireo olivaceus chivi Reiser, pp. 79, 172 — Parnagua, Olho d'Agua, and Oro, on
the way from Santo Antonio de Gilboez to Santa Philomena, Piauhy.
Maranhao: Sao Luiz, cf ad., one (unsexed) adult, July 25, Aug. 8,
1923; Rosario, Primavera, c? ad., o71 juv., May 8, 1924; Tranqueira,
cf ad., Aug. 22, 1925; Barra do Corda, & 9 ad., Aug. 14, Sept. 24,
1924; Codo, Cocos, 9 ad., June 19, 1924.
Piauhy: Arara, two cf d* ad., Jan. 31, 1925.
Additional specimens. — Piauhy: Parnagua, d" ad., May 18;
Oro, d* ad., July 8; Olho d'Agua 9 ad., June 3, 1903. O. Reiser
(Vienna Museum). — Ceara: Jua, near Iguatu, cf ad., Aug. 19,
1913. R. H. Becker.
In the light of this series, supplemented by eleven skins from
various parts of the state of Bahia, V. chivi agilis would seem to be
separable after all from both V. c. chivi, of Paraguay, southern
Brazil, and Argentina, and V. c. vividior, of Venezuela, Trinidad,
and Tobago. Compared with the typical race, the birds occurring in
eastern Brazil from Bahia northwards are decidedly brighter, more
^Auk, 42, pp. 193-208, 1925.
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 261
yellowish above, with the pileum clearer gray, while the flanks are
more extensively tinged with a brighter yellow. I admit that certain
specimens run very close to chivi, but the majority are distinguishable
without difficulty. In fact, V. c. agilis forms the transition to the
Caribbean form (V. c. vividior), being, however, not so richly colored
above, while the dimensions, particularly of wing and tail, are markedly
less. Specimens from the north bank of the Amazon (Itacoatiara and
Manaos) are identical in coloration but somewhat smaller and, if
referable to V. c. griseola Todd,1 this form would seem to be exceed-
ingly close to V. c. agilis.
MEASUREMENTS OF ADULT MALES
V. chivi chivi
Wing
Tail
Bill
Buenos Aires (two)
69,70
53.55
I3.I3K
Misiones (five)
70-72
54-58
12-13
State of Parana (eight)
72-75
54-58
13-H
Sao Paulo (six)
71-74
53-56
13-13K
Rio de Janeiro (one)
70
52
13
V. chivi agilis
Bahia (two)
69,71
53.55
13.13
Piauhy (four)
67-71
51-54
12-13
Ceara (one)
72
56
13K
Maranhao (four)
70-72
51-55
12-13
V. chivi griseola (?)
Manaos and Itacoatiara (four)
66-68
49-50
12-13
V. chivi vividior
Santa Marta region (four)
71
50
I5J*
MeYida, Venezuela (three)
72-75
53-55
15-16
Lake Valencia (one)
74
54
15
Cumana (six)
73-79
53-58
15-16
Caicara, Rio Orinoco (two)
72,75
52,54
15.15K
Caura River (two)
72,75
52,53
14M
Trinidad (ten)
72-78
50-59
14K-16
Tobago (thirteen)
73-79
53-6o
15-16
Roraima ( V. roraitnae Chubb) (three)
72-76
52-57
14^-15
23. Pachysylvia semicinerea (Sclater and Salvin).
Hylophilus semicinereus Sclater and Salvin, P.Z.S. Lond., 1867, p. 570, pi. 30,
fig. 2 — Para.
Maranhao: Tury-assu, 9 ad., Nov. 17, 1923. — Wing 57; tail 46;
bill 12.
This specimen, which agrees with topotypes, extends the range of
the species from Lower Amazonia to Maranhao.
1Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 37, p. 124, 1924 — Pied Saut, French Guiana.
262 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
It is safer to treat this bird as a distinct species, since Miller and
Iglesedcr1 obtained a single example at the foot of Mount Duida,
that is to say, in the same general region where P. thoracica grisei-
ventris (Berl. and Hart.)2 is known to occur. The Duida specimen is
somewhat darker above than others from Amazonia, but the diver-
gency requires confirmation by further material.
24. Pachysylvia pectoralis (Sclater).
Hylophilus pectoralis Sclater, P.Z.S. Lond., 1866, p. 321 — "in Brazil mend,
prov. Matto Grosso" ["et Rio de Janeiro" — errore]; the type examined in the
British Museum is an adult male obtained by Natterer at [Villa Bella de] Matto
Grosso (see Sclater, Ibis, 1881, p. 298).
Maranhao: Tury-assu, cf1 ad., three 9 9 ad., Oct. 13, 29, Nov. 28,
Dec. 17, 1923; Rosario, 9 ad., one (unsexed) adult, May 15, 16, 1924;
Codo, Cocos, cf ad., July 20, 1924.
These specimens, with one exception, agree with a series from
Guiana and northern Brazil (Mexiana, Rio Branco) in the rather
pale yellowish breast and grayish white abdomen. An adult male
from Tury-assu has the breast of a much deeper wax yellow and the
middle of the belly decidedly washed with buffy. It closely resembles
two adults from Villa Maria, Matto Grosso (topotypes of P. pectoralis)
and an adult male from Leopoldina, Rio Araguaya, Goyaz (topotype
of P. araguayae Reichenow).3 However, the type of the latter,
kindly forwarded by E. Stresemann, does not appreciably differ from
Guianan skins and tends to indicate that the variation is individual
rather than racial. Moreover, if two forms are distinguishable, P.
araguayae Reich, (from Goyaz) is, in any case, synonymous with P.
pectoralis (from Matto Grosso), while the Guianan-Amazonian birds
are entitled to the name of P. griseiceps Penard,4 of which P. thora-
cicus abariensis Chubb5 is a synonym.
25. Pachysylvia poicilotis amaurocephala (Nordmann).
Sylvia amaurocephala Nordmann in Erman's Reise, Naturhist. Atlas, p. 14,
1835 — "Brazil" (the type examined in the Berlin Museum was received from the
Prince of Wied; type locality, therefore, boundary line of MinasGeraes and Bahia).6
1See Cherrie, Mus. Brookl. Inst., Sci. Bull., 2, p. 157, 1916.
2Nov. Zool., 9, p. 11, 1902 — Suapure, Caura River, Venezuela.
3Journ. Orn., 68, p. 88, 1920.
4Vog. Guyana, 2, p. 538, 1910 — Surinam.
6Birds Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 395, 192 1 — Abary River, British Guiana.
6See Sylvia poicilotis (not of Temminck) Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (2),
p. 715, 1831.
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 263
Pachysylvia amaurocephala cearensis Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 73, p. 266, 1925 —
Sao Paulo, Serra de Ibiapaba, Ceara.
Piauhy: Arara, 9 ad., and one (unsexed) adult, Jan. 28, 29, 1925.
Ceara: Varzea Formosa, two d" 0" ad., Feb. 25, 26, 1925.
On comparing a series of fresh skins from Bahia (Santo Amaro,
Bahia City, etc.), I am unable to see the slightest difference by which
the Ceara form recently proposed by Madame Snethlage can be
discriminated, and I am afraid the learned lady was misled by old
faded trade skins which are indeed duller above and less shaded
with buffy underneath.
P. p. amaurocephala is generally listed as being confined to the
northern parts of eastern Brazil, but in addition to a considerable
series from Bahia and farther north, I have examined a number of
specimens from southern Brazil, viz., d" 9 ad. from Agua Suja, near
Bagagem in Minas Geraes, an adult male obtained by Natterer on the
Rio Parana, Sao Paulo, on May 9, 1823, and another male at Tring
from Victoria de Botucatu, Sao Paulo, taken by A. Hempel on July
28, 1902. While typical in coloration, they are slightly larger with a
stronger bill. Nordmann's type in the Berlin Museum, although
partly discolored by preservation in alcohol, shows the same large
proportions and, no doubt, came from Minas Geraes and not from
"Rio de Janeiro" as stated on the label.
P. p. poicilotis (Temm.)1 replaces it in southeastern Brazil, from
Rio de Janeiro to Santa Catharina, ranging into Paraguay and
Misiones. While typically colored specimens are easy enough to
distinguish by their blackish (instead of grayish) auricular patch,
yellowish under parts, and other characters, complete intergradation
takes place in Sao Paulo, as Natterer's series in the Vienna Museum
clearly demonstrates.
26. Cyclarhis gujanensis gujanensis (Gmelin).
Tanagra gujanensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 893, 1789 — based on Buffon's
"Verderoux," French Guiana.
Maranhao: Tury-assu, 0" ad., Dec. 7, 1923.
This bird is apparently referable to the typical race, though dif-
fering from Para and Guianan skins by more powerful bill and greater
extent of the dull greenish area on foreneck and sides of chest. In
size of bill it closely approaches C. g. cearensis, and the pectoral zone
1 Hylophilus poicilotis Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 29, pi. 173, fig. 2,
1822 — "Bresil, coll. Natterer," = Ipanema, Sao Paulo.
264 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
occupies about as much space, being, however, much duller in tone
(oil yellow as in gujanensis, instead of pinard or strontian yellow).
Like Guianan examples, it has the pileum pure gray, without any
brownish tinge, and the flanks strongly shaded with grayish.
The forest belt of western Maranhao forms the eastern limit of the
range of gujanensis. Farther south and east it is represented by the
next race.
27. Cyclarhis gujanensis cearensis Baird.
Cyclorhis cearensis Baird, Rev. Amer. Birds, p. 391, 1866 — Ceara.
Maranhao: Sao Bento, 9 ad., Sept. 12, 1923; Sao Luiz, 0* ad.,
Aug. 20, 1923; Barra do Corda, two cf 0* ad., Sept. 17, 23, 1924;
Cod6, Cocos, 0* juv., June 21, 1924; Tranqueira, 9 ad., Aug. 31,
1925; Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba, 9 ad., adult (unsexed),
July 16, 18, 1925.
Piauhy: Arara, d" 9 ad., Jan. 24, 31, 1925.
Ceara: Varzea Formosa, d1 9 ad., Feb. 27, Mar. 2, 1925.
Goyaz: Philadelphia, c? ad., two 9 9 ad., 9 (first annual), Nov.
25, 26, 27, Dec. 1, 1925.
Additional specimens. — Maranhao: Miritiba, 9 ad., Nov. 17, 1907.
F. Schwanda (Munich Museum). — Ceara: Quixada, two cfo71, one
9, June 25, 29, 30; Serra de Baturite, four <?<?, July 16-19: Jua\
near Iguatu, three cfo71, two 9 9, Aug. 2, Sept. 2, 4, 5, 19 13.
R. H. Becker.
The series from Ceara is topotypical of cearensis. The specimen
from Cocos in fluffy juvenile plumage, and a female from Philadelphia
with pointed, apically pale-edged rectrices (a sign of immaturity)
lack the plumbeous spot at the base of the lower mandible. This
"phase," formerly recognized by Berlepsch and myself under the
name of C. wiedii, turned out to represent an immature stage of
C. g. cearensis. This is clearly demonstrated by a series from western
Minas Geraes (Agua Suja, near Bagagem) in the Munich collection
and another from Bahia in the American Museum of Natural History,
New York.
The single female from Sao Bento, having less grayish pileum
and duller yellow pectoral area, shows a tendency towards the
characters of C. g. gujanensis to which I have actually referred a
bird from Tury-assu, in extreme northwestern Maranhao.
C. g. cearensis ranges from Maranhao (except the extreme north-
west), Piauhy, and Ceara south to Bahia, western Minas Geraes,
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 265
Matto Grosso, and northern Sao Paulo (Rio Parana, Barretos), west
to the plains of eastern Bolivia (Chiquitos).
[28. Progne chalybea domestica (Vieillot).
Hirundo domestica Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 66.., 14, p. 520,
181 7 — based on Azara, No 300, Paraguay and La Plata River.
Progne domestica Reiser, pp. 77, 167 — Parnagua, Piauhy.
Reiser refers two Gray-breasted Martins taken at Parnagua on
May 18, 1903, to the large southern race whose range I can trace,
according to the available material, as far north as Bahia and south-
ern Goyaz (Rio Araguaya, near Leopoldina). While two adults from
Espirito Santo (Marajo) are whollv typical of chalybea, a single
female from Para is just intermediate in dimensions between chaly-
bea and domestica.]
29. Phaeoprogne tapera tapera (Linnaeus).
Hirundo tapera Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 345, 1766 — based on
Brisson (Cayenne) and Marcgrave (eastern Brazil) type locality (as designated by
Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 14, 1902) eastern Brazil (ex Marcgrave).
Maranhao: Sao Bento, 9 ad., Aug. 28, 1923. — Wing 127; tail 64;
bill 11.
While agreeing with Dr. F. M. Chapman's view that the Brown-
backed Martin is divisible into two races, I must dissent from his
nomenclature and consider P. tapera immaculata1 as a synonym of
P. t. tapera. Linnaeus based his diagnosis on Brisson, who described
a bird from Ca1 enne in Reaumur's collection, and Marcgrave's
account of a swallow met with during his travels in northeastern
Brazil (Sergipe to Ceara).2 Specimens from French Guiana and a
series from Pernambuco and Bahia (with one exception) show no
trace of dusky spots along the pectoral line, and the jugular band is
narrow and ill defined, while, the sides of the neck are brown like the
upper parts. In other words, they correspond to the characters of
P. t. immaculata and appear to me inseparable from a series of Bogota
skins and one specimen from the lower Magdalena. Furthermore,
Wied, in describing his Hirundo pascuum3 from the interior of Bahia,
makes no mention of the dusky spots underneath ; so it seems pretty
certain that the form with unspotted under parts ranges at least as
xBull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 31, p. 156, 19 12 — Chicoral, Rio Magdalena,
Colombia.
2Sloane's reference, likewise quoted by Linnaeus, does not belong here.
3Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (1), p. 360, 1831 — interior of Bahia.
266 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
far south as Bahia, in eastern Brazil. Birds from southern Brazil
(Rio Grande do Sul and Matto Grosso), Paraguay, and Argentina
(Buenos Aires) are larger, the darker brown jugular band is more
abruptly defined and continued along the middle of the breast by a
row of coarse dark brown spots, the white of the throat encroaches on
the sides of the neck, and the dorsal surface averages slightly darker.
Their proper name is P. taper a fusca (Vieillot).1 The characters of
the two forms are fairly constant, though, as pointed out by Chapman
(I.e.), specimens with dusky spotted middle line occasionally occur
as individual variants in the range of typical tapera. Among the
large series examined, two males from Marabitanas (Rio Negro), one
from Georgetown (British Guiana), and the bird from Sao Bento
listed above are representatives of this mutation.
30. Stelgidopteryx ruficollis ruficollis (Vieillot).
Hirundo ruficollis Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 14, p. 523,
1817 — Brazil (the type examined in the Paris Museum is from Rio de Janeiro,
coll. Delalande).
Stelgidopteryx ruficollis Reiser, pp. 77, 168 — Santo Antonio de Gilboez, Piauhy.
Maranhao: Tranqueira, 9 ad., Aug. 29, 1925.
Similar to specimens from southern Brazil. In the north, its
range extends as far as Para.
[31. Pygochelidon cyanoleuca (Vieillot).
Hirundo cyanoleuca Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 14, p. 509,
18 1 7 — based on Azara, No. 303, Paraguay.
Atticora cyanoleuca Reiser, pp. 77, 168 — Parnagua, Xingu near Santa Maria
(road from Santo Antonio de Gilboez to Santa Philomena), Queimadas, Rio
Parnahyba, Piauhy.
Specimens of this widely distributed Swallow were obtained by
the Vienna Academy Expedition at various localities in Piauhy. Dr.
Snethlage did not meet with the species.]
32. Iridoprocne albiventer albiventer (Boddaert).
Hirundo albiventer Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 32, 1783 — based on Daubenton,
PI. Enl. 546, fig. 2, Cayenne.
Tachycineta albiventris Reiser, pp. 76, 167 — Parnagua and coast district of
Piauhy.
Maranhao: Tury-assii, o71 ad., Nov. 30, 1923.
Generally distributed in eastern South America.
1 Hirundo fusca Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. €d., 14, p. 510, 1817 —
based on Azara, No. 301, Paraguay.
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 267
33. Anthus lutescens lutescens Pucheran.
Anthus lutescens Pucheran, Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 7, p. 343, 1855 —
Brazil (the type examined in the Paris Museum was obtained by Delalande at
Rio de Janeiro): Reiser (2), p. 172, 1925 — Rio Parnahyba and Amaracao, Piauhy
(spec, examined).
Anthus rufus (not Alauda rufa Gmelin) Reiser (i),p. 79, 1910 — Rio Parnahyba,
near Queimadas and littoral of Piauhy.
Maranhao: Sao Bento, o" 9 ad. (in worn breeding plumage),
Aug. 30, Sept. 6, 1923; Mangunca Island, 9 ad., Feb. 25, 1924.
Additional specimens. — Piauhy: near Queimadas, Rio Parnahyba,
o* ad., Sept. 2; Amaracao, four o" 0" ad., 0" juv., four 9 9 ad.,
Sept. 14, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum).
Characters and range of this widespread species have been dis-
cussed elsewhere.1
[34. Chlorophanes spiza spiza (Linnaeus).
Motacilla spiza Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 188, 1758 — based on
Edwards (excl. var. /3), Surinam.
Chlorophanes spiza Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 60,
1926 — Tury-assii, Maranhao.
Recorded by Madame Snethlage from northern Maranhao. Wide-
ly distributed in northeastern South America.]
35. Dacnis cayana cayana (Linnaeus).
Motacilla cayana Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 336, 1766 — based prin-
cipally on "Le Pipit bleu, de Cayenne," Brisson, Orn., 3, p. 534, pi. 28, fig. 1, 1760,
Cayenne.2
Maranhao: Tury-assu, 9 ad., Oct. 10; Sao Luiz, two 9 9 ad.,
July 28, Aug. 1, 1923. — Wing 61, 61, 62; tail 41, 41, 43.
In size and bluish throat, these specimens agree with females from
French Guiana, Venezuela, and Lower Amazonia, and it appears that,
as in so many other cases, the range of the Guianan form of the
present species extends along the northern coast of Maranhao.
36. Dacnis cayana paraguayensis Chubb.
Dacnis cayana paraguayensis Chubb, Ibis, (9), 4, p. 619, 1910 — Sapucay,
Paraguay.
Dacnis cayana (not Motacilla cayana Linnaeus) Reiser, pp. 86,187 — Oro, west
of Santo Antonio de Gilboez (Piauhy) and opposite Barra do Galiota (Maranhao).
*See El Hornero, 2, p. 183, 1921.
2Although description and figure fail to indicate the black gular patch, Brisson's
account can hardly refer to any other species.
268 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
Maranhao: Tranqueira, cf ad., Aug. 31, 1925; B6a Fe\ 0" ad.,
Sept. 19, 1925; Barra do Corda, Ponto, cf juv. (in female garb),
Sept. 1, 1924.
Additional specimens. — Ceara: Serra de Baturite\ three d* cf ad.,
9 ad., July 17, 19, 1913. R. H. Becker.
Birds from the interior of Maranhao and Ceara are much larger,
and the females lack the bluish tinge on the throat, the latter being
pale dingy yellowish gray. They agree well with a series from Para-
guay and southern Brazil (Goyaz, Matto Grosso, Minas Geraes, Sao
Paulo, Rio Grande do Sul) and should apparently be referred to D. c.
paraguayensis. Birds from the east coast of Brazil (Pernambuco to
Rio) are puzzling, their dimensions being just intermediate between
typical cayana and paraguayensis ; but as only a few specimens (and
no females) have been available for examination, their proper allo-
cation depends on further material. If separable, they would be
entitled to the name D. cyanater Lesson.1
MEASUREMENTS OF ADULT MALES
D. cayana cayana
Wing
Tail
French Guiana (eleven)
59-63
39-43
Mazaruni River, Brit. Guiana (one)
61
40
Paramaribo, Dutch Guiana (one)
64
44
Caura River, Venezuela (ten)
62-67
Near Cumana, Venezuela (two)
62,64
—
Cumbre de Valencia, Venezuela (three) 63-64
41-45
Trinidad (seven)
62-64
41-44
B6a Vista, Rio Branco (one)
64
44
Manaos, Brazil (one)
62
43
Obidos, Brazil (one)
63
42
Para region, Brazil (five)
60-64
40-43
D. cayana — ?
Sao Lourenco, Pernambuco (one)
63
44 yi
Santo Amaro, Bahia (two)
64,67
44.44
Bahia (two)
63K.65
44-44
Rio de Janeiro (two)
64,65
44.45
D. cayana paraguayensis
Maranhao (two)
68,68
46,47
Ceara (four)
67,68,68,69
46,47>49-5°
Goyaz City (five)
67,68,68,69,71
46,47,47,49,50
Sao Paulo (seven) 67,68,69,69,69,70,70
44-47
Minas Geraes (four)
70,70,71,71
46,
48,48.50
Matto Grosso (two)
70,70
47 —
Sapucay, Paraguay (two)
68,70
47,47
37. Ateleodacnis speciosa speciosa (Temminck).
Sylvia speciosa (Wied MS.) Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PL Col., livr. 49, pi. 293,
fig. 2, 1824 — Rio de Janeiro.
'Trait6 d'Orn., p. 458, 1831 — "Bresil" =Rio (type in Paris Museum examined).
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 269
Dacnis speciosa Reiser, pp. 86, 187 — Parnagua, Pedrinha, Burity, below Uniao
and Queimadas, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy.
Maranhao: Barra do Corda, two 9 9, Aug. 13, 18, 1924; Cod6,
Cocos, two 9 9 , June 18, July 11, 1924.
Piauhy: Deserto, d" ad., Apr. 15; Ibiapaba, 0" ad., Jan. 7, 1925.
Additional specimens. — Piauhy: Burity, d" ad., 9 ad., June 14;
Queimadas 0" ad., Sept. 2; Parnagua 9, May 18; Pedrinha 9 ad.,
May 23; below Uniao 9 ad., Aug. 27, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna
Museum) .
There is no difference, so far as I can see, between this series and
other specimens from Bahia, Minas Geraes, Rio de Janeiro, Matto
Grosso, and eastern Bolivia (D. analis Lafr. and d'Orb.). An example
from the Island of Marajo is likewise typical of this form, being very
much paler than the Amazonian A. speciosa amazonum Hellm.1
38. Ateleodacnis bicolor (Vieillot).
Sylvia bicolor Vieillot, Hist. Nat. Ois. Sept., 2, p. 32, pi. 90 bis, i8o7(?) — "tres
rarement sous la zone boreale et plus commun6ment entre les tropiques"; we
suggest Cayenne as type locality.2
Dacnis plumbea (not Sylvia plumbea Latham) Reiser, pp. 86, 187 — Amaracao,
coast of Piauhy.
Maranhao: Mangunca Island, cf ad., o71 juv., March 10, 19, 1924.
Brazilian specimens (large series from Rio de Janeiro, Bahia, near
Para, and Rio Madeira) are identical with thirty-five from French
and British Guiana. Birds from Trinidad and the north coast of
Venezuela average slightly paler above, while a single (unsexed) adult
from the Napo region, Ecuador, is remarkably small.
This species is found only in the mangrove thickets (Rhizophora
mangle) along the seashore and river banks.
39. Cyanerpes cyanea cyanea (Linnaeus).
Certhia cyanea Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 188, 1766 — based on Ed-
wards, Brisson, etc.; Surinam accepted as type locality (see Hellmayr, Nov. Zool.,
13. P- 9. 1906).
Maranhao: Tranqueira, two o" cf ad., Sept. 3, 15, 1925; Sao Luiz,
o71 ad., Aug. 14, 1923; Rosario, three o71 d* juv., three 9 9 ad., Apr.
23, 24, May 9, 16, 17, 1924.
^erh. Orn. Ges. Bay., 13, p. 106, 1917 — Tarapoto, Peru.
2The type in the Paris Museum, said to be from "North America," I found to
agree with a series from Cayenne and other localities in French Guiana.
270 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
These specimens, like others from various parts of Brazil south of
the Amazon (Para, Bahia, Matto Grosso), appear to me inseparable
from typical cyanea, as represented by a series from the three Guianas,
although their bills are generally rather shorter and slenderer. If
the form is worthy of recognition, a name for it exists in Arbelorhina
brevipes Cabanis,1 as I have ascertained by examination of the type
specimen in the Heine Collection. The type, purchased from a dealer
by the name of Polly, is labeled "Porto Cabello, Venezuela." This
is, however, an obvious mistake, since the bird, in color and measure-
ments, agrees with Para and Bahia skins, being much smaller and
darker blue on the crown than the north-Venezuelan race, C. cyanea
eximia (Cab.).1 Judging from its make, I should say it is a Brazilian
trade skin.
[40. Cyanerpes caerulea caerulea (Linnaeus).
Certhia caerulea Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., X, p. 118, 1758 — based on
Edwards, Surinam.
Cyanerpes coerulea Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 60,
1926 — Tury-assii, Maranhao.
The specimen recorded by Madame Snethlage extends the known
range of this species from the Para district to northern Maranhao.]
41. Coereba luteola chloropyga (Cabanis).
Certhiola chloropyga Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 97, 1850 — Bahia.
Coereba chloropyga Reiser, pp. 86, 187 — Lagoa Missao, near Parnagua, Piauhy.
Maranhao: Sao Luiz, d" ad., two 9 9 ad., July 26, Aug. 2, 10,
1923; Barra do Corda, 9 ad., Aug. 9, 1924.
Ceara: Varzea Formosa, o" ad., Feb. 19, 1925.
Additional specimens. — Piauhy: Lag6a Missao, 9 ad., May 29,
1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum). — Ceara: Serra de Baturite\ 0*
ad., July 21, 1913. R. H. Becker. — Maranhao: Miritiba, two o" 0"
ad., 9 juv., Apr. 1, Sept. 3, Dec. 12, 1907. F. Schwanda (Munich
Museum).
Birds from northern Brazil, including a number from near Para,
are identical with a topotypical series from Bahia and other speci-
mens from Espirito Santo (Victoria) and Rio de Janeiro. Specimens
'Mus. Hein., 1, p. 96, 1850.
1 Arbelorhina eximia Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 96, 1850 — Puerto Cabello
(types examined).
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 271
from southern Brazil (Minas Geraes, Sao Paulo, Santa Catharina,
Rio Grande do Sul) and Misiones, while not different in coloration,
average slightly larger, but the variation, to my mind, is too insig-
nificant to warrant the recognition of a separate form (C. I.
majuscula1). Certain individuals, regardless of locality, are indis-
tinguishable from the Matto Grosso race (C. /. alleni Lowe2), the
validity of which still appears to me somewhat questionable.
42. Cyanocorax cyanopogon (Temminck).
Corvus cyanopogon Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 29, pi. 169, 1822 —
Bahia, Brazil.
Cyanocorax cyanopogon Reiser (2), p. 173, 1925 — Piauhy.
Maranhao: Rosario, cf ad., four 9 9 ad., 9 juv., May 4, 6, 14,
15, 16, 1924; Codo, Cocos, o" ad., June 25, 1924.
Piauhy: Ibiapaba, two 9 9 ad., Dec. 26, 1924.
Additional specimens. — Maranhao: Miritiba, 9 ad., Oct. 2, 1909.
F. Schwanda. — Ceara: Quixada, three o" 0", 9, June 20, 23, 24,
27; Jua, near Iguatu, three 9 9 ad., Aug. 12, 20, 1913. R. H. Becker.
This is another characteristic species of the central-Brazilian
plateau, ranging from Maranhao, Piauhy, and Ceara south to Bahia,
southern Goyaz (Rio Paranahyba), and western Minas Geraes
(Lagoa Santa; Nas Furnas; Rio Jordao, near Araguary).
Farther south and west, in the states of Sao Paulo and Matto
Grosso, it appears to be represented by the obviously specifically
different C. chrysops chrysops (Vieillot).
43. Uroleuca cristatella (Temminck).1
Corvus cristatellus Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 33, pi. 193, 1823 — Brazil.
Uroleuca cyanoleuca Reiser, pp. 79, 173 — Fazenda Riacho da Varzea Grande,
Santo Antonio de Gilboez, and Santa Philomena, Piauhy.
Maranhao: Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba, three cTcr ad.,
9 ad., July 15, 16. 17, 21, 1925.
The Pega Jay is likewise restricted to the central-Brazilian plateau
region, though its range does not quite coincide with that of the
1Certhiola majuscula Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 13, p. 413, 1865 — Montevideo and
the extreme south of Brazil (the type, No. 8170, Berlin Museum, is fromGuara-
tingueta, Sao Paulo).
2Ibis, (9), 6, p. 506, 1912.
3Corvus cyanoleucus Wied (Reise Brasil., 2, p. 190, 1821 — Fazenda Valo, near
the border line of Minas Geraes, Bahia) is rendered untenable by Corvus cyano~
leucus Latham (Ind. Orn., Suppl., p. XXV, 1801 — New South Wales).
272 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
preceding species. While less extensive in the north, where it merely
encroaches on the extreme south of Maranhao and Piauhy, it in-
cludes, on the other hand, the states of Matto Grosso and Sao Paulo.
Birds from the Rio Preto, Bahia and Chapada, Matto Grosso agree
with those from Maranhao.
[44. Ostinops decumanus (Palla ) subsp.
Xanthornus decumanus Pallas, Spicil. Zool., fasc. 6, p. I, 1769 — Surinam.
Ostinops decumanus Reiser, pp. 79, 174 — Castelliano, Barra do Cocal, and
below Uniao, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy.
No material being available from northern Brazil, the correct
identification of the subspecific form of the Recongo must be left in
abeyance. Birds from southern Brazil (Espirito Santo to Santa
Catharina) differ from the two recognized races, 0. d. decumanus, of
northern South America, and 0. d. maculosus Chapman,1 of Bolivia
and adjoining parts of Brazil and Peru, in much brighter and de-
cidedly bottle green gloss of their entire plumage. Six specimens
are quite uniform in this respect, and not one of them shows any
trace of reddish brown edges on back or upper wing coverts.]
45. Archiplanus solitarius (Vieillot).
Cassicus solitarius Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 5, p. 364, 1816 —
based on Azara, No. 58, Paraguay.
Amblycercus solitarius Reiser, pp. 80, 174 — Therezina, Piauhy; Snethlage, Bol.
Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 61, 1926 — Sao Bento, Maranhao.
Ceara: Jua, near Iguatu, 9 ad., Aug. 30, 1913. R. H. Becker.
This Cacique has an extensive distribution, ranging from northern
Argentina north to the Amazon.
About its generic allocation, see Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 37,
p. 114, 1924, and Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, pp. 389-390,
1926.
46. Cacicus cela (Linnaeus).
Parus cela Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 191, 1758 — "in Indii-," errore;
Surinam substituted as type locality by Hellmayr (Nov. Zool., 13, p. 20, 1906).
Cassicus cela Reiser, pp. 80, 174 — Tronco Falls, below Nova York and There-
zina, Piauhy.
Maranhao: Sao Bento, 9 ad., Sept. 5, 1923.
Goyaz: Philadelphia, cf ad., o71 juv., Nov. 25, 1925.
^roc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 33, p. 26, 1920 — Yungas of Cochabamba, Bolivia.
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 273
Additional specimens. — Maranhao: Miritiba, cf 9 ad. F. Schwanda
(Munich Museum).
A widely distributed species whose range extends throughout the
greater part of northern Brazil south to about 160 s. latitude.
47. Molothrus bonariensis bonariensis (Gmelin).
Tanagra bonariensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 898, 1789 — based on Dauben-
ton, PI. £nl. 710, Buenos Aires.
Molothrus bonariensis sericeus Reiser (1), p. 80, 19 10 — below Uniao, Rio Parna-
hyba and littoral of Piauhy.
Molothrus bonariensis Reiser (2), p. 175, 1925 — Burity, near Parnagua, Uniao,
and littoral of Piauhy.
Maranhao: Sao Bento, juv., Sept. 14, 1923.
Piauhy: Ibiapaba, cf ad., (9) ad., Dec. 20, 22, 1924.
Additional specimens. — Ceara: Quixada, two o* o* ad., June 25;
Jua, near Iguatu, cf ad., Sept. 3, 1913. R. H. Becker.
Birds from Maranhao and neighboring states agree in size with the
southern M. b. bonariensis,1 being considerably larger than M. b.
minimus Dalmas,2 whose range extends as far as the Para district
(Cajetuba).
48. Molothrus tadius fringillarius (Spix).
Icterus fringillarius Spix, Av. Bras., 1, p. 68, pi. 65, 1824 — "Minas Geraes,"
errore; I substitute Oeiras, Piauhy (types in Munich Museum examined).
Piauhy: Ibiapaba, two 9 9 ad., Dec. 22, 29, 1924.
Additional specimen. — Ceard: Quixada, cf ad., June 23, 19 13.
R. H. Becler.
Although widely separated geographically, this is clearly but a
race of M. badius, differing merely by paler, more sandy coloration
of the body plumage, lighter rufous wing area, and darker sides of
the head.
M. b. fringillarius has a rather restricted range, having so far been
found only in the states of Bahia (Rio Sao Francisco), Pernambuco,
Ceara, and Piauhy. The original locality, "Minas Geraes," is evident-
ly a mistake. Burmeister never met with the species in that part of
Brazil nor did Lund or Reinhardt.
1M. bonariensis sericeus (Licht.), which I sought to revive (see Abhandl. 2 Kl.
Bayr. Ak. Wiss., 22, No. 3, pp. 613-614, 1906) is apparently not separable.
2This name stands for the small northern race, since Merrem (in Ersch and
Gruber, Allg. Encycl. Wiss., 15, p. 276, 1826), by redescribing T. bonariensis as
Cassicus (7\) atronitens, renders Molothrus atronitens Cabanis 1848 unavailable.
274 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
49. Agelaius ruficapillus frontalis Vieillot.
A gelaius frontalis Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 34, p. 545, 18 19 —
Cayenne.
A gelaeus frontalis Reiser, pp. 80, 175 — Therezina, Piauhy.
Maranhao: Sao Bento, d" ad., Sept. 14, 1923.
Piauhy: Ibiapaba, two cf cf ad., Jan. 7, 15, 1925.
Agreeing with skins from Bahia and Ceara. Two topotypical
males from Cayenne are also very similar except that the black
frontal margin is perhaps slightly narrower.
A. r. frontalis is merely a race of A. r. ruficapillus, of Paraguay,
Argentina, and southern Brazil, the only point of distinction being
the lighter (hazel or kaiser brown instead of chestnut brown) color-
ation of the crown, throat and foreneck, and replaces it in the
northeastern stales of the republic, from Bahia to Maranhao and
Pard, whence it ranges northward to French Guiana.
[50. Agelaius cyanopus Vieillot.
Agelaius cyanopus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 34, p. 552,
1 8 19 — based on Azara, No. 71, Paraguay.
A gelaeus cyanopus Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 61,
1926 — Sao Bento, Maranhao.
A single specimen was obtained by Madame Snethlage at Sao
Bento, Maranhao. The species ranges from Argentina and southern
Brazil north to the lower Amazon.]
51. Leistes militaris militaris (Linnaeus).
Tanagra militaris Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 178, 1758 — "in America,
Asia"; Surinam designated as type locality, auct. Berlepsch and Hartert (Nov.
Zool., 9, p. 33, 1902).
Leistes militaris Reiser (1), p. 100, 1910 — Miritiba, Maranhao.
Leistes guianensis Reiser (2), p. 176, 1925 — Miritiba.
Maranhao: Tury-assu, 9 ad. (very worn), Oct. 24, 1923; Man-
gunca Island, cf ad., Feb. 24, 1924; Sao Bento, two cf cf ad., three
9 9, Aug. 28, 30, Sept. 1, 14, 1923.
Additional specimens. — Maranhao: Miritiba, a" 9 ad., Apr. 19,
27, 1907. F. Schwanda (Vienna Museum).
Identical with specimens from Surinam and Rio Branco, northern
Brazil.
The coast region of Maranhao appears to form the southern limit
of its range in eastern Brazil.
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 275
52. Leistes militaris superciliaris (Bonaparte).
Trupialis superciliaris Bonaparte, Consp. Av., 1, p. 430, 1850 — "Mexico,"
error e.1
Ceara: Quixada, o* ad., June 25, 1913. R. H. Becker.
Agreeing with skins from Pernambuco and Matto Grosso. No
representative of this group has yet been recorded from either Piauhy
or inner Maranhao, though the present form is likely to occur there.
53. Icterus cayanensis tibialis Swainson.
Icterus tibialis Swainson, Anim. Menag , p. 302, Dec, 1837 — Brazil.
Pendulinus tibialis Reiser (1), p. 80, 19 10 — Parnagua, Piauhy.
Icterus {Pendulinus) tibialis Reiser (2), p. 176, 1925 — Parnagua.
Maranhao: Rosario, 9 ad., May 19, 1924; Fazenda Inhuma, Alto
Parnahyba, 9 ad., July 24, 1925.
Piauhy: Arara, o* ad., Jan. 21, 1925; Ibiapaba, 0* ad., 9 ad.,
Dec. 16, 1924, Jan. 13, 1925.
Ceara: Varzea Formosa, 9 ad., Feb. 23, 1925.
Additional specimens. — Maranhao: Miritiba, two cf cf ad., 9
ad., Sept. 17, 1907. F. Schwanda (Munich Museum). — Ceara: Jua,
near Iguatu, three cfcf, two 9 9 ad., Aug. 10, 16, 30, Sept. 2;
Quixada, cT 9 ad., June 22; Serra de Baturite\ two o*d", 9 ad.,
July 14, 15, 16, 1913. R. H. Becker.
Two skins from Pernambuco and all of the above specimens,
with one exception (No. 63374, Fazenda Inhuma), have the axil-
laries, under wing coverts, and thighs bright yellow; only in two from
Ceara and the Rosario bird some of the tibial feathers are spotted or
tipped with black. In birds from Bahia (Lamarao; Macaco Secco,
near Andarahy) and the female from Fazenda Inhuma, the thighs are
black, tipped with yellow to a variable degree. Of two males from
Sao Marcello, on the Rio Preto, in northwestern Bahia, one (No.
43257), in the amount of yellow on the tibial feathers, approaches
the series from Ceara and Piauhy and also resembles it in bright
yellow under wing coverts; the other example (No. 53256) has the
thighs wholly, and the axillaries partly, black, thus pointing to I.
cayanensis valencio-buenoi Ihering,2 of Minas Geraes, Goyaz, and
northern Sao Paulo. While it seems probable that two forms are
involved, it would be unwise to propose any further subdivision,
lI could not find the type in the collections of the Museum d'Histoire Naturelle
at Paris, and I suppose it is preserved in the Leiden Museum.
2Rev. Mus. Paul., 5, p. 268, 1902 — Piracicaba and Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo.
276 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
until the type of I. tibialis can be reexamined, although Swainson's
description, "thighs and shoulder covers, both above and beneath,
pure yellow," fits the northern bird much better.
54. Icterus jamacaii (Gmelin).
Oriolus jamacaii Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (1), p. 391, 1788 — based on Brisson
(ex Marcgrave), Orn., 2, p. 120, 1760, northeastern Brazil; we suggest Ceara.
Icterus jamacaii Reiser, pp. 80, 177 — Parnagua and Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy.
Maranhao: Codo, Cocos, two 9 9 ad., July 5; Barra do Corda, o"
ad., Aug. 13, 1924.
Piauhy: Ibiapaba, o" 9 ad., Dec. 27, 31, 1924.
Additional specimens. — Ceara: Jua, near Iguatu, two o" o" ad.,
Aug. 16, 23; Serra de Baturite, c? 9 ad., July 14, 19; Quixada, two
o71 0", 9 juv., June 18, 22, July 2, 1913. R. H. Becker.
Identical with specimens from various parts of Bahia (Santo
Amaro ; Macaco Secco, near Andarahy ; Rio do Peixe, near Queimadas)
in Field Museum.
This beautiful Oriole is restricted to eastern Brazil, ranging from
Ceara, Piauhy, and Maranhao south to about 180 s. lat. in Bahia
and Minas Geraes, while farther west, in the state of Goyaz, it is
replaced by I. croconotus.1
55. Gnorimopsar chopi sulcirostris (Spix).
Icterus sulcirostris Spix, Av. Bras., 1, p. 67, pi. 64, fig. 2, 1824 — "in campis
Minas Geraes," errore we substitute Oeiras, Piauhy.
Aphobus chopi (not Agelaius chopi Vieillot) Reiser (i), p. 81, 1910 — Boa Vista,
below Chique Chique, Rio Sao Francisco, Bahia and Amaracao, Piauhy (spec,
examined).
Gnorimopsar sulcirostris Reiser (2), p. 177, 1925 — same localities.
Maranhao: Cod6, Cocos, cf ad., 9 ad., June 14, 19, 1924.
Piauhy: Ibiapaba, d* ad., Jan. 15, 1925.
The Codo birds are in perfectly fresh plumage, having just finished
their annual molt excepting the outermost primary which has not yet
attained its full length and still shows traces of its sheath. They
have been directly compared and found identical with the type of /.
sulcirostris in the Munich Museum. The adult male has about the
same wing measurement, but a slightly longer tail, while the female
is somewhat smaller on the wing. The three specimens have the body
•See Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 39, 1908.
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 277
plumage much glossier than a considerable series of G. c. chopi.
However, birds in worn condition, like our male from Ibiapaba and
an adult female from B6a Vista, below Chique Chique, in the Vienna
Museum, in this respect are hardly different from the typical race.
G. chopi sulcirostris has a peculiarly restricted range. In addition
to our own specimens, I have seen an adult male from Ceara, secured
by Madame Snethlage on May 17, 1910; a young male obtained by O.
Reiser at Amaracao, coast of Piauhy, Sept. 15, 1903; and an adult
female taken by the same naturalist at Boa Vista, below Chique
Chique, on the Rio Sao Francisco, in northern Bahia. The last-named
locality is evidently not far from the southern limit of its breeding
area, since two females from Macaco Secco, near Andarahy, central
Babia, in Field Museum collection are inseparable from typical chopi,
widely diffused in southern and central Brazil. Although Spix in-
dicates "Minas Geraes" as habitat of I. sulcirostris, this is obviously
a mistake. Specimens from this state (Lagoa Santa; Sao Joao d' El
Rey; Agua Suja, near Bagagem; and Rio Jordao, near Araguary)
are clearly referable to the small typical race, agreeing in size and
dur gloss with others from Paraguay, Sao Paulo, Matto Grosso,
and Goyaz (Leopoldina, Rio Araguaya).
G. chopi sulcirostris thus would seem to be confined to the states of
Maranhao, Piauhy, and Ceard, ranging south to the Sao Francisco
in northern Bahia, unless Aphobus megistus Leverkiihn1 from Bolivia
proves to be identical.
MEASUREMENTS
G. chopi sulcirostris
The unsexed type
One adult male from Maranhao
One adult male from Piauhy
One adult male from Ceara
One adult female from Maranhao
One adult female from near Chique
Chique, Bahia
G. chopi chopi
Five adults from Paraguay
Eight from Minas Geraes
Three from Matto Grosso
Two from Leopoldina, Goyaz
Two from Macaco Secco, near
Andarahy, Bahia 126,127 95, 100 22,23^
[56. Tanagra cayennensis Gmelin.
Tanagra cayennensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 894, 1789 — based on Brisson
and Buff on, Cayenne.
Euphonia cayennensis Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6,
p. 60, 1926 — Tury-assu, Maranhao.
^Journ. Orn., 37, p. 104, 1889 — Santa Cruz and San Miguel, eastern Bolivia.
Wing
Tail
Bill
152
108
25
150
114
25
140
108
24
142
106
25
140
104
25
140
104
25
117-126
90-98
21K-24
120-126
89-98
21K-23
118-124
86-95
21-23
120 125
93.95
22
278 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
Madame Snethlage's record from Tury-assti extends the range of
this Guianan species from the Para region to northern Maranhao.]
57. Tanagra violacea violacea (Linnaeus).
Fringilla violacea Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 182, 1758 — "in calidis
regionibus" = Surinam (auct. Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 18, 1902). l
Euphonia violacea Reiser, pp. 100, 186 — Miritiba, Maranhao.
Maranhao : Tury-assu, c?1 ad., three 9 9 ad., Oct. 6, 10, Nov. 7,
15, 1923; Rosario, cf juv., May 9, 1924; Sao Luiz, cf ad., Aug. 1,
1923; Tranqueira, o* ad., Sept. 8, 1925.
Goyaz: Santo Antonio (B6a Vista), cf ad., Jan. 26, 1926.
The wings of the adult males (Goyaz) measure 55, 57, 59, 60, and
do not materially differ from those of a Guianan series, one of which,
from Paramaribo, has a wing fully 60 mm. long, while the others, in
size, agree with the smaller specimens from Maranhao. It appears,
therefore, that the inhabitants of the region forming the subject of
this paper should be referred to the smaller northern race whose
range quite possibly extends even as far south as Bahia.
58. Tanagra chlorotica violaceicollis (Cabanis).
Acroleptes violaceicollis Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 13, p. 409, 1865 — Brazil.
Euphonia chlorotica violaceicollis Reiser (1), p. 85, 1910 — Parnagua and Lag6a
Missao, Piauhy.
" Euphonia minuta Cab. ( = olivacea Desm.)" (sic) Reiser (1), p. 100, 1910 —
Miritiba, Maranhao.
Euphonia aurea violaceicollis Reiser (2), p. 186, 1925 — Parnagua, Piauhy and
Miritiba, Maranhao.
Maranhao: Tury-assu, two d" cf ad., Dec. 5, 1923, Jan. 5,1924;
Mangunca Island, cf ad., March 11, 1924; Codo, Cocos, 9 .June 16,
1924.
Piauhy: Ibiapaba, o" ad., 9 ad., Jan. 15, 1925.
Ceara: Varzea Formosa, 9 ad., Feb. 20, 1925.
Additional specimens. — Piauhy: Parnagua, 0* ad., May 15; Lagda
Missao, 9 ad., May 29, 1903. 0. Reiser (Vienna Museum). —
*I am now inclined to concur with the view of the late Count Berlepsch (Verh.
5th Orn. Kongr Berlin, p. 1127, 1912) in the application of Linnaeus's specific
name. At all events Parus cyanochlorus Pallas (in Vroeg's Cat. Coll. Ois., Ad-
umbr., p. 3, 1764 — Surinam) would long antedate Phonasca Lichtensteinii Cabanis,
i860.
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 279
Ceara: Jua\ near Iguatu, cf ad., Aug. 15; Serra de Baturite\ o" ad.,
0" (first annual), July 15, 21, 19 13. R. H. Becker.
In Nov. Zool., 30, pp. 233-235, 1923, I have discussed, at some
length, the characters and distribution of this form, and the material
now received from northeastern Brazil does not throw much new
light on the subject. The males from Ceara and Ibiapaba, in size and
color, agree with others previously examined from the same general
region. The three from the coast of Maranhao, on the other hand,
are decidedly smaller (wing 53, 54, 57), while the yellow of the
forehead and under parts is slightly deeper in tone. I am quite unable
to distinguish them satisfactorily from typical chlorotica, of which,
however, but two Cayenne skins are available for comparison. Of the
three skins marked "female," one has a distinct whitish pectoral area;
in the two others the whole of the lower surface is uniform yellow.
Pending the receipt of a sufficient series from French Guiana
(T. c. chlorotica), the Brazilian form may provisionally stand under
Cabanis's name, although its distinctness does not appear to be
established beyond doubt.
59. Tangara cyanocephala cearensis Cory.
Tangara cyanocephala cearensis Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Orn. Ser.,
1, p. 345, 1916 — Serra de Baturite\ Ceara.
Ceara: Serra de Baturite\ three d* o71 ad., d" juv., 9 , July 15, 16,
18, 21, 1913. R. H. Becker. — o* o" ad. : Wing 64, 67, 69; tail 47, 49,
50; bill 10.
A very distinct form, differing in the male sex from the two other
races by rea on of deeper, more purplish blue crown ; blackish upper
throat; and long pale cerulean blue tips to the shorter upper tail
coverts, the last named character being suggested even in immature
birds. In dimensions, width of orange wing band, and intensity of
nuchal collar, this form is nearer to T. c. cyanocephala (Muller), of
southern Brazil than to T. c. corallina (Berlepsch),1 of Bahia. T. c.
cearensis is known only from the type locality.
60. Tangara cayana flava (Gmelin).
Tanagra fiava Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 896, 1789 — based on "Guiraperea"
Marcgrave, Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 212, northeastern Brazil; we suggest Ceara.
Maranhao: Cod6, Cocos, 9 ad., June 27, 1924; Barra do Corda,
Ponto, 9 ad., Sept. 3, 1924; Grajahii, d" ad., cf imm., 9 ad., 9 juv.,
lCalospiza cyanocephala corallina Berlepsch, Ornith. Monatsber., 11, p. 18,
1903 — Bahia.
280 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
Oct. 17, 23, 1924; Sao Francisco, 0" ad., July 1, 1925; Fazenda In-
huma, Alto Parnahyba, cf ad., July 17, 1925; Tranqueira, three cf cf
ad., 9 ad., August 17, 22, 29, 31, 1925.
Ceara: Varzea Formosa, cf 9 ad., Feb. 20, 26, 1925.
Goyaz: Philadelphia, cf ad., two cf cf juv., 9 ad., Nov. 26,
Dec. 1, 1925.
Additional specimens. — Ceara: Serra de Baturit£, five cf cf ad.,
9 ad., 9 imm., July 12, 13, 17, 18, 21, 22, 1913. R. H. Becker.
In the light of this material, the characters of T. cay ana chloroptera
(Vieillot) appear to be much less pronounced than I realized, when
discriminating this southern race.1 Birds from the interior of Maran-
hao are certainly indistinguishable from those of Bahia (Santo
Amaro ; Sao Marr ello, Rio Preto), so far as coloration is concerned, and
in dimensions there does not seem to exist any constant difference
either, the wing varying, in both series, from 71-76 mm. Specimens
from Ceara — which, in the absence of a definite type locality, we
may take for typical flata — average rather larger (wing 75-80;
tail 56-60, against 52-57), and fully attain the measurements of
chloroptera, from Minas Geraes, Sao Paulo, and Parana. The latter
form, however, appears to be somewhat paler throughout, with the
cinnamomeous tinge on the forehead, in the male sex, more strongly
suggested. The examples from Philadelphia, Rio Tocantins, are per-
fectly similar to the others, showing no approach to T. c. sincipitalis
(Berlepsch),2 of southern Goyaz (Leopoldina and Goyaz City), which
has a distinct tawny ochraceous frontal band, and the back strongly
suffused with silvery green as in T. c. margaritae (Allen), of Matto
Grosso.
As I have shown elsewhere, » T. cay ana and T. fiava are merely
races of a single specific unit.
61. Thraupis episcopus episcopus (Linnaeus).
Tanagra episcopus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., x, p. 316, 1766 — based on
Brisson, "Br6sil" = Cayenne; Reiser, pp. 100, 185 — Tapera and Miritiba, Maran-
hao.
Maranhao: Anil, near Sao Luiz, two cf cf ad., 9 , July 25, 28, Aug.
1, 1923; Sao Bento, cf imm., Sept. 8, 1923; Cod6, Cocos, cf ad., June
12, 1924; Barra do Corda, 9 ad., Sept. 27, 1924.
^ee Hellmayr Nov. Zool., 15, p. 27, 1908.
3Calospiza formosa sincipitalis Berlepsch Ornis, 14, p. 348, Feb., 1907 — Leopol-
dina, Rio Araguaya, Goyaz.
3Abhandl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., Math.-phys. Kl., 26, No. 2, pp. 125-126, 1912.
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 281
Additional specimens. — Maranhao: Sao Luiz two, Miritiba
three. F. Schwanda (Munich Museum).
Maranhao birds differ from a Guianan series by having generally
stouter, larger bills, and some, notably the females from Barra do
Corda, in this respect, closely approach T. s. sayaca. In the adult
males there is an extensive bluish white humeral patch, while in the
females and immature males the lesser upper wing coverts only are
margined with pale methyl blue, varying in shade and extent. The
adult male from Cocos (Codo) is as small-billed as the general run of
episcopus, and the (silvery) pallid methyl blue color of its shoulder
patch is duplicated in certain examples from British Guiana. It is
perhaps somewhat significant that the bird with the largest bill is
from Barra do Corda, where Dr. Snethlage also secured a perfectly
typical specimen of T. s. sayaca.
62. Thraupis sayaca sayaca (Linnaeus).
Tanagra sayaca Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 316, 1766 — based on
Brisson (ex Marcgrave), northeastern Brazil = Pernambuco.1
Maranhao: Barra do Corda, 9 ad., Aug. 16, 1924; Sao Francisco,
o* ad., July 3, 1925.
Piauhy: Ibiapaba, o" 9 ad., Dec. 15, 16, 1924; Arara, 9 ad.,
Jan. 22, 1925.
Ceara: Varzea Formosa, d" 9 ad., 9 juv., Feb. 20, 26, March
5. 1925-
Additional specimens. — Ceara: Serra de Baturite\ 0" ad., two 9 9
ad., July 16, 19, 22, 1913. R. H. Becker.
The specimens from Maranhao agree with the rest of the series.
In addition, we have many skins from various localities in Bahia,
Rio (Therezopolis), Sao Paulo, and Matto Grosso.
63. Thraupis palmarum palmarum (Wied).
Tanagra palmarum Wied, Reise Bras., 2, p. 76, 1821 — Canavieras, Bahia;
Reiser, pp. 85, 186 — Parnagua and Una Sao Martin, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy.
Maranhao: Anil, near Sao Luiz, o71 9 ad., Aug. 17, 21, 1923; Sao
Bento, two 9 9 ad., 9 juv., Sept. 4, 7, 12, 1923; Barra do Corda, o"
imm., Aug. 8, 1924; Cod6, Cocos, 9 ad., June 25, 1924.
Additional specimens. — Ceara: Serra de Baturite\ 0" ad., 9 juv.,
July 14, 18, 1913. R. H. Becker.
*See Naumburg, Auk, 41, p. III. 1924.
282 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol XII.
These birds are somewhat smaller than a series from Bahia and
Rio, but are not otherwise different. They agree best with speci-
mens from the Para district.
64. Ramphocelus carbo carbo (Pallas).
Lanius carbo Pallas in Vroeg, Cat. Coll. Ois., Adumbr., p. 2, 1764 — Surinam.
Rhamphocoelus jacapa connectens (not of Berlepsch and Stolzmann) Reiser
(1), p. 85, 1910 — part, B6a Vista, near Brejao (on the road from Santo Antonio
de Gilboez to Santa Philomena) and Rio Taquarussu, Piauhy.
Rhamphocelus jacapa centralis (not of Hellmayr) Reiser (2), p. 185, 1925 —
part, Brejao and near Santa Philomena.
Maranhao: Anil, near Sao Luiz, d" ad., 9 ad., July 26, 28, 1923;
Barra do Corda, o* ad., Aug. 19, 1924; Cod6, Cocos, cf juv., 9 ad.,
July 8, 11, 1924; Sao Francisco, two 9 9 ad., July 3, 6, 1925.
Additional specimens. — Maranhao: Miritiba, 0" ad. Aug. 4, 1907.
F. Schwanda (Munich Museum). — Piauhy: Santa Philomena, o"
ad., July 15, 1903 (Berlepsch Collection); Rio Taquarussu, o* ad.
July 10, 1903. P. Wachsmund (Tring Museum).
These specimens agree with a series from Guiana and Para and,
with the exception of an unusually large female from Sao Francisco,
exhibit similar measurements, the wing ranging from 77 to 82 mm.
Among the adult males we find the various types of coloration, also
represented in a very satisfactory series from French and Dutch
Guiana, some being strongly tinged with maroon both on the dorsal
and ventral surfaces while others have the back mainly blackish
with but a limited amount of dark red on upper wing coverts and
rump.
South of the Serra de Tabatinga, on the Rio Preto in the north-
western section of the state of Bahia, the typical race is obviously
replaced by R. carbo centralis Hellmayr,1 a larger, blacker form with-
out any red on either wing or tail coverts. Two specimens taken by
R. H. Becker at Sao Marcello, in March, 1914, appear to be indis-
tinguishable from Minas Geraes and Matto Grosso skins.
No representative of this group has been recorded from Pernam-
buco or Ceara.
65. Piranga flava saira (Spix).
Tanagra saira Spix, Av. Bras., 2, p. 35, pi. 48, fig. I, 1825 — Brazil2 (type in
Munich Museum examined; = female).
'Arch. Naturg., 85, A, Heft 10, p. 26, 1920 — Agua Suja, near Bagagem, Minas
Geraes, Brazil.
2Count Berlepsch (Verh. 5th Orn. Kongr., p. 1063, 1912) suggested as
terra typica Rio de Janeiro, where the species, being an inhabitant of open country,
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 283
Pyranga saira Reiser, pp. 85, 185 — Santo Antonio de Gilboez, Bandeira, Santa
Maria, Fazenda Riachoelo, and Santa Philomena, Piauhy.
Maranhao: Cod6, Cocos, o" 9 ad., June 20, July 11, 1924; Tran-
queira, cf juv., Sept. 2, 1925; Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba,
c? 9 ad., July 27, Aug. 2, 1925.
Goyaz: Philadelphia, cf ad., Dec. 18, 1925.
Agreeing with specimens from Bahia (Rio Preto), Goyaz City, and
Sao Paulo. Males vary a good deal in intensity of coloring within
the same locality, the tone of the under parts ranging from deep
scarlet to grenadine red, while the mantle shows corresponding
differences. The distributional area of this species appears to
extend, without noticeable racial variation, from the lower Amazon
to Rio Grande do Sul. Three males from the last-named state
(Camaquam, Pelotas, Linha Piraja) average rather larger, while a
single female from Santar£m, in size and coloration, agrees with
others from Bahia and Maranhao.
P. flava macconnelli Chubb,1 of which we have a small series from
British Guiana (Quonga, Annai) and the Serra da Lua, on the upper
Rio Branco, is somewhat lighter in coloration, the male sex varying
from grenadine red to flame scarlet, whereas the females are paler
below, wax yellow rather than primuline yellow. The race, however,
is not a well-marked one, and two examples from the Serra de Erere\
near Monte Alegre, north bank of the lower Amazon, which one
would expect to be referable to the northern form, are hardly dis-
tinguishable from typical saira.
66. Tachyphonus rufus (Boddaert).
Tanagra rufa Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 44, 1783 — based on Daubenton,
PI. Enl. 711, Cayenne.
Tachyphonus melaleucus Reiser (1), p. 84, 1910 — Santa Philomena, Apertada
Hora, Therezina, Sao Goncalinho, and Uniao, Piauhy.
Tachyphonus rufus Reiser (2), p. 185, 1925 — Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy.
Maranhao: Tury-assu, 9 ad., Oct. 10; Sao Bento, 9 ad., Sept. 4,
1923; Tranqueira, cf ad., two 9 9, Aug. 24, 27; Fazenda Inhuma,
Alto Parnahyba, 9 ad., July 17, 1925.
Ceard: Varzea Formosa, cf ad., Feb. 24, 1925.
is very unlikely to occur, however. We propose Caxias, Piauhy, as a more appro-
priate type locality.
•Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (9), 8, p. 446, 1921 — Upper Takutu Mts., British
Guiana.
284 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
Additional specimens. — Maranhao: Miritiba, two c? d\ two 9 9
ad. F. Schwanda (Munich Museum).
I am unable to separate these and other Brazilian specimens from
a topotypical Cayenne series. In eastern Brazil, this species ranges
as far south as Bahia, whence we have a number of skins secured by
R. H. Becker at Macaco Secco, near Andarahy. Farther south, in
the states of Espirito Santo and Rio de Janeiro, it is replaced by
T. coronatus (Vieilloi).
The distribution of these two species, which may prove to be
representative forms, I have discussed in Nov. Zool., 30, p. 228, 1923.
67. Tachyphonus cristatus brunneus (Spix).
Tanagra brunnea Spix, Av. Bras., 2, p. 37, pi. 49, fig. 2, 1825 — Rio de Janeiro
(= d" juv.).
Maranhao: Tury-assu, cf ad., 0" juv., two 9 9, Nov. 15, 19, 22,
1923.
The adult male, like others from the Para district, has the gular
patch generally rather larger than a series from eastern Brazil
(Pernambuco to Sao Paulo), with the wings perhaps, on the
average, slightly longer.
MEASUREMENTS OF ADULT MALES
Wing
Tail
Para district (four)
Maranhao (one)
Pernambuco (two)
Bahia (five)
Rio de Janeiro (four)
Sao Sebastiao, Sao Paulo (three)
78,80,81,84
80
80,81
76,77^,79,79,80
72,74,75,79
77,77^,79
70,72,74,78
71
73.74
73,74,75,75.77
72,72,74,78
74.74K,76
T. cristatus brunneus is peculiar to the wooded coast region of
eastern Brazil (from Para to Sao Paulo).
68. Eucometis penicillata penicillata (Spix).
Tanagra penicillata Spix, Av. Bras., 2, p. 36, pi. 49, fig. 1, 1825 — Brazil, no
locality specified (type in Munich Museum examined).
Maranhao: Tury-assu, two cf 0" ad., 9 ad., Oct. 15, 16, 27, 1923.
Agreeing with specimens from the Para region (Rio Acara and
Mexiana Island). The species is new to Maranhao, where it obviously
reaches the eastern limit of its range, which is also extended to the
lower Rio Branco by a specimen in our collection, obtained by the
late M. P. Anderson on November 20, 191 2.
(See Abhandl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., Math.-phys. Kl., 26, No. 2, pp.
12-13, 1912.)
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 285
69. Cypsnagra hirundinacea pallidigula Hellmayr.
Cypsnagra ruficollis1 pallidigula Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 14, p. 350, 1907 —
Humaytha, Rio Madeira, Brazil; Reiser (2), p. 185, 1925 — Santo Antonio de
Gilboez, Piauhy.
Cypsnagra ruficollis (not of Lichtenstein) Reiser (1), p. 84, 19 10 — Santo
Antonio de Gilboez, Piauhy.
Maranhao: Cod6, Cocos, three 9 9 ad., June 25, 1924; Ponto
(Canella), c? imm., Aug. 31, 1924; Barra do Corda, cf 9 ad., Sept. 1,
1924; Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba, 9 ad., July 29, 1925.
Goyaz: Philadelphia, o" ad., 9 juv., Dec. 11, 1925.
Additional specimens. — Piauhy : Santo Antonio de Gilboez, 9 ad.,
9 imm., July 1, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum).
The series fully substantiates the validity of this race, originally
based upon two specimens from the Rio Madeira, and differs from
C. h. hirundinacea by lacking the cinnamon buff on the flanks2 and
under tail coverts, and by having a whiter rump and much paler
throat. The latter, instead of being tawny or tawny ochraceous, is
light or warm buff, approaching ochraceous buff on the lateral
portions in two or three examples. The bill, as a rule, is somewhat
stouter, while the posterior under parts are less tinged with buffy.
Even the young bird is easily distinguishable from the corresponding
plumage of the typical form.
The range of C. h. pallidigula, according to our present knowledge,
extends from northeastern Brazil (Ceard, Piauhy, Maranhao)
through northern Goyaz across the continent to the banks of the Rio
Madeira (Humaytha) and its tributaries, at least as far south as the
headwaters of the Jamary, in northern Matto Grosso (whence the
American Museum of Natural History, New York, possesses a per-
fectly typical adult male, secured by G. K. Cherrie during the Roose-
velt Expedition on Feb. 16, 1914, at Campos Novos, near the base
of the Serra do Norte, 130 s. lat.), and west into northern Bolivia.*
1Tanagra ruficollis Lichtenstein (Verz. Dubl. Berliner Mus., p. 30, 1823 — Sao
Paulo) being preoccupied by Tanagra ruficollis Gmelin (Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 894,
1789 — Jamaica), Tanagra hirundinacea Lesson (Traite d'Orn., p. 460, 1831 —
"Bresil") becomes the proper specific name of the species.
2Faintly suggested in the Santo Antonio de Gilboez examples.
3The only Bolivian specimen that I have seen is an adult collected by Dr.
H. H. Rusby and labeled — no doubt erroneously — "Yungas, s. 180, 6000 ft."
(American Museum of Natural History, No. 30591). It more likely came from
Reyes, in the plain; of northern Bolivia. In the eastern section of that republic
the tawny- hroated C. h. hirundinacea takes its place, as is shown by several
skins obtained by d'Orbigny in Chiquitos (see Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 30, p. 230,
I923)-
286 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
In the east, the pale-throated form apparently ranges southward into
Bahia, for I have seen two trade skins in the Berlepsch collection; but
as other Bahia skins at Tring and in the British Museum are referable
to C. h. hirundinacea, their exact ranges in that state are still to be
determined.
70. Hemithraupls guira guira (Linnaeus).
Motacilla guira Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 335, 1766 — based on
Marcgrave's "Guiraguagu-beraba," northeastern Brazil.
Nemosia guira Reiser (1), p. 84, 1910 — Burity, Castelliano, Therezina, and
Queimadas, Piauhy.
Hemithraupis guira Reiser (2), p. 184, 1925 — same localities.
Maranhao: Tury-assu, d" ad., Nov. 23, 1923; Cod6, Cocos, 0" ad.,
three 9 9 , June 13, 20, July 9, 10, 1924.
Piauhy: Ibiapaba, d* ad., Dec. 24, 1924.
Goyaz: Philadelphia, juv., Dec. 16, 1925.
Additional specimens. — Piauhy: Rio Julgua, 0* ad., July, 1903.
P. Wachsmund (Tring Museum); above Castelliano, 9 ad., Aug. 11,
1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum).
These examples, which are practically topotypes, agree with others
from Bahia. Birds from Goyaz City, western Minas Geraes (Baga-
gem), northern Sao Paulo (Rio Parand), and Matto Grosso, while
identical in coloration, average larger, and certain specimens, in
dimensions, approach H. guira fosteri (vSharpe), of Paraguay and
Misiones, which may be distinguished, however, by the wide yellow
frontal band.
71. Nemosia pileata pileata (Boddaert).
Tanagra pileata Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 45, 1783 — based on Daubenton,
PI. Enl. 720, fig. 2, Cayenne.
Nemosia pileata Reiser, pp. 84, 184 — Burity (near Parnagua), Bandeira (near
Santo Antonio de Gilboez), and Castelliano, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy.
Maranhao :Mangunca Island, cT 9 ad., March 10, 12, 1924; Cod6,
Cocos, three cf cf ad., three 9 9 ad., June 11, 12, 14, 17, July 10,
1924.
Piauhy: Ibiapaba, o" ad., Dec. 17, 1924.
Additional specimens. — Maranhao : Miritiba, 9 ad. F. Schwanda
(Munich Museum). — Piauhy: Castelliano, d" juv., Aug. 11; Bandeira,
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 287
9 ad., July 4; Burity, near Parnagua, 9 ad., May 26, 1903. O.
Reiser (Vienna Museum). — Ceara: Jua, near Iguatu, three 0" 0* ad.,
two 9 9 ad., Aug. 18, 21, 1913. R. H. Becker.
There is so much individual variation in size that I consider it
very difficult to maintain N. p. paraguayensis Chubb,1 of Paraguay
and Bolivia, although northern specimens very rarely reach the maxi-
mum measurements frequently attained in the south, as may be
be gathered from the following figures. In coloration, birds from
various parts of the range are identical, excepting those from northern
Colombia (A/, pileata hypoleuca Todd)2 and northeastern Peru (N.
pileata nana Berlepsch),8 which constitute well-marked races, the
former being recognizable by the absence of the grayish tinge on the
sides, the latter by its darker, more purplish blue upper parts, darker
bluish gray flanks, and smaller bill.
MEASUREMENTS OF ADULT MALES
Cayenne, French Guiana (two)
Paramaribo, Dutch Guiana (two)
Mexiana Island, Brazil (one)
Maraj6 Island, Brazil (one)
Marmellos, Rio Madeira (three)
Monte Alegre, lower Amazon (one)
Maranhao (four)
Piauhy (one)
Jua, Ceara (three)
Bahia (fifteen)
Pirapora, Minas Geraes (one)
Matto Grosso (seven)
Araguay, Goyaz (one)
Todos Santos, Bolivia (two)
Chiquitos, Bolivia (one)
Trinidad, Paraguay (one)
Embarcaci6n, Salta (one)
72. Thlypopsis sordida sordida (Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny).
Nemosia sordida Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2,
p. 28, 1837 — Yuracares, Bolivia (type in Paris Museum examined; = immature).
Thlypopsis sordida Reiser, pp. 84, 184 — Bomfim (above Nova York), Caitetti,
and Sao Goncalinho, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de
Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 60, 1926 — Sao Bento, Maranhao.
'Ibis, (9), 4, p. 629, 1910 — Sapucay, Paraguay.
*Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 29, p. 95, 1916 — Tucurinca, Santa Marta district.
3Verh. 5th Orn. Kongr., p. 1084, 1912 — Samiria, Peru (type examined).
Wing
Tail
66,69
46^,47^
68,68
45.47
73K
49 XA
71
50
68,70,70
46,47.49
67
46
70,72,73,74
46,49,49,50
74
49
71,72,76
47.50,50
63,63,66^,67 K.68,
69(four),70,72(four),73K
44-50
74
52 K
68,69,72(two),74(two),
45.48K.49K,
75
50K.5I. 52,52
73H
5i
73.74
47,49
75
50
75*A
50
73
5iK
288 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
Ceard: Jua, near Iguatii, 9 ad., Sept. 4, 191 3. R. H. Becker.
Brazilian birds, of which a fair series has been examined from
Bahia, Minas Geraes (Agua Suja, near Bagagem), and Matto Grosso,
are apparently not different from topotypical Bolivian skins.
73. Compsothraupis1 loricata (Lichtenstein).
Tanagra loricata Lichtenstein, Abhandl. Ak. Wiss. Berlin, Phys. Kl.,for 18 16-17,
p. 159, 1819 — based on "Jacapu" Marcgrave, Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 192 (= d"ad.);
we suggest Ceard.
Lamprotes loricatus Reiser, pp. 30, 184 — Parnagud, Burity, and below Uniao,
Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy.
Maranhao: Sao Francisco, cT 9 ad., June 8, July 4, 1925.
Additional specimens. — Ceara: Jua, near Iguatii, d" ad., d" juv.,
Aug. 9, 13, 1913; Serra de Baturite, 9 ad., July 12, 1913. R. H.
Becker.
This striking bird is restricted to northeastern Brazil, ranging from
northern Minas Geraes north to Ceara, Piauhy, and Maranhao, and
west to the Rio Araguaya, Goyaz, where the late G. A. Baer obtained
an adult male in August, 1906. * The most southerly locality on record
is the Rio Ressaque, a tributary of the Rio Pardo, close to the northern
boundary line of Minas Geraes.3
Besides the specimens listed above, Field Museum has three fe-
males from Macaco Secco, near Andarahy, and a single male from
Rio do Peixe, near Queimadas, in the state of Bahia.
74. Arremon taciturnus taciturnus (Hermann).
Tanagra taciturna Hermann, Tab. Aff. Anim., p. 214, note, 1783 — based on
"L'Oiseau Silentieux" Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., 4, p. 304, and Daubenton, PI.
Enl. 742, Cayenne.
Arremon silens Reiser, pp. 8 , 184 — Santa Maria and Matinha, Piauhy.
Maranhao: Tury-assu, o" ad., Dec. 17, 1923; Sao Bento, cf ad.,
Sept. 10, 1923; Grajahu, 9 ad., Oct. 24, 1924; Fazenda Inhuma, Alto
Parnahyba, 9 ad., July 23, 1925.
Ceara: Varzea Formosa, 9 ad., March 1 ,1925.
1 Compsothraupis Richmond (Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 28, p. 180, 1915), new
name for Lamprotes Swainson 1837 (not of R. L. 181 7).
2See Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 30, 1908.
'See ' 'Tanagra bonariends" Wied, Reise Bras., 2, p. 178, 1821, and Beitr.
Naturg. Bras., 3, (1), p. 530, 1830.
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 289
Additional specimen. — Ceara: Serra de Baturite\ 9 ad., July
14, 1913. R. H. Becker.
With the material at hand, I am unable to separate east-Brazilian
specimens from those of Guiana and the Orinoco region. The series
sent by Snethlage have the backs of a brighter, more yellowish hue,
but four Bahia skins do not diverge in this respect from typical
Cayenne birds. It is, however, possible that birds from Maranhao
and Bahia have more gray on the flanks.
A. t. taciturnus, widely distributed in the Guianan-Amazonian
subregion, descends along the east coast of Brazil to the Rio Doce,
in the state of Espirito Santo.
75. Diucopis fasciata (Lichtenstein).
Tanagra fasciata Lichtenstein, Verz. Dubl. Berliner Mus., p. 32, 1823 — Sao
Paulo.
Diucopis fasciata Reiser, pp. 83, 183 — Santo Antonio de Gilboez, Santa Maria
and Barroca do Maranhao, Piauhy.
Maranhao: Barra do Corda, <? ad., Sept. 2, 1924; Fazenda In-
huma, Alto Parnahyba, o" imm., four 9 9 ad., July 22, 30, 1925.
Identical with specimens from Matto Grosso (Chapada).
This species is peculiar to the campo region of Brazil, ranging
from Maranhao and Piauhy south to Minas Geraes (Lagoa Santa;
Agua Suja, near Bagagem) and Sao Paulo, west to Matto Grosso.1
76. Schistochlamys ruficapillus2 capistratus (Wied).
Tanagra capistrata Wied, Reise Bras., 2, p. 179, 1821 — Fazenda Ilha, near
Ressa ue, southern Bahia.
Schistochlamys capistrata Reiser (1), p. 83, 1910 — Corrientes, Rio Parnahyba
and Santa Philomena, Piauhy (spec, examined).
Schistochlamys ruficapilla capistrata Reiser (2), p. 182, 1925 — same localities.
Maranhao: Barra do Corda, d" ad., 9 ad., d" juv., Sept. 24, 29,
Oct. 2, 1924; Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba, two 0*0" ad., July
24, 30, 1925. — "Iris brown; feet dark gray; bill plumbeous, tip
blackish."
Additional specimens. — Piauhy: Corrientes, Rio Parnahyba, d"
ad., July 26, 1903; Serra de Santa Philomena, 9 ad., July 9, 1903.
O. Reiser (Vienna Museum).
xThe locality "Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul" mentioned by Sclater (Cat. B.
Brit. Mus., 11, p. 280, 1886) is undoubtedly erroneous.
2Saltator ruficapillus Vieillot, 181 7, replaces Tanagra leucophaea Lichtenstein,
1823. See Hellmayr. Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay., 14, p. 2oi, 1920
290 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
Compared with a series from Bahia, these birds have the pileum
generally rather more brownish and the anterior under parts slightly
darker, while the dimensions are on average smaller. A number
of Bahia skins, however, are qtiite indistinguishable in coloration,
and two examples from Pernambuco very nearly attain the maximum
measurements of 5. r. capistratus. It thus appears to be impossible
to subdivide this form, whose range would seem to extend from
Bahia north to the interior of Piauhy and Maranhao.
77. Caryothraustes canadensis canadensis (Linnaeus).
Loxia canadensis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., I, p. 304, 1766 — based on
Brisson, "Canada" (errore) = Cayenne.
Maranhao: Tury-assu, 9 ad., Oct. 16, 1923.
Identical with specimens from Para and British Guiana. The
forested district of northern Maranhao apparently forms the eastern
limit of the range of C. c. canadensis, represented by nearly allied
races along the east coast of Brazil. In Pernambuco we find C.
canadensis frontalis Hellm.,1 with distinct black frontal band and
bright yellow under parts, while still farther south, from Bahia to
Rio de Janeiro, C. canadensis brasiliensis Cab.2 takes its place.
[78. Pitylus grossus grossus (Linnaeus).
Loxia grossa Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 307, 1766 — based on Brisson,
"America"; we suggest Cayenne.
Pitylus grossus Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 61,
1926 — Tury-assu, Maranhao.
Recorded by Madame Snethlage from Tury-assu. An Amazonian
species extending east into Maranhao.]
79. Saltator maximus maximus (Muller).
Tanagra maxima P. L. S. Muller, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 159, 1776 — based on
Daubenton, PI. Enl. 205, Cayenne.
Saltator magnus Reiser (1), p. 100, 1910 — Miritiba, Maranhao.
"Saltator magnus (Gm.) = maximus (Mull.)" (sic) Reiser (2), p. 183, 1925 —
Miritiba.
Maranhao: Tury-assu, 9 ad., Oct. 8, 1923; Rosario, 9 ad., May
2, 1924; Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba, 9 ad., July 17, 1925.
Goyaz: Santo Antonio (Boa Vista), o* ad., Jan. 23, 1926.
Wov. Zool., 12, p. 277, 1905 — Sao Lourenco, Pernambuco (three specimens
examined) .
lMus. Hein., I, p. 144, 1851 — Bahia (twenty-one specimens examined).
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 291
These and other specimens from various parts of Brazil appear to
me indistinguishable from a series of Guianan skins. In fact, on
comparing more than one hundred examples of this widespread spe-
cies, I am unable to perceive any geographic variation, and I do not
see how any of the races separated by the late Charles Chubb1 can be
maintained.
[80. Saltator coerulescens superciliaris (Spix).
Tanagra superciliaris Spix, Av. Bras.. 2, p. 44, pi. 57, 1825 — Joazeiro, Rio
Sao Francisco, Bahia (type in Munich Museum examined).
Saltator superciliaris caerulescens (sic) Reiser (1), p. 83, 1910 — Parnagua and
Lag6a Missao, Piauhy (spec, examined).
Saltator caerulescens superciliaris Reiser (2), p. 183, 1925 — Parnagua.
Though synonymized with S. c. coerulescens in my account of
Spix's types,2 this form, on careful examination of the material se-
cured by Otmar Reiser at the type locality and in southern Piauhy,
proves to be recognizable, standing somewhat between typical coeru-
lescens, of Paraguay and Matto Grosso, and S. c. mutus Scl.,3 of
Lower Amazonia. From the former it differs by reason of smaller size
(wing of adult female 98-99, against 104-110; tail 86-92, against
97-107); less olivaceous upper parts; slate gray (instead of olive
gray) sides of the head; pure white (not buffy) throat; pale gray
(instead of olive grayish or buffy gray) breast, and much less exten-
sive as well as much paler buffy abdominal area. It is even nearer
to, and closely resembles, 5. c. mutus underneath, but may be
distinguished by paler grayish foreneck and breast, while the upper
parts are markedly lighter gray and slightly tinged with olive on
rump and tail coverts.
5. coerulescens superciliaris, so far, has been recorded only from
the interior of Bahia and southern Piauhy.
Material examined. — Bahia: Joazeiro, Rio Sao Francisco, two
cfo" (first annual); Fazenda Pedre Gulhu, Rio Preto, 9 ad., April
15, 1903. — Piauhy: Parnagua, 9 ad., May 14 ,1903; Lagoa Missao,
near Parnagud, 9 juv., June 6, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum).]
81. Saltator atricollis Vieillot.
Saltator atricollis Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 66.., 14, p. 104, 1817 —
based on Azara, No. 82, Paraguay; Reiser, pp. 83, 183 — Santo Antonio de Gilboez
and Santa Philomena, Piauhy, and opposite Barra do Galiota, Maranhao.
*Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (9), 8, pp. 445-446.
2Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 677, 1906.
3P. Z. S. Lond., 24, p. 72, 1856 — North Brazil, lower Amazon, island of
Mexiana.
292 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
Maranhao: Codo, Cocos, two o" ci\ 9 ad., June 18, 23, July 5,
1924; Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba, 9 ad., July 30, 1925.
Goyaz: Philadelphia, two o" o* ad., Nov. 28, Dec. 18, 1925.
Piauhy: Arara, o" imm., Jan. 20, 1925.
Ceard: Varzea Formosa, cf ad., Feb. 23, 1925.
Identical with specimens from Paraguay ( near Asuncion), Matto
Grosso, and the interior of Bahia (Rio Preto).
This well-marked species is peculiar to the campo region of Brazil,
ranging from Maranhao, Piauhy and the adjacent states of Ceara
and Goyaz south to western Minas Geraes, northern Sao Paulo and
Matto Grosso, and extending into Paraguay and eastern Bolivia
(Chiquitos).
82. Cyanocompsa cyanea cyanea (Linnaeus).
Loxia cyanea Linnaeus,1 Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 174, 1758 — based on Ed-
wards, p. 125, pi. 125, "Angola," errore; Bahia substituted as type locality (auct.
Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 24, 1902).
Piauhy: Arara, cT ad., two cf cf juv., Jan. 20, 24, 30, 1925; Ibia-
paba, 9 ad., Dec. 30, 1924.
Ceara: Varzea Formosa, cf ad., two cf o* juv., Feb. 21, March 3,
1925
In dusky blue mantle and under parts, and decidedly lighter
(Chapman's or Eton blue) lower back, the adult males agree with
a large series from Bahia (Santo Amaro, Lamarao, Macaco Secco, Rio
do Peixe) and Pernambuco (Sao Lourenco).
Mr. Todd2 unites C. sterea Oberholser,8 originally founded on a
single immature male, with C. c. cyanea; but on comparing twenty-
seven specimens from southern Brazil and Paraguay (Sapucay), we
have no difficulty in distinguishing the male sex by the much duller
more blackish coloration of both dorsal and ventral surface, with
hardly any suggestion of the light blue uropygial area.
Material examined. -C. cyanea cyanea. -Bahia: Santo Amaro, 1 cT ;
Lamarao, 3 0" & ; Macaco Secco, near Andarahy, 1 o" ; Rio do Peixe,
lThe figure in Edwards's work, the sole basis of Loxa cyanea — since "Chinens.
Lagerstr. No. 18," likewise quoted by Linnaeus and published in Amoeni . Acad.,
4, p. 244, 1759, by Odhelius, one of his pupils, refers to the same plate — corre-
sponds to the northern form of bright purplish coloration, ranging from Bahia to
Piauhy. With respect to the alleged African origin of Loxia cyan, a and Loxia
angolensis, see Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 32, note, 1908.
2Auk, 40, p. 65, 1923.
*Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 14, p. 188, 1901 — Sapucay, Paraguay.
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 293
near Queimadas, 1 o71 ; trade skins, 17 o71 o71 , 4 9 9 . — Pernambuco :
Sao Lourenco, 1 o71 ad. — Ceara : Varzea Formosa, 3 o71 o71 ; unspeci-
fied, 1 o71 ad. — Piauhy: Arara, 3 o71 o71 ; Ibiapaba, 1 9 ad.
C. cyanea sterea. — Goyaz: Rio Araguaya (near Leopoldina), o71 9
ad.; Goyaz City, o" 9 ad. — Minas Geraes: Rio das Velhas, near
Lag6a Santa, 2 o" o71. — Rio de Janeiro: Petropolis, 1 d" ad.; Rio, 1 o"
ad., 1 9 ad. — Sao Paulo: Piquete, 1 cf, 1 9 ; Victoria, 1 o71 ad.;
Sao Sebastiao, 1 o71, 1 9 ad.; Ipanema, 4 o71 o71 ad., 4 9 9; Matto-
dentro, 1 o71 juv. — Rio Grande do Sul: Taquara do Mundo Novo,
1 cf ad., 2 9 9 . — Paraguay: Sapucay, 1 c? ad., 1 9 ad.; Villa Rica,
1 o71 ad. — Misiones: El Dorado, 1 o71 imm., 2 9 9 ad.
C. c. cyanea is thus seen to be restricted to northeastern Brazil,
ranging from Bahia north to Ceara and Piauhy, while C. c. sterea has
a more southerly distribution which extends from southern Goyaz
and Minas Geraes to Rio Grande do Sul, Paraguay, and Misiones.
In Matto Grosso it gradually passes into the larger C. c. argentina
Sharpe.
83. Cyanocompsa cyanoides rothschildii (Bartlett).
Guiraca rothschildii Bartlett, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6), 6, p. 168, 1890 —
Car. mang River, British Guiana (type in Tring Museum examined).
Maranhao: Tury-assu, 9 ad., Nov. 14, 1923.
Identical with specimens from British Guiana and Conceicao (Rio
Branco) .
The present record extends the eastern limit of its range from
the Para region to northern Maranhao.
[84. Oryzoborus angolensis angolensis (Linnaeus).
Loxia angolensis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 303, 1766 — based on
Edwards, Glean. Nat. Hist., 3, p. 296, pi. 352, right fig., locality unknown.1
Oryzoborus torridus Reiser, pp. 81, 179 — Rio Taquarussu, Piauhy.
The Vienna Academy Expedition obtained a single adult male
on July 10, 1903, on the Rio Taquarussu, near Santa Philomena,
Piauhy.*]
Although Linnaeus gives "Angola" as habitat, Edwards described the species
from a live bird of unknown origin in the possession of "Philip Carteret Webb,
M. P." Berlepsch and Hartert (Nov. Zool., 9, p. 25, 1902) suggested Surinam as
type locality, but as explained elsewhere (Nov. Zool., 15, p. 32, 1908), Edwards's
bird is more likely to have come from eastern Brazil — Rio or Bahia.
2Lately recorded by Madame Snethlage (Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2,
No. 6, p. 61, 1926) from Tury-assu, Maranhao.
294 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
85. Amaurospiza moesta (Hartlaub).
Sporophila moesta Hartlaub, Journ. Orn., 1, p. 36, 1853 — Brazil (type in Bremen
Museum examined ;= d" ad.).
Maranhao: Tranqueira, d" ad., Aug. 28, 1925. — Wing 67; tail 58;
oilmen 12 ; depth at base of lower mandible 4, width 9. — "Iris brown,
feet plumbeous, bill black."
Compared with four males from Therezopolis (Rio) and Misiones,
this bird has a larger bill, and the upper back more conspicuously
spotted with black.
A. moesta, whose characters and synonymy I have discussed in
another connection,1 was hitherto known only from southern Brazil
(Rio to Parana), the Argentine territory of Misiones,2 and Para-
guay.* The present record thus extends its range considerably to the
north, and it is quite possible that additional material may show the
Maranhao bird to be racially different.
86. Sporophila albogularis (Spix).
Loxia albogularis Spix, Av. Bras., 2, p. 46, pi. 60, figs. 1, 2, 1825 — Brazil; we
suggest Bahia as type locality.
Piauhy: Ibiapaba, three o* o* ad., 9 ad., Dec. 17, 26, 1924, Jan.
6, 1925; Ar&ra, 0* ad., 9 ad., Feb. 5, 7, 1925.
Ceara: Varzea Formosa, 9 ad., March 5, 1925.
Additional specimens. — Ceara: Quixada, two o"o*, one 9 ad.,
June 10, 24, 26, 1913. R. H. Becker.
The series agrees with specimens from Bahia. The female from
Ibiapaba has a slight suggestion of the jugular band and white alar
speculum, both characteristic of the male sex, and may be a very old,
androgynous specimen.
5. albogularis is peculiar to the northeastern states of Brazil,
having been recorded from Bahia, Pernambuco,4 Ceara, and Piauhy.
87. Sporophila leucoptera cinereola (Temminck).
Pyrrhula cinereola Temminck,6 Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 2, pi. 11, fig. 1,
Sept., 1820 — "Bresil"; we suggest Bahia.
^erh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 54, pp. 516-518, 1904.
2Dabbene, El Hornero, 1, p. 97, 191 8 — Iguazu.
'Bertoni, 1. c, p. 258, 1919 — Puerto Bertoni.
4Reiser, Denks. Math.-naturw. Kl. Ak. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 81, i9io;p. 179, 1925.
6Temminck's name has priority over Fringilla hypoleuca Lichtenstein (Verz.
Dubl. Berliner Mus., p. 26, 1823— Brazil). See Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 41,
p. 35, 1920.
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 295
Sporophila hypoleuca Reiser, pp. 81 , 179 — Santa Philomena, Piauhy.
Maranhao: Grajahu, cf ad., Oct. 17, 1924.
Additional specimen. — Piauhy: Santa Philomena, cf ad., July 17,
1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum).
These birds agree with a series from Bahia in size and coloration.
Recent study of more satisfactory material tends to show that the
distribution of the two races of S. leucoptera, as set forth in an earlier
communication of mine,1 requires certain modifications.
Adult males from Matto Grosso, including the type of Sporophila
hypoleuca clara Cherrie,2 while perhaps not quite so large, resemble
Paraguayan examples (typical leucoptera3) in the dark (almost slaty)
gray tone of the upper parts, relieved by a more or less distinct,
though narrow, white uropygial band and nearly pure white ventral
surface, with just a faint grayish shade along the inner sides of the
chest. They must undoubtedly be ranked with 5. /. leucoptera
(Vieillot). Two males from the Rio Araguaya (Goyaz), and the Rio das
Velhas, near Lagoa Santa (Minas Geraes), both in worn plumage, are
similar in dimensions and white uropygial band, but approach the
eastern form {cinereola) because of paler gray dorsal surface and more
extensive grayish suffusion on the sides and flanks. Males from east-
ern Brazil (Rio, Bahia, Pernambuco, Piauhy, Maranhao) average
smaller, lack the white uropygial band, and are paler gray above, while
the entire sides of the body below are strongly washed with gray, this
color often forming a pectoral band across the chest. Females of the
two races are hardly distinguishable.
S. /. leucoptera thus inhabits Paraguay, the Argentine Chaco, and
the interior of Brazil, from western Minas Geraes and Goyaz to
Matto Grosso.
5. /. cinereola replaces it in eastern Brazil, ranging from Rio de
Janeiro north to Pernambuco, Piauhy, and Maranhao.
A third form, 5. I. mexianae Hellmayr4 is found on the island of
Mexiana. It is quite as white underneath as S. /. leucoptera, but
lacks the white rump band, while the upper parts are even lighter
than in 5. /. cinereola.
^erh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 54, pp. 536-537, 1904.
*Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 35, p. 188, 1916 — Sao Lourenco River, below the
mouth of the Rio Cuyaba, Matto Grosso, Brazil.
'Coccothraustes leucoptera Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 13,
p. 521, 181 7 — based on Azara, No. 123, Paraguay.
♦Abhandl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., Math.-phys. KL, 26, No. 2, p. 119, 1912 — Santa
Maria, island of Mexiana.
296 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
MEASUREMENTS OF ADULT MALES
5. leucoptera leucoptera
Five leagues north of Villa Concepci6n,
Paraguay (one)
Lambare\ near Asunci6n, Paraguay (one)
Sao Lourenco River, Matto Grosso (one)
Cuyaba, Matto Grosso (two)
Cachoeira, Matto Grosso (one)
Agua Blanca de Corumba, Matto
Grosso (one)
Araguaya, Goyaz (one)
Rio das Velhas, Minas Geraes (one)
S. leucoptera cinereola
Rio de Janeiro (one)
Santo Amaro, Bahia (one)
Bahia trade skins (eleven)
Santa Philomena, Piauhy (one)
Grajahu, Maranhao (one)
Wing
63 X
65
63
60,61 (worn)
60 (worn)
61
60
62 (worn)
58
60
56,57(four),
58 (four), 59,
60
57
60
Tail
59
58
53
51,54 (worn)
51 (worn)
57
55 1 *
52 (worn)
56
55
50.50,51.51,
52,53.53.54.
54.54 55
53
55
[88. Sporophila plumbea plumbea (Wied).
Fringilla plumbea Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (1), p. 579, 1830 — "Campo
Geral" of Brazil, = boundary line of Bahia and Minas Geraes.
Sporophila plumbea Reiser, pp. 81, 179 — Chapada da Varzea Grande (near
Santo Antonio de Gilboez), Apertad1. Hora and Santa Philomena, Piauhy.
Reiser records two males and a female from various localities in
southern Piauhy. Dr. Snethlage did not meet with this species which
is widely distributed in the campo region of inner Brazil, ranging
south to Parana and west to Matto Grosso and into the plains of
eastern Bolivia.]
89. Sporophila nigricollis nigricollis (Vieillot).
Pyrrhula nigricollis Vieillot,1 Tabl. Enc. M£th., Orn., 3, livr. 93, p. 1027, July,
1823 — Brazil.
Sporophila gutturalis Reiser, pp. 82, 179 — Ilha Sao Martin, Rio Parnahyba,
Piauhy.
Goyaz: Philadelphia, d1 ad., Dec. 16, 1925.
Ceara: Varzea Formosa, two cT cf ad., 0" imm., Feb. 23, 24,
March 4, 1925.
JThis name must replace Fringilla gutturalis Lichtenstein (Verz. Dubl. Berliner
Mus., p. 26, 1823 — Sao Paulo) by reason of anteriority. According to Sherborn
and Woodward (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (7), 17, p. 580, 1906), livr. 93 of the
"Tableau encyclopSdique m£thodique" is mentioned in Bibl. France for July 26,
1823, while Lichtenstein's "Verzeichniss" was certainly published later, the preface
being dated "September 1823." Sharpe (Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 126, 1888)
erroneously quoted P. nigricollis in the synonymy of Sporophila caerulescens
(Vieillot).
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 297
Additional specimens. — Ceara: Quixada, c? ad., three 9 9 ad.,
June 17, 20, 21, 22, 1913. R. H. Becker.
Agreeing with a large series from various parts of Brazil (Rio de
Janeiro, Bahia, etc.).
90. Sporophila bouvreuil (Muller).
Loxia bouvreuil P. L. S. Muller, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 154, 1776 — based on
"Bouvreuil, de l'lsle Bourbon" Daubenton, Pi. Enl. 204, fig. 1 ; locality erroneous,
I have substituted Bahia, Brazil.
Maranhao: Sao Bento, two 9 9 ad., Sept. 3, 4, 1923.
5. bouvreuil inhabits eastern Brazil, from the delta of the Amazon
south to Sao Paulo. Birds from the southern part of this area are
slightly paler, and this may indicate intergradation with 5. pileata
(Sclater), but the interrelations and ranges of the two forms, both of
which have been found in Sao Paulo, though in different sections of
the state, have yet to be worked out with the aid of far more material
than is at present available. See Hellmayr, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges.
Wien, 54, pp. 519-520, 1904.
91. Volatinia jacarina jacarina (Linnaeus).
Tanagra jacarina Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 314, 1766 — based on
Brisson (ex Marcgrave's "Jacarini"), northeastern Brazil.
Volatinia jacarini Reiser, pp. 82, 180 — Santa Philomena, Therezina, opposite
Ilha Sao Martin, and below Uniao, Piauhy.
Maranhao: Tury-assu, d" juv., Dec. 17, 1923; Grajahu, cf juv.,
Oct. 25, 1924; Tranqueira, cf juv., Aug. 18, 1925.
In males from eastern Brazil, of which Field Museum has a good
many from Para and various parts of Bahia, the axillaries and under
wing coverts are, as a rule, white, though one from Rio do Peixe,
near Queimadas (Bahia) has them almost uniform black.
92. Spinus magellanicus alleni Ridgway.
Spinus alleni Ridgway, Auk, 16, p. 37, 1899 — Chapada, Matto Grosso, Brazil.
Chrysomitris icterica alleni Reiser (1), p. 81, 1910 — part, Nos. 704, 751, Parna-
gua, Piauhy; idem (2), p. 178, 1925 — Parnagua.
Goyaz: Certeza, 9 ad., Sept. 26, 1925. — Wing 63; tail 38; bill 9.
A perfectly typical example of this race which replaces 5. m. icter-
icus in the central and western parts of Brazil (states of Bahia, Goyaz.
and Matto Grosso) and eastern Bolivia. It appears to reach the
298 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
northern limit of its range in southern Piauhy, where Reiser secured
two specimens in the vicinity of Parnagua, and the adjacent section
of Goyaz, the present example having been taken near the sources of
the Rio Perdido. Mr. Todd, in his recently published monograph,1
extends its distribution south to the Chaco and Paraguay. While
specimens from west of the Paraguay River (whence we have no
material) may actually be referable to S. m. alleni, two adult males
from Bernalcue" (near Asunci6n) are certainly not of this form and
appear to me indistinguishable from the south-Brazilian ictericus.
I expect the ranges of these two forms will eventually be found to be
separated by the Paraguay River.
93. Spinus yarrellii (Audubon).
Carduelis yarrellii Audubon, Syn. Birds N. America, p. 117, 1839 — "Upper
California," errore; = Bahia, Brazil.
Ceara: Jua, near Iguatu, 9 ad., Aug. 13, 1913. R. H. Becker.
This Siskin is an inhabitant of the arid districts of eastern Brazil
in the states of Bahia and Ceara. but reappears in the vicinity of Lake
Valencia, Carabobo, in northern Venezuela, thus offering a case of dis-
continuous distribution parallel to the range of Basileuterus flaveolus.
94. Sicalis flaveola flava (Muller).
Fringilla flava P. L. S. Muller, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 164, 1776 — based on
Daubenton, PI. Enl. 321, fig. 1, Brazil; we suggest Rio de Janeiro.2
Sycalis flaveola (not Fringilla flaveola Linnaeus) Reiser, pp. 81, 178 — Parnagua.
Maranhao: Codo,Cocos, two 9 9 ad., two cf d1 juv., June 12, 19,
25, July 10, 1924.
Piauhy: Ibiapaba, 9 ad., & juv., Jan. 3, 8, 1925; Arara, cf juv.,
Feb. 11, 1925.
Additional specimens. — Ceara: Jua, near Iguatu, three cf d1 ad.,
9 ad.,cf juv., 9 juv., Aug. 11, 12, 13, 31; Quixada, two c? <? ad.,
three 9 9 ad., two juv., June 10, 16, 20, 26, 27, July 1; Serra de
xAnn. Carnegie Mus., 17, pp. 52-54, 1926.
2I think there can be little doubt that Daubenton's plate was based on a
specimen of the Brazilian Saffron Finch. Buffon, himself, identified his "Guir-
negat" with Marcgrave's "Guiranheemgatu," and gives Brazil as its habitat.
His bird is much more likely to have come from one of the ports on the east coast
(Rio or Bahia) than from the area occupied by S.f. pelzelni in the extreme south
of Brazil, then practically unexplored. If, however, Fringilla flava Muller be
rejected, Emberiza braziliensis Gmelin (Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 872, 1789), almost
exclusively based on Marcgrave's "Guiranheemgatu" (from northeastern Brazil),
hence of unquestionable pertinence, would be the next available name.
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 299
Baturitd, two 9 9 ad., two 9 9 juv., July 17, 18, 19, 20, 1913.
R. H. Becker.
Besides, I have before me several specimens from Bahia (Santo
Amaro; Sao Marcello, Rio Preto), Espirito Santo (Victoria), Rio de
Janeiro (Therezopolis, Cantagallo), and Sao Paulo (Cachoeira, Sao
Sebastiao).
This series differs from typical S. /. flaveola, as represented by
twenty-five skins from Surinam and Venezuela, in more heavily
streaked upper parts, slightly striated flanks, and generally paler
as well as less extensive orange on the anterior crown in the
adults, while the immature (" aureipectus") plumage may be dis-
tinguished by the narrower, paler yellow prepectoral band which,
furthermore, is frequently streaked with dusky. Specimens from Rio
de Janeiro and Sao Paulo are obviously inseparable from those of
northern Brazil.1
5. flaveola flaya ranges throughout eastern Brazil, from the interior
of Maranhao, Piauhy, and Ceara south to Sao Paulo. Farther south,
in Santa Catharina and Rio Grande do Sul as well as in Matto Grosso,
it is replaced by S. flaveola pelzelni Sclater, which, in the male plum-
age, is not unlike the female of S. f. flava, but the subspecies may
immediately be recognized by the very differently colored female.
[95. Sicalis columbiana leopoldinae Hellmayr.
Sicalis columbiana leopoldinae Hellmayr, Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 16, p. 85, 1906 —
Leopoldina, Rio Araguaya, Goyaz, Brazil.
Sycalis arvensis minor (not of Cabanis) Reiser (1), p. 81, 1910 — part, No. 296,
Joazeiro; No. 1181, Tronco Falls, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy.2
Sycalis arvensis (not of Kittlitz) Reiser (2), p. 178, 1925 — part, Tronco Falls,
Piauhy.
Piauhy: Tronco Falls, below Nova York, Rio Parnahyba, 9 ad.,
Aug. 4, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum). — Wing 56; tail 40; bill 9.
This example, an adult female in perfectly fresh plumage, appears
to be inseparable from two topotypical females. A female, in worn
breeding garb, secured by O. Reiser on March 18, 1903, about nine
kilometers above Joazeiro, on the Rio Sao Francisco, Bahia, is like-
1Sicalis flaveola holti Miller (Auk, 42, p. 254, 1925 — Monte Serrat, Serra do
Itatiaya, Sao Paulo) is apparently synonymous with 5. /. flava.
2The adult male from Joazeiro (No. 295), mentioned by Reiser, proves to be
totally d fferent. It belongs to the Sicalis luteola group and obviously represents
an undescribed form.
300 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
wise referable to this form, and Field Museum possesses an immature
bird from Sao Marcello, Rio Preto, Bahia, obtained by R. H. Becker.
Adult males are required to establish beyond doubt the subspecific
identity of these birds.
Like its northern allies, 5. c. leopoldinae frequents grassy country
along river banks. Its range is restricted to eastern Brazil (states of
Goyaz, Bahia and Piauhy).]
[96. Pseudochloris citrina citrina (Pelzeln).
Sycalis citrina Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, pp. 232, 333, 1870 — Jaguaraiba [ = Rio
Jaguariaiba], Parana (type in Vienna Museum examined).
Pseudochloris citrina Reiser, pp. 82, 181 — Santo Antonio de Gilboez, Piauhy.
Piauhy: Santo Antonio de Gilboez, 0" ad., June 30, 1903. O.
Reiser (Vienna Museum).
Except for its somewhat brighter rump, the specimen was found
to agree with the type.
This rare species has been taken at a number of localities in eastern
Brazil (Rio Jaguariaiba and Murungaba, Parana; Itarare, Sao Paulo;
Marianna, Minas Geraes; Santo Antonio de Gilboez, Piauhy), but
appears to be nowhere common.
In the mountains of northern South America (Roraima; Cumbre
de Valencia, Venezuela; Santa Marta and Bogota region, Colombia)
it is represented by the barely separable (slightly smaller) P.
citrina browni (Bangs).]
97. Brachyspiza capensis matutina (Lichtenstein).
Fringilla matutina Lichtenstein, Verz. Dubl. Berliner Mus., p. 25, 1823 —
Brazil (lectotype: No. 6064, Bahii, in Berlin Museum examined).
Zonotrichia pileata (not Emberiza pileata Boddaert) Reiser (1), p. 82, 1910 —
Santo Antonio de Gilboez, Piauhy.
Brachyspiza {Zonotrichia) pileata Reiser (2), p. 180, 1925 — Piauhy.
Maranhao: Grajahu, two 9 9 ad., Oct. 22, 1924; Codo, Cocos, d"
ad., 9 ad., June 20, 23, 1924.
Piauhy: Ibiapaba, cf ad., Dec. 14, 1924; Arara, d" ad., Jan. 27,
1925.
Agreeing with a series from Bahia and southern Brazil. Compared
with two skins from Cayenne1 and others from Venezuela, the Brazil-
'Type locality of Fringilla capensis P. L. S. Muller (Natursyst., Suppl., p. 165,
1776 — based on "Bruant, du Cap de Bonne Esperance," Daubenton, PI. Enl. 386,
fig. 2); see Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., 4, p. 369, 1778.
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 301
ian birds are somewhat larger, with stronger bills, and have the
nuchal collar decidedly deeper rufous. While examination of a larger
series from the type locality is desirable, I think it advisable to sepa-
rate this southern form, at least provisionally, under Lichtenstein's
term. In the south B. c. matutina, judging from the material exam-
ined in this connection, ranges as far as Rio Grande do Sul, Matto
Grosso (Chapada, Urucum), and Paraguay. Specimens from Bernal-
cue* (near Asuncion) in the latter country, are in every respect similar
to the Brazilian ones, indicating that B. c. mellea Wetmore,1 in all
probability, is restricted to the Chaco region west of the Paraguay.
98. Porphyrospiza caerulescens (Wied).
Tanagra caerulescens Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (1), p. 541, 1830 — Campos
Geraes of Brazil.
Porphyrospiza caerulescens Reiser, pp. 82, 180 — Floresta, near Burity and
Santo Antonio de Gilboez, Piauhy.
Maranhao: Tranqueira, two o" o" ad., two cf d" imm., 9 ad.,
Aug. 18, 19, 24, 1925.
Additional specimens. — Piauhy: Floresta, near Parnagua, 0" ad.,
June 17, 1903; Santo Antonio de Gilboez, 9 ad., July 1, 1903. O.
Reiser (Vienna Museum).
Identical with specimens from Matto Grosso (Chapada) and
Goyaz. This relatively scarce species is peculiar to the campo region
of central Brazil. The present is the first record from Maranhao,
though it has been taken by the Vienna Academy Expedition in the
neighboring state of Piauhy. It appears to be more numerous in
Gojraz, where it was met with by Auguste de Saint-Hilaire, Natterer,
and G. A. Baer, and in Matto Grosso, whence H. H. Smith sent a
large series to the American Museum. Furthermore, Natterer ob-
tained specimens at Nas Furnas, in western Minas Geraes, while
Wied's original example was secured somewhere along the boundary
line of Minas Geraes and Bahia.
99. Myospiza humeralis humeralis (Bosc).
Tanagra humeralis Bosc, Journ. d'Hist. Nat., 2, No 17, p. 179, pi. 34, fig. 4,
1792 — Cayenne.
Ammodromus (-ic) manimbe Reiser (1), p. 82, 1910 — Apertada Hora, Rio
Parnahyba, and littoral of Piauhy.
^roc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 35, p. 39, 1922 — eighty kilom. west of Puerto Pinasco,
Paraguayan Chaco.
302 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
Myiospiza (Ammodromus) manimbe Reiser (2), p. 181, 1925 — Rio Parnahyba.
Maranhao: Sao Bento, two 9 9 ad., Sept. 3, 13, 1923; Codo,
Cocos, two cT d* ad., 9 juv., June 11, 14, 1924; Tranqueira, 9 ad.,
Aug. 18, 1925.
Additional specimen. — Maranhao: Miritiba, 9 ad., April 21,
1907. F. Schwanda (Munich Museum).
Careful comparison of these and thirty additional examples from
various parts of Brazil (Bahia, Minas Geraes, Sao Paulo, Matto
Grosso) with an excellent series of typical humeralis from Cayenne,
British Guiana, and the upper Rio Branco (Serra da Lua) fails to
reveal any character by which a southern form (manimbe)1 could be
discriminated. Contrary to the assertion of Messrs. Bangs and
Penard,2 there is no difference in the coloration of the under parts
between Guianan and Brazilian birds. Individual and seasonal
variation in this species is so great that particular care must be
taken to compare only specimens in corresponding plumage.
I am even somewhat uncertain whether the form of Argentina and
Uruguay which Wetmore, in his recent review,3 distinguishes as M.
humeralis dorsalis1 can be maintained. Birds from near Asuncion,
Paraguay, are certainly not separable from humeralis of Brazil, but
those from Uruguay, Buenos Aires, and Corrientes, owing to the
reduction of the brownish lateral margins to the blackish central
streaks of the dorsal feathers, generally appear rather grayer, al-
though they can be matched by certain Brazilian examples. An adult
male from Puerto Pinasco, Paraguayan Chaco (American Museum of
Natural History, No. 149755) and the type of Myospiza manimbe
nigrostriata Cherrie* are also typical representatives of this stage. An
adult female (in exceedingly fresh plumage) from the island of
Marajo (delta of the Amazon), however, is even grayer, lacking every
trace of brownish suffusion on the upper parts.
A far larger series than is at present available in any museum will
be required in order to define any possible geographic races.
1Fringilla manimbe Lichtenstein, Verz. Dubl. Berliner Mus., p. 25, 1823 —
Bahia.
lBull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 92, 1918.
•Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, pp. 427-431, 1926.
4If separable, its earliest name is Ammodramus xanthornus Gould (in Darwin,
Zool. Beagle, 3, Part 9, pi. 30, July 1839), based on a specimen from Maldonado,
which I have examined in the British Museum.
6Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 35, p. 189, 1916 — Rio Negro, a small tributary
of the Rio Pilcomayo, Paraguayan Chaco.
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 303
100. Emberizoides herbicola (Vieillot) subsp.
Sylvia herbicola Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 11, p. 192, 1817 —
based on Azara, No 230, Paraguay.
Maranhao: Sao Bento, 9 ad. (in very worn breeding plumage),
two 9 9 imm., Sept 8, 13, 1923.
These birds belong to the same race that was discussed in my
account of Lorenz Miiller's collection from the island of Mexiana.1
The adult female combines the plain (unstriped) flanks of herbicola
with the small size and strongly marked uropygium of sphenurus.
However, one of the immature birds (which has nearly finished the
post-juvenile molt) shows very conspicuous blackish streaks on the
flanks like specimens from Guiana and Venezuela.
Until a satisfactory series from northern Brazil comes to hand, the
status of this intermediate race cannot be determined. The typical
E. h. herbicola ranges in eastern Brazil as far north as Bahia and
Pernambuco.
101. Coryphospingus pileatus pileatus (Wied).
Fringilla pileata Wied, Reise Bras., 2, p. 160, 1821 — Barra da Vareda, Rio
Pardo, southern Bahia.
Coryphospingus pileatus Reiser (2), p. 181, 1925 — Remanso Surupi and Melan-
sia, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy.
Maranhao: Barra do Corda, three 0" o" ad., two 9 9 ad., Aug. 16,
18, 19, 22, 1924; Grajahti, d" 9 ad., Oct. 18, 21, 1924; Sao Francisco,
cf ad., May 30, 1925.
Piauhy: Arara, cf ad., Jan. 31, 1925; Ibiapaba, c? ad., three 9 9
ad., Dec. 17, 20, 23, 1924, Jan. 16, 1925.
Ceara: Varzea Formosa, 9 ad., March 4, 1925.
Additional specimens. — Ceara: Serra de Baturite\ d" ad. ;Quixada,
four o" 0", two 9 9 ; Jua, near Iguatu, twelve cf d\ seven 9 9 , July
and August, 1913. R. H. Becker.
Agreeing with a series from Bahia (Santo Amaro; Macaco Secco,
near Andarahy).
This species, in all probability a geographical race of C. cucullatus
(P. L. S. Mull.), is peculiar to eastern Brazil. Its range extends from
eastern Minas Geraes, (Curvello, Lagoa Santa), northern Goyaz
(Leopoldina), and Espirito Santo north through Bahia to Ceara,
Piauhy, and Maranhao. Farther west, in western Minas Geraes
^Abhandl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., Math.-phys. Kl., 26, No. 2, p. 104, 1912.
304 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
(Uberaba; Rio Jordao, near Araguary; Agua Suja, near Bagagem),
southern Goyaz, and Matto Grosso as well as in the north, from Pard
to British Guiana, it is replaced by the red C. cucullatus. The gray
type, however, reappears in a very slightly modified form, C. pileatus
brevicauda Cory,1 distinguishable by shorter tail and more whitish
lores, in northern Venezuela and Colombia.
102. Charitospiza eucosma Oberholser.
Fringilla ornata (not of Vieillot 1817) Wied, Reise Bras., 2, p. 191, 1821 —
Fazenda Valo, near the frontier of Minas Geraes, Bahia.
Charitospiza eucosma Oberholser, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 48, p. 67, 1905 — new
1 ame for Fringilla ornata Wied, preoccupied.
Charitospiza ornata Reiser, pp. 83, 182 — Chapada da Varzea Grande and
Santo Antonio de Gilboez, Piauhy.
Maranhao: Codo, Cocos, two cf cf ad., 9 ad., June 19, July io,
1924; Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba, two 9 9 ad., July, 20, 22,
1925; Tranqueira, two cf1 cf ad., Sept. 2, 4, 1925.
This is another characteristic species of the campo region,
ranging throughout the Brazilian highlands from Maranhao, Piauhy,
and Bahia south to western Minas Geraes (Nas Furnas, Sant' Anna
dos Alegres, Andrequece, Curvello, Lagoa Santa, Sete Lagoa ), north-
ern Sao Paulo (Nas Lages), and Matto Grosso.
103. Paroaria dominicana (Linnaeus).
Loxia dominicana Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 172, 1758 — Brazil.*
Paroaria larvata Reiser (2), p. 182, 1925 — Rio Parnahyba, from Bda Espe-
ranca to below Colonia Floriano, near Araras, Piauhy.
Maranhao: Sao Francisco, cf ad., 9 juv., July 4, 5, 1925.
Piauhy: Ibiapaba, 9 ad., two 9 9 juv., Dec. 12, 22, 1924, Jan.
2, 1925; Deserto, c? ad., Apr. 8, 1925; Ar&ra, cf ad., Jan. 27, 1925.
Not different from specimens taken by R. H. Becker on the Rio do
Peixe, near Queimadas, Bahia.
The range of the Gray Cardinal is restricted to eastern Brazil
from Minas Geraes (Rio Sao Francisco) and Bahia north to Piauhy
and Maranhao.
104. Paroaria gularis gularis (Linnaeus).
Tanagra gularis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 316, 1766 — based on
Brisson, "America"; we suggest Cayenne.
*Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 345, 1916 — Margarita Island.
'See Lonnberg, Bihang Svensk. Akad. Handl., 22, Afd. 4, No. 1, p. 29, 1896
(note on type in Upsala Museum).
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 305
Goyaz: Santo Antonio (B6a Vista), cT ad., Feb. 4, 1926; Phila-
delphia, 9 ad., Dec. 4, 1925.
Identical with specimens from French and British Guiana. It is
very interesting to find this Guianan species on the lower Tocantins,
and not P. baeri Hellmayr,1 with which we meet farther south, on the
banks of the Araguaya, near Leopoldina. An adult female, obtained
by E. G. Holt at Conceicao do Araguaya (about 8° s. lat.) on
November 11, 1926, and preserved in the collection of the Carnegie
Museum, is likewise referable to P. g. gularis. The range of P. baeri
would thus seem to be restricted to the headwaters of the Araguaya.
105 Xolmis cinerea (Vieillot).
Tyrannus cinereus Vieillot, Analyse nouv. Ornith. 6\6m., p. 68, 1816 — South
America; we suggest hinterland of Rio de Janeiro.
Taenioptera nengeta (not Lanius nengeta Linnaeus) Reiser, pp. 70, 154 —
Chapada da Varzea Grande, Santo Antonio de Gilboez, and Amaracao, Piauhy.
Maranhao: Codo, Cocos, two 9 9 ad., June 16, 17, 1924.
Additional specimens. — Piauhy: Chapada da Varzea Grande,
9 ad., June 27; Santo Antonio de Gilboez, two o" o71 ad., June 30,
July 4; Amaracao, 9 ad., Sept. 14, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna
Museum).
Specimens from various parts of Brazil, Paraguay, and Argentina
agree well together. T. cinerea obscura Cory8 was separated by mis-
take, the supposed racial characters being due to the fresh plumage of
the original series, while the few specimens used for comparison
happened to be in worn condition.
A characteristic species of the open campos, ranging north to
Marajo and the Xingu region (Rio Iriri).
106. Xolmis velata (Lichtenstein).
Muscicapa velata Lichtenstein, Verz. Dubl. Berliner Mus., p. 54, 1823 — Sao
Paulo.
Taenioptera velata Reiser, pp. 71, 154 — Chapada da Varzea Grande and Santo
Antonio, Piauhy.
Maranhao: Codo, Cocos, o" ad., 9 ad., June 10, 1924.
>Bull. Brit Orn. CI., 19, p. 43, 1907; Nov. Zool., 15, p. 36, 1908 — Leopoldina,
Rio Araguaya, Goyaz.
*Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 341, 1916 — Sao Marcello, Rio
Preto, Bahia.
306 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
Snethlage's specimens agree with others from Minas Geraes,
Matto Grosso, and Sao Paulo.
This is another endemic species of the Brazilian campo region,
the range of which stretches north to the Amazon and west into
Bolivia.
[107. Xolmis irupero nivea (Spix).
Muscicapa nivea Spix, Av. Bras., 2, p. 20, pi. 29, fig. 1, 1825 — near Joazeiro,
Rio Sao Francisco, Bahia (type in Munich Museum examined).
Ceara: Unspecified, 9 imm., Berlepsch Collection (Frankfort
Museum).
Agreeing with females from the type locality. The distinctness of
this race which is only known from Bahia and Ceara1 requires cor-
roboration by a satisfactory series.]
108. Knipolegus lophotes (Boie).
Musc\icapa\ lophotes (Temminck MS.) Boie,2 Isis, 21, p. 317, 1828 — new name
for Muscicapa galeata Spix (not Lichtenstein 1823), Av. Bras., 2, pi. 27, 1825,
Sao Paulo.
Goyaz: Certeza (headwaters of the Rio Perdido), o" ad., Sept. 26,
1925. — Wing 118; tail 101; bill 17.
This example is identical with others from southern Brazil. The
present record extends the known range of the Crested Black Tyrant
from Matto Grosso and Minas Geraes north to the confines of Piauhy.
109. Fluvicola pica albiventer (Spix).
Muscicapa albiventer Spix, Av. Bras., 2, p. 21, pi. 30, fig. 1, 1825 — part, descrip-
tion of male, Brazil (type in Munich Museum examined).
Fluvicola albiventris Reiser, pp. 71, 155 — Therezina and Amaragao, Piauhy.
Piauhy: Arara, d" ad., Jan. 20, 1925.
Additional specimens. — Ceara: Quixada, two <? d" imm., June 10,
24, 1913. R. H. Becker.
Widely distributed in Brazil south of the Amazon, Paraguay,
northern Argentina, and eastern Bolivia.
no. Fluvicola climazura climazura (Vieillot).
Oenanthe climazura Vieillot (and Oudart), Galerie Ois., 1, (2), p. 255.pl. 157,
1824 — Brazil.
^ee Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Zool. Ser., 13, Part 5, p. 17, 1927.
'Replaces Knipolegus lophotes Hellmayr (Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Zool.
Ser., 13, Part 5, p. 67, 1927)-
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 307
Fluvicola climacura Reiser, pp. 71, 155 — Ilha Grande, Lake Parnagua, and
coast of Piauhy.
Maranhao: Barra do Corda, two o* d" ad., Aug. 18, 22; Cod6,
Cocos, cf ad., July u, 1924.
Additional specimens. — Ceara: Serra de Baturite\ 9 ad., July
12; Quixada, d" ad., 9 ad., June 17, 26; Jua, near Iguatu, five
0" d" ad., July 31, Aug. 3, 12, 28, Sept. 4, 1913. R. H. Becker.
The Courier Water-Tyrant is peculiar to northeastern Brazil,
ranging from Maranhao east to Pernambuco and south to Bahia.
A closely related race, F. c. atripennis, is found on the coast of
Ecuador.
in. Arundinicola leucocephala (Linnaeus).
Pipra leucocephala Linnaeus, Mus. Ad. Frid., 2, Prodr., p. 33, 1764 — Surinam
(see idem, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 340, 1766).
Arundinicola leucocephala Reiser, pp. 71, 156 — coast of Piauhy.
Maranhao: Tury-assu, 0* ad., Oct. 23, 1923.
Ceara: Varzea Formosa, 0* juv., March 2, 1925.
Additional specimen. — Maranhao: B6a Vista, o" ad., Dec. 15,
1906. F. Schwanda.
The White-headed Marsh-Tyrant has an extensive distribution in
South America, from Colombia, Guiana, and Trinidad down to
Paraguay and northeastern Argentina.
[112. Pyrocephalus rubinus rubinus (Boddaert).
Muscicapa rubinus Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 42, 1783 — based on Daubenton,
PI. Enl. 675, fig. 2, and Buffon's "Le Rubin, de la riviere des Amazones."
Pyrocephalus rubineus Reiser, pp. 75, 164 — Parnagua and Bandeira, Piauhy.
Piauhy: Parnagua, 0* ad., o" iram., May 13, 15, 1903. O. Reiser
(Vienna Museum).
The Scarlet Flycatcher is widely diffused in Brazil south of the
Amazon and in the neighboring countries.]
[113. Satrapa icterophrys (Vieillot).
Muscicapa icterophrys Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 66.., 21, p. 458,
1 81 8 — based on Azara, No. 183, Paraguay.
Sisopygis icterophrys Reiser, pp. 71, 156 — lower Rio Parnahyba, from Therezina
to Sao Martin, Piauhy; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 62,
1926 — Sao Bento, Maranhao.
308 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
Specimens of the Yellow-browed Tyrant were noted by Reiser on
the banks of the lower Parnahyba, and at Sao Bento Madame
Snethlage also met with this species which ranges over the whole of
eastern Brazil, from Piauhy south to Rio Grande do Sul, and is also
found in northern Argentina, eastern Bolivia, etc.]
114. Machetornis rixosa rixosa (Vieillot).
Tyrannus rixosus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 35, p. 85, 1819 —
based on Azara, No. 197, Paraguay.
Machetornis rixosa Reiser, pp. 71, 157 — Santa Philomena and junction of the
Barroca do Maranhao, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy.
Maranhao: Codo.Cocos, 9 ad., June 18, 1924; Sao Francisco, Rio
Parnahyba (opposite Amarante), c? ad., 9 ad., May 30, June 3,
1925.
Piauhy: Ibiapaba, d" ad., Jan. 7, 1925; Arara, o" ad., Jan. 26, 1925.
The throat on average is rather more yellowish than in birds from
more southern localities, though some of the latter are not distin-
guishable on this score.
A species of wide distribution in the Brazilian table-land and adja-
cent countries.
115. Muscivora tyrannus (Linnaeus).
Muscicapa tyrannus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 325, 1766 — based on
Tyrannus cauda bijurca Brisson, Orn., 2, p. 395, pi. 39, fig. 3, "Canada" (errore)
and Cayenne.
Maranhao: Sao Bento, 9 ad., Sept. 3, 1923.
Generally distributed in Central and South America.
116. Tyrannus melancholicus despotes (Lichtenstein).
Muscicapa despotes Lichttnstein, Verz. Dubl. Berliner Mus., p. 55, 1823 —
Bahia.
Tyrannus melancholicus (not of Vieillot) Reiser, pp. 76, 165 — Parnagua,
Piauhy.
Maranhao: Mangunca Island, 9 ad., Feb. 22, 1924; Sao Luiz, d"
ad., July 31, 1923 ; Sao Bento, o" juv., Sept. 7, 1923.
Piauhy: Arara, d" ad., Jan. 26, 1925.
Additional specimens. — Ceara: Jua, near Iguatu, <? ad., 9 ad.,
Sept. 4; Quixada, 0* ad., cf iram., June 19, 21, 1913. R. H.
Becker.
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 309
The series agrees with topotypes from Bahia.
Lichtenstein's Kingbird replaces T. m. melancholicus from Bahia
northwards, and ranges over a large section of northern South
America, including Trinidad, Tobago, and some of the Lesser
Antilles.
117. Empidonomus varius rufinus (Spix).
Muscicapa rufina Spix, Av. Bras., 2, p. 22, pi. 31, figs. 1,2, 1825 — "inprovincia
fl. Amazonum" (type in Munich Museum examined).
Maranhao: Sao Luiz, o71 juv., 9 ad., July 28, 31, 1923; Grajahu,
cf ad., Oct. 18, 1924.
Piauhy: Arara, o* ad., Jan. 28, 1925; Deserto, 9 juv., Apr. 2,
1925-
Additional specimens. — Ceara: Serra de Baturite\ two o71 cT ad.,
July 15, 21, 1913. R. H. Becker. — Maranhao: Sao Luiz, 071 ad., 9
juv., June, 1905. F. Schwanda (Sophia Museum).
This series agrees well with specimens from the Amazon Valley
(Itacoatiara, Manaos), and birds from Bahia are likewise similar.
Compared with ten skins of typical varius from Paraguay, southern
Brazil (Rio de Janeiro to Santa Catharina), and eastern Bolivia
(Buenavista, dept. Santa Cruz) they average somewhat smaller in
wing measurements, are not quite so dark above, and the streaking
underneath is much less distinct and mainly restricted to the chest.
About the distribution of the races of the Varied Flycatcher, con-
sult the recently published Catalogue of the Tyrannidae in Field
Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Zool. Ser., 13, Part 5, pp. 113-115, 1927.
118. Empidonomus aurantio-atro-cristatus pallidiventris nom. nov.1
Empidonomus aurantio-atro-cristatus minor Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist.
Pub., Zool. Ser., 13, Part 5, p. 116, 1927 — Sao Luiz, Maranhao.
Empidonomus aurantio-atro-cristatus (not of Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny)
Reiser, pp. 76, 165 — Tronco Falls, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy.
Maranhao: Sao Luiz, o71 ad., Aug. 15, 1923; Cod6, Cocos, two o71 o71
ad., two 9 9 ad., June 16, 21, 26, 1924; Sao Francisco (opposite
Amarante), Rio Parnahyba, o71 ad., July 1, 1925.
Additional specimens. — Piauhy: Tronco Falls, Rio Parnahyba, o71
ad., 9 ad., Aug. 4, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum).
1Empidonomus aurantio-atro-cristatus minor Hellmayr, April 1927, proves to
be invalidated by Empidonomus minor Sztolcman (Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist.
Nat., 5, p. 227, Dec. 31, 1926 — Cayenne).
310 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
This is a northern form of the well-known E. a. aurantio-atro-
cristatus (Lafr. and d'Orb.), differing by reason of smaller size and
much paler coloration, particularly of the lower parts. Its range
appears to be restricted to northern Brazil. Besides the specimens
listed above, I have examined an adult male obtained at the Fazenda
de Thomas da Saga, near Porto Imperial, lower Tocantins, northern
Goyaz, on September 13, 1844, by Count Castelnau, in the col-
lection of the Paris Museum. Birds from the city of Goyaz,
recently examined in the Vienna Museum, while identical in color-
ation, approach the typical form in size.
119. Legatus leucophaius leucophaius (Vieillot).
Platyrhynchos leucophaius Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. £d., 27,
p. 11, 1818 — "l'Amerique meridionale" = Cayenne (type in Paris Museum exam-
ined).
Maranhao: Carolina, lower Tocantins, c? ad., Nov. 12, 1925.
Generally distributed in Central and South America.
[120. Myiodynastes maculatus maculatus (Muller).
Muscicapa maculata P. L. S. Muller, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 169, 1776 — based
on Daubenton, PI. Enl. 453, fig. 2, Cayenne.
Myiodynastes maculatus Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 383, 1914 — Ma-
ranhao.
The Munich Museum possesses an adult male, taken by the late
F. Schwanda at Miritiba, Maranhao, on November 17, 1907, which I
found to agree with specimens from Guiana and Trinidad.
The center of the distribution of the Streaked Flycatcher is in
Guiana, but various examples have been secured at places on the
lower Amazon, the most southerly records being Miritiba, Maranhao,
and Borba, Rio Madeira.]
iai. Myiodynastes solitarius (Vieillot).
Tyrannus solitarius Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 35, p. 88, 18 19
— based on Azara, No. 196, Paraguay.
Myiodynastes solitarius Reiser, pp. 75, 162 — Olho d'Agua, Serra near Parna-
gua and Lake Parnagua, Piauhy.
Maranhao: Sao Bento, o* ad., Sept. 5, 1923; Barra do Corda, two
cf & ad., 9 ad., Sept. 1, 24, 1924.
Piauhy: Ibiapaba, o" ad., two 9 9 ad., Dec. 20, 27, 1924.
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 311
Additional specimens. — Ceara : Serra de Baturit6, cf ad., July 21;
Quixada, two c? o" ad., July 1, 1913. R. H. Becker. — Maranhao:
Miritiba, cf ad., June 6, 1907 (Muni h Museum), cf juv., 9 juv.,
June 16, July 2, 1905 (Sophia Museum). F. Schwanda.
Extensively distributed in Brazil, Peru, Paraguay, and Argentina,
ranging north into British Guiana.
122. Megarynchus pitangua pitangua (Linnaeus).
Lanius pilangva Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 136, 1766 — based on
"Pitangva Guacu" Marcgrave, Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 216, northeastern Brazil.
Megarhynchus pitangua Reiser, pp. 75, 163 — Lake Parnagua, Piauhy.
Maranhao: Tury-assu, 9 juv., Nov. 26, 1923; Rosario, 0* ad.,
May s, 1924; Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba, 9 ad., July 23,
1925-
Goyaz: Philadelphia, lower Tocantins, 9 ad., Dec. 14, 1925.
Identical with specimens from the Rio Branco and Venezuela.
The Boat-billed Flycatcher has a wide range in eastern South
America, extending south to Paraguay and Misiones.
123. Myiozetetes cayanensis cayanensis (Linnaeus).
Muscicapa cayanensis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 327, 1766 — based
on Brisson, Orn., 2, p. 404, pi. 38, fig. 4, Cayenne.
Maranhao: Tury-assu, 9 ad., Oct. 12, 1923.
Like examples from Para, Minas Geraes (Rio Jordao, near Ara-
guary), and Goyaz, this bird appears to be inseparable from a
Guianan series.
124. Myiozetetes similis similis (Spix).
Muscicapa similis Spix, Av. Bras., 2, p. 18, 1825 — part, Amazon River (type
in Munich Museum examined).
Myiozetetes similis Reiser, pp. 74, 161 — Parnagua and below Urubu-Sinho
Falls, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy.
Maranhao: Rosario, 9 imm., Apr. 22, 1924; Codo, Cocos, 9
ad., June 12, 1924.
Piauhy: Arara, cf ad., Jan. 21, 1925.
Additional specimen. — Ceara: Serra de Baturite\ d* ad., July
17, 1913. R. H. Becker.
312 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
An east-Brazilian form ranging north to Lower Amazonia.
Nearly allied races are found in Peru and Venezuela.
[125. Tyrannopsis sulphurea (Spix).
Muscicapa sulphurea Spix, Av. Bras., 2, p. 16, pi. 20, 1825 — Brazil (type in
Munich Museum examined).
Tyrannopsis sulphureus Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6,
p. 62, 1926 — Anil, Maranhao.
Maranhao: Sao Luiz, 9 juv., May 30, 1905. F. Schwanda
(Sophia Museum).
A single young bird without yellow in the crown is the only
specimen I have seen from this region. Birds from the sources of
the Rio Araguaya, Goyaz, and the Pard district are identical with
the type.
Though widely distributed in tropical eastern South America,
the Sulphury Flycatcher is nowhere common.]
126. Pitangus sulphuratus maximiliani (Cabanis and Heine).
Saurophagus maximiliani Cabanis and Heine, Mus. Hein., 2, p. 63, 1859 —
Brazil.
Pitangus sulphuratus maximiliani Reiser, pp. 74, 162 — Riacho da Raiz, below
Uniao, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy.
Maranhao: Mangunca Island, 9 ad., March 19, 1924; Rosario,
9 ad., May 7, 1924.
Piauhy: Ibiapaba, 9 ad., Jan. 2, 1925.
Additional specimen. — Ceard: Quixada, 9 ad., June 20, 1913.
R. H. Becker.
The birds from Piauhy and Ceara are typical of maximiliani,
agreeing with others from Bahia and Matto Grosso.
The status of the specimens occurring in the coast region of
Maranhao is uncertain. They are darker, both above and below,
and have less white about the forehead. It is quite possible that
a more satisfactory series may show them to be more properly
referable to P. s. sulphuratus. With only two (somewhat worn)
skins at hand, the question must be left in abeyance.
127. Pitangus lictor lictor (Lichtenstein).
Lanius lictor Lichtenstein, Verz. Dubl. Berliner Mus., p. 49, 1823 — Para.
Maranhao* Sao Luiz, Anil, d" ad., Aug. 15, 1923.
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 313
The Lictor Flycatcher has an extensive distribution in eastern
South America, ranging from Venezuela and Guiana southwards to
southern Brazil (Rio de Janeiro and Matto Grosso), while the
smaller P. lictor panamensis represents it in Panama and along the
Caribbean littoral of Colombia.
128. Myiarchus tyrannulus bahiae Berlepsch and Leverkvthn.
Myiarchus bahiae Berlepsch and Leverkuhn, Ornis, 6, p. 17, in text, 1890 —
Bahia.
Myiarchus tyrannulus bahiae Reiser, pp. 76, 165 — Serra near Parnagua, Piauhy.
Maranhao: Tury-assu, 0" ad. (in worn breeding plumage), Oct.
5, 1923; Mangunca Island, cf ad., March 11, 1924; Sao Luiz, two
9 9 ad., Aug. 2, 21, 1923.
Piauhy: Arara, 9 ad. (in worn breeding plumage), Jan. 24, 1925.
The Maranhao specimens agree with others from Bahia and Sao
Paulo, while the Arara bird, in tail markings, approaches M. t.
pallescens, of Ceara.
An east-Brazilian form, ranging from the lower Amazon south
to Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo.
129. Myiarchus tyrannulus pallescens Cory.
Myiarchus tyrannulus pallescens Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Orn. Ser.,
xi P- 343> 19 1 6 — Jua, Ceara.
Ceara: Jua, near Iguatii, two cf o71 ad., Aug. 16, 21, 1913. R.
H. Becker.
These two specimens, apparently the only ones in existence,
differ so conspicuously from a large series of M. t. bahiae by reason
of much lighter, more greenish (near citrine drab) upper parts and
paler, more whitish throat and chest that I cannot but recognize this
form as distinct, though examination of additional material is highly
desirable. The rufous areas in the tail appear to be more extensive
as well as better denned, thus approaching the pattern of M. tyran-
nulus chlorepiscius Berl. and Leverk., of Matto Grosso.
130. Myiarchus pelzelni pelzelni Berlepsch.
Myiarchus pelzelni Berlepsch, Ibis, (4), 1, p. 139, 1883 — Bahia; Reiser (2), p.
165, 1925 — coast of Piauhy.
Myiarchus ferox cantans (not of Pelzeln) Reiser (1), p. 76, 1910 — part, No. 1319,
coast district of Piauhy.
314 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
Maranhao: Sao Bento, d" ad., Sept. 7, 1923; Fazenda Inhuma,
Alto Parnahyba, cf ad., July 30, 1925.
Additional specimens. — Ceara: Jua, near Iguatu, o" ad., Aug. 1,
1913. R. H. Becker. — Piauhy: coast district, 9 ad., Sept. 14, 1903.
O. Reiser (Vienna Museum).
The specimens agree with skins from Bahia and Mexiana Island.
A species of the open country, sparingly diffused in suitable
localities throughout the northern and interior part of Brazil and
the adjoining states, and represented in Argentina and Bolivia by
the somewhat larger M. pelzelni ferocior Cabanis.
131. Myiarchus ferox ferox (Gmelin).
Muscicapa ferox Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 934, 1789 — primarily based on
"Le Tyran, de Cayenne" Brisson, Orn., 2, p. 398, Cayenne.
Myiarchus ferox swainsoni (not of Cabanis and Heine) Reiser (2), p. 165,
1925 — Miritiba, Maranhao.
Maranhao: Mangunca Island, cf ad., March 21, 1924; Sao Luiz,
two cf cf ad., July 28, Aug. 9, 1923; Sao Bento, c? ad., Sept. 3, 1923.
These birds as well as a number of Bahia skins are obviously
inseparable from a Guianan series.
132. Myiarchus tuberculifer tricolor Pelzeln.
Myiarchus tricolor Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 2, pp. 117, 182, 1868 — Rio de Janeiro
and Sapitiba, state of Rio de Janeiro (types examined).
Maranhao: Tury-assu, 9 ad., Oct. 16, 1923.
Rather larger than the types and specimens from Bahia. This
rather unsatisfactory race is supposed to be restricted to the coast
region of Brazil (south to Rio de Janeiro) and French Guiana.
133. Myiochanes cinereus pallescens Hellmayr.
Myiochanes cinereus pallescens Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Zool.
Ser., 13, Part 5, p. 194, 1927 — Sao Marcello, Rio Preto, Bahia.
Blacicus pileatus 'not Contopus pileatus Ridgway) Reiser, pp. 76, 165 — below
Queimadas, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy.
Maranhao: Ponto (Canella), 9 ad., Aug. 30, 1924; Fazenda
Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba, cf ad., July 20, 1925.
Additional specimen. — Piauhy: below Queimadas, Rio Parna-
hyba, 9 ad., Aug. 10, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum).
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 315
This is a northern form of M. c. cinereus, of southeastern Brazil,
immediately distinguishable by its much paler coloring, the pileum
being dusky rather than blackish, the back lighter olive gray,
with suggestions of pale edges to the larger wing coverts, and the
under parts extensively pale yellowish along the abdominal line,
with the chest and sides much paler grayish.
Birds from Quipapa (Pernambuco), Piraputanga (Matto Grosso),
northern Argentina (Manantial and Tafi Viejo, Tucuman), and
extreme northern Paraguay (Colonia Risso, Rio Apa) agree exactly
with those from more northern localities.
M. cinereus cinereus (Spix) seems to be restricted to the wooded
region of southeastern Brazil (from Minas Geraes and Espirito
Santo to Parana) and the adjoining districts of Argentina (Misiones)
and Paraguay. Specimens from northern Sao Paulo, while somewhat
intermediate, are as a whole better referred to the typical race.
134. Cnemotriccusfuscatus bimaculatus (Lafresnaye andd'Orbigny).
Muscipeta bimaculata Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool.,
7, cl. 2, p. 48, 1837 — Yungas, Bolivia (type in Paris Museum examined).
Empidochanes fuscatus bimaculatus Reiser, pp. 75, 164 — Lagda Missao and
Santo Antonio de Gilboez, Piauhy.
Maranhao: Sao Bento, two o" 0* ad., Sept. 6, 12, 1923; Grajahu,
two 0" o71 ad., 9 ad., Oct. 18, 21, 30, 1924; Barra do Corda, <? imm.,
Aug. 23, 1924; Codo, Cocos, o* ad., June 25, 1924; Tranqueira,
two 9 9 ad., Aug. 22, 25, 1925.
Piauhy: Arara, two 0*0" ad., Jan. 26, 27, 1925.
Additional specimen. — Ceara: Jua, near Iguatu, 9 ad., Sept.
1, 1913. R. H. Becker.
The series exhibits much individual variation, not only in the
shade of the upper parts, but also in the amount of yellowish suf-
fusion on the belly, some specimens being almost pure white, while
the single Ceara bird has the abdomen very nearly as bright yellowish
as typical C. f. fuscatus from southeastern Brazil.
The Western Dusky Flycatcher is widely distributed in the campo
region of Brazil south of the Amazon, ranging in the west to the
Purus River, Matto Grosso, and eastern Bolivia, and stretching
south into Paraguay and northern Argentina. North of the Amazon
it is replaced by C '. fuscatus fumosus (Berlepsch).
316 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
135. Terenotriccus erythrurus hellmayri (Snethlage).
Myiobius erythrurus hellmayri Snethlage, Ornith. Monatsber., 15, p. 195, 1907 —
Para.
Maranhao: Tury-assu, o" ad., Dec. 10, 1923.
An Amazonian form, ranging along the south bank of the river
and its tributaries west to western Matto Grosso and extending
east into the forested coast belt of northern Maranhao.
136. Myiobius atricaudus snethlagei Hellmayr.
Myiobius atricaudus snethlagei Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Zool.
Ser., 13, Part 5, p. 240, 1927 — Codo, Codos, Maranhao.
Myiobius mastacalis (not of Wied) Reiser (1), p. 75, 1910 — Lake Parnagua
and Santa Philomena, Piauhy.
"Myiobius barbatus (Gm.) {atricaudus Lawr.)" (sic) Reiser (2), p. 163, 1925 —
same localities.
Maranhao: Grajahu, cf ad., Oct. 24, 1924; Codo, Cocos, cf ad.,
June 28, 1924 (type); Barra do Corda, 9 ad., Sept. 24, 1924; Fa-
zenda Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba, two 9 9 ad., July 16, 28, 1925;
Tranqueira, cf ad., Aug. 29, 1925.
Additional specimens. — Piauhy: Lag6a Missao, near Parnagud,
o" ad., 9 imm., May 26, 1903; Santa Philomena, o" ad., July 14,
1903; Pedrinha, Lake Parnagua, 9 ad., May 24, 1903. 0. Reiser
(Vienna Museum).
This very interesting new form is a member of the M. atricaudus
group which, as demonstrated by Todd, is clearly specifically differ-
ent from M. barbatus, with which it has been associated by the
majority of authors.
M. a. snethlagei is nearly related to the Orinocan race, M. a.
modestus Todd, but differs by its much deeper, more buffy yellow
(baryta instead of barium or citron yellow) rump, brighter (colonial
buff to amber yellow) under parts, without any olive ochre tinge on
chest or sides, more olivaceous crissum, and slightly darker (olive
citrine rather than dull citrine) back. By the saturated tone of the
yellow areas, it somewhat bridges the gap separating the northern
races from M. ridgwayi, of southeastern Brazil, and strengthens the
belief that this last-named species might ultimately turn out to be
merely a geographical form of the same group. Proportions, shape of
tail, and color-pattern are essentially the same as in M. a. snethlagei;
but the yellow portions of the plumage are very much darker (about
deep buff yellow), and the back is decidedly brownish.
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 317
M. a. snethlagei is as yet known only from the states of Maranhao
and Piauhy in northern Brazil, while M. ridgwayi is restricted to
the southeastern section of that country, ranging from Rio de
Janeiro to Sao Paulo.1
137. Myiophobus fasciatus fiammiceps (Temminck).
Muscicapa fiammiceps Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 24, pi. 144, fig. 3,
July, 1822 — "Br£sil"; we suggest Rio de Janeiro.
Myiobius naevius (not Muscicapa naevia Boddaert) Reiser (1), p. 75, 1910 —
Lagda Missao, Timb6, Parnagua and Santo Antonio de Gilboez, Piauhy.
"Myiobius naevius (Bodd.) =fasciatus (Mull.)" (sic) Reiser (2), p. 164, 1925
— Piauhy.
Maranhao: Sao Bento, c? ad., 9 ad., Sept. 4, 8, 1923; Tran-
queira, two o71 o71 ad., 9 imm., Sept. 12, 16, 1925; Fazenda Inhuma,
Alto Parnahyba, 9 ad., July 21, 1925.
Piauhy: Arara, 9 ad., Feb. 2, 1925.
Additional specimen. — Ceara: Serra de Baturite\ o71 ad., July
19, 1913. R. H. Becker.
This series agrees well with two skins from Rio de Janeiro.
Specimens from southern Brazil and Argentina average slightly
larger.
The Southern Banded Flycatcher is extensively distributed in
Brazil south of the Amazon, and neighboring countries. A closely
allied race, M. f. fasciatus (Miiller), occurs in Guiana, Trinidad,
Venezuela, and Colombia.
138. Hirundinea bellicosa bellicosa (Vieillot).
Tyrannus bellicosus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 35, p. 74, 18 19
— based on Azara, No. 189, Paraguay.
Hirundinea bellicosa Reiser, pp. 75, 163 — Parnagua and Burity, Piauhy.
Maranhao: Tranqueira, o71 imm., Aug. 19, 1925; Fazenda Inhuma,
Alto Parnahyba, 9 ad., 9 imm., July 20, 23, 1925.
Additional specimen. — Ceara: Quixada, o71 ad., June 18, 19 13.
R. H. Becker.
These specimens are more uniform tawny below, with less dusky
suffusion on the chest, than others from Minas Geraes and Bahia.
1 Myiobius barbatus mastacalis (Wied), originally described from Bahia and wide-
ly diffused along the south bank of the lower Amazon, may yet be discovered in
the region covered by this paper. " M. barbatus xanthopygius " and "M. barbatus,"
lately recorded by Madame Snethlage (Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6,
pp. 43, 62, 1926) from Tury-assu, Maranhao, and Ceara probably refer to this form.
318 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
Azara's Swallow-Flycatcher is generally distributed throughout
the campo region of Brazil, from Maranhao and Ceara south to
Paraguay, Misiones, and Rio Grande do Sul.
[139. Onychorhynchus coronatus coronatus (Muller).
Muscicapa coronata P. L. S. Muller, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 168, 1776 — based on
Daubenton, PI. Enl. 289, Cayenne.
Onychorhynchus coronatus Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6,
p. 62, 1926 — Tury-assu, Maranhao.
Madame Snethlage 's record extends the range of the Royal Fly-
catcher from Para to northern Maranhao.]
140. Platyrinchus saturatus Salvin and Godman.
Platyrhynchus saturatus Salvin and Godman, Ibis, (4), 6, p. 78, 1882 — Merume
Mountains, British Guiana (type examined).
Maranhao: Tury-assu, Alto de Alegria, cf ad., Nov. 20, 1923.
A Guianan Lower-Amazonian species whose range extends east-
wards into the forest belt of northern Maranhao.
141. Platyrinchus mystaceus mystaceus Vieillot.
Platyrhynchos mystaceus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 27, p. 14,
1818 — based on Azara, No. 173, Paraguay = San Ignacio Guazii, southern Para-
guay.
Platyrhynchus mystaceus Reiser, pp. 71, 157 — Sao Gongalinho and Riacho da
Raiz, Piauhy.
Maranhao: Rosario, four cf1 cf ad., d1 imm., 9 ad., Apr. 21, 22,
28, May 7, 13, 20, 1924; Grajahii, 0* ad., Oct. 18, 1924.
Identical with specimens from Bahia and Minas Geraes.
The Yellow-crested Flat-bill inhabits the wooded districts of
eastern Brazil and adjacent countries, reaching in Maranhao and
Piauhy the northern limit of its range. Closely allied races are found
in Matto Grosso and north of the Amazon.
142. Tolmomyias sulphurescens sulphurescens (Spix).
Platyrhynchus sulphurescens Spix, Av. Bras., 2, p. 10, pi. 12, fig. 1, 1825 — part,
description of "male" and hab. Rio de Janeiro and Piauhy.
Rhynchocyclus sulphurescens Reiser, pp. 74, 162 — Pe" do Morro, near Parnagua,
Piauhy.
Maranhao: Grajahii, two 9 9 ad., Oct. n, 25, 1924.
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 319
Additional specimen. — Piauhy: P6 do Morro, d" imm., June 16,
1903. 0. Reiser (Vienna Museum).
These birds agree in every particular with skins from Minas
Geraes and Sao Paulo, and must doubtless be referred to typical
T. s. sulphur escens, a form of wide distribution throughout southern
and eastern Brazil and extending into Paraguay, eastern Bolivia,
and northern Argentina.
143. Tolmomyias sulphurescens assimilis (Pelzeln).
Rhynchocyclus assimilis Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 2, pp. no, 181, 1868 — part, types
from Borba, Rio Madeira, in Vienna Museum examined.
Maranhao: Tury-assii, two o" cf ad., Oct. 26, 27, 1923; Tury-assii,
Alto de Alegria, two 0* d" ad., Nov. 14, 15, 1923.
The two birds from Alto de Alegria agree with a series from
Benevides (east of Para) and the right bank of the Tapajoz River
(Santarem, Colonia do Mojuy, Miritituba) in size as well as in
coloration. Specimens of T. s. assimilis from the left side of the
Tapaj6z (Villa Braga) and the Rio Madeira have the crown more
uniform plumbeous and the back, as a rule, slightly duller green,
but the divergency is insignificant.
The two skins from Tury-assii are exactly intermediate between
sulphurescens which they closely resemble on the upper parts, and
assimilis, of which they partake of the whitish throat, the remainder
of the ventral surface being, however, rather brighter yellow.
T. s. assimilis is an Amazonian form extending its range east-
wards into the forested coast-belt of Maranhao, while in the drier
interior districts its place is taken by the south-Brazilian T. s.
sulphurescens.
144. Tolmomyias poliocephalus sclateri (Hellmayr).
Rhynchocyclus poliocephalus sclateri Hellmayr, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien,
S3, p. 207, 1903 — Barra do Rio Negro = Manaos, Brazil.
Maranhao: Tury-assii, 9 ad., 9 imm., Oct. 24, Nov. 29, 1923.
A Guianan Lower-Amazonian representative, ranging along the
Brazilian coast south to Bahia. A closely allied form occurs in
Upper Amazonia.
145. Tolmomyias flaviventris flaviventris (Wied).
Muscipeta flaviventris Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (2), p. 929, 1831 — Mucuri
and Alcobaga, Espirito Santo, Brazil.
320 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
Rhynchocyclus flaviventris Reiser, pp. 74, 162 — Parnagua, Pedrinha, Burity,
Therezina, and above Pintados, Piauhy.
Goyaz: Philadelphia, lower Tocantins, 9 ad., Dec. 14, 1925.
Maranhao: Tury-assu, two 0" o" ad., 9 ad., Oct. 6, 9, 13, 1923;
Sao Bento, 9 juv., Sept. 8, 1923; Rosario, two <? c? (in molt), Apr.
24, May 13, 1924; Barra do Corda, cf ad., Sept. 18, 1924; Cod6,
Cocos, 9 ad., June 21, 1924.
Piauhy: Ibiapaba, d" ad., Jan. 2, 1925.
Ceara: Varzea Formosa, d1 ad., cf imm., Feb. 18, 25, 1925.
Additional specimens. — Ceara: Quixada, c? juv , June 19, 1913;
Jua, near Iguatu, cf ad., three 9 9 ad., Aug. 17, 18, 20, 21, 1913.
R. H. Becker.
An east-Brazilian species, ranging from Espirito Santo north to
the south bank of the lower Amazon.
146. Rhynchocyclus olivaceus guianensis McConnell.
Rhynchocyclus olivaceus guianensis McConnell, Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 27, p. 106,
191 1 — British Guiana.
Maranhao: Tury-assu, Alto de Alegria, (0*) ad., Nov. 20, 1923.
Like two specimens from near Para, this bird has somewhat nar-
rower and paler (dark olive buff instead of warm buff) edges to the
greater wing coverts than a small series of guianensis from French
Guiana and eastern Venezuela. Additional material may show them
to be separable from both R. o. olivaceus, of eastern Brazil (Rio de
Janeiro to Bahia), and R. o. guianensis, from north of the Amazon.
147. Todirostrum chrysocrotaphum illigeri (Cabanis and Heine).
Triccus illigeri Cabanis and Heine, Mus. Hein., 2, p. 49, 1859 — Para (type in
Berlin Museum e. amined).
Maranhao: Tury-assu, cf ad., 9 ad., Dec. 13, X923, Jan. 4, 1924.
A Lower-Amazonian form ranging from the Tocantins to northern
Maranhao. Replaced farther west by T. c. chrysocrotaphum Strickl.
148. Todirostrum cinereum cearae Cory.
Todirostrum cinereum cearae Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Orn. Ser., 1,
p. 342, 1 91 6 — Serra de Baturit6, Ceara.
Maranhao: Tury-assu, d" ad., Nov. 27, 1923; Sao Bento, o" ad.,
Sept. 8, 1923; Rosario, d" ad., 9 ad., May 5, 8, 1924; Barra do
Corda, 9 imm., Aug. 21, 1924; Codo, Cocos, 9 ad., June 11, 1924.
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 321
Piauhy: Ibiapaba, cf ad., 9 ad., Dec. 14, 1924, Jan. 2, 1925;
Deserto, 9 ad., March 28, 1925.
Additional specimen. — Ceara: Serra de Baturite\ o71 ad., July 18,
1913. R. H. Becker (type of subspecies).
The male from Sao Bento agrees with the type in color of back,
while all the rest of the series are somewhat paler, more washed with
greenish above. This form is nearly allied to T. c. cinereum, of
northern South America, but may be distinguished by slightly
smaller size, paler slate gray and more olivaceous back, more whitish
wing markings, and longer white tips to external rectrices. In the
last-named character, it resembles T. c. color eum Ridgw., of south-
western Brazil, but this form is larger and much greener above, with
the wing markings bright yellow instead of buffy white.
T. c. cearae is peculiar to northeastern Brazil. In addition to the
series listed above, I have examined specimens from Pernambuco
and Bahia.
149. Todirostrum maculatum maculatum (Desmarest).
Todus maculatus Desmarest, Hist. Nat. Tang., Manak. et Todiers, livr. io,
pi. 70, 1806 — French Guiana.
Maranhao: Tury-assu, o71 ad.,' Nov. 26, 1923; Sao Luiz, c? ad.,
Aug. 6, 1923.
The Spotted Tody-Tyrant is peculiar to the Guianas and Lower
Amazonia, reaching the southern limit of its range in northern
Maranhao.
150. Todirostrum fumifrons fumifrons Hartlaub.
Todirostrum fumifrons Hartlaub, Journ. Orn., 1, p. 35, 1853 — Brazil.
Maranhao: Grajahu, d* ad., Oct. 11, 1924; Barra do Corda, o*
ad., 9 ad., Aug. 18, Sept. 17, 1924; Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Parna-
hyba, o" ad., July 21, 1925; Tranqueira, o71 ad., Aug. 27, 1925.
"Iris brown, feet slate gray, bill black, base of mandible pale
gray." — Wing 45-47, (female) 44; tail 34-36, (female) 33 ; bill 12-13.
These examples extend the range of this scarce Flycatcher far to
the north, the only recorded locality being Bahia in eastern Brazil.
In Guiana it is represented by the closely allied T. fumifrons penardi
Hellmayr.
[151. Todirostrum mirandae Snethlage.
Todirostrum mirandae Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 73, p. 266, 1925 — Sao Paulo,
Serra de Ibiapaba, Ceara.
322 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
Ceara: Sao Paulo, Serra de Ibiapaba, adult (unsexed), June n,
1910. E. Snethlage (Berlin Museum).
A very distinct species with no near relative, as yet known only
from the Serra de Ibiapaba, in western Ceara.
Its characters are given at length in Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub.,
Zool. Ser., 13, Part 5, p. 305, 1927.]
152. Todirostrum sylvia schulzi Berlepsch.
Todirostrum schulzi Berlepsch, Ornis, 14, p. 355, 1907 — Our6m, Rio Guama,
Para (type examined).
Todirostrum schistaceiceps schulzi Reiser, pp. 72, 157 — Riacho da Raiz, below
Uniao, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy.
Maranhao: Rosario, o71 ad., d" imm., Apr. 22, May 20, 1924;
Sao Bento, cf ad., juv., Aug. 30, Sept. 7, 1923; Sao Luiz, cf ad.,
Aug. 21, 1923.
Additional specimen. — Piauhy: Riacho da Raiz, Rio Parnahyba,
9 ad., Aug. 29, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum).
This exceedingly well-marked race has been recorded only from
the Para district and the adjacent section of northern Brazil, east
to the lower Parnahyba in Piauhy, whence Reiser secured a single
female at Riacho da Raiz, below Uniao.
Immature birds have the crown tinged with greenish; the wing
markings olive ocher instead of lemon yellow; the supraloral streak
buffy instead of nearly white; the chest paler grayish; finally the
flanks strongly washed with greenish yellow. They exhibit a decided
tendency in the direction of T. sylvia griseolum, furnishing another
proof of the intimate relationship of the various races.
153. Euscarthmornis striaticollis striaticollis (Lafresnaye).
Todirostrum striaticolle Lafresnaye, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 5, p. 58, 1853 — Bahia.
Euscarthmus stricticollis (sic) Reiser (1), p. 72, 1910 — Parnagua, below Nova
York and above Pintados, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy.
Euscarthmus striaticollis Reiser (2), p. 158, 1925 — same localities.
Goyaz: Philadelphia, d" ad., Dec. 4, 1925.
Maranhao: Sao Bento, four cf o" ad., three 9 9 ad., Sept. 1, 5,
6, 8, 12, 1923; Rosario, three o" cf ad., 9 ad., Apr. 19, 24, May 8,
9, 1924; Barra do Corda, cf 9 ad., Aug. 22, 23, 1924; Cod6, Cocos,
cf ad., July 8, 1924; Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba, 9 ad.,
July ai, 1925.
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 323
Agreeing with specimens from the Rio Preto (Sao Marcello) and
the vicinity of Bahia City (Santo Amaro). There is much individual
variation in the shade of the upper parts and the intensity of the
yellow color underneath, although every one of the sixteen skins has
the crown decidedly brownish olive.
E. s. striaticollis is peculiar to the Brazilian table-land, ranging
from Maranhao south to Bahia, and west to Matto Grosso. On the
lower Amazon, from the Tapajoz to the Rio Madeira, it is repre-
sented by E. s. griseiceps (Todd), while other allied races are found
in Upper Amazonia.
1 54. Euscarthmornis margaritaceiventer wuchereri (Sclater and Salvin) .
Euscarthmus wuchereri Sclater and Salvin, Nomencl. Av. Neotrop., p. 158,
1873 — Bahia (type examined).
Euscarthmus margaritaceiventer wucheri (sic) Reiser, pp. 72, 157 — Parnagua,
and below Nova York, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy.
Euscarthmus impiger cearae Cory, Auk, 37, p. 109, 1920 — Jua, near Iguatu,
Ceara.
Maranhao: Grajahu, two o" 0" ad., Oct. 17, 23, 1924; Barra do
Corda, three d* 0" ad., Aug. 21, Sept. 18, 22, 1924; Fazenda Inhuma,
Alto Parnahyba, two d" o" ad., July 23, 24, 1925.
Piauhy: Arara, cf juv., two 9 9 ad., Jan. 21, 23, 29, 1925;
Deserto, 9 ad., March 30, 1925; Ibiapaba, two cf cT ad., Dec. 23,
30, 1924.
Additional specimens. — Ceara: Jua, near Iguatu, three 9 9 ad.,
Aug. 1, 16, 20, 1913. R. H. Becker.
This race differs from typical E. m. margaritaceiventer by having
duller, much less greenish back, and more distinctly streaked throat,
and by lacking the yellowish tinge on the flanks. The Ceara birds
(E. impiger cearae Cory) are precisely similar to a Bahia skin and the
series secured by Dr. Snethlage.
E. m. wuchereri replaces the typical form in the table-land of
northeastern Brazil, ranging from Bahia north to Ceara and the
interior of Maranhao.
155. Colopteryx galeatus (Boddaert).
Motacilla galetaa Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 24, 1783 — based on Daubenton,
PI. Enl. 391, fig. 1, Cayenne.
Maranhao: Sao Luiz, two o" cf ad., Aug. 1, 8, 1923.
Identical with specimens from near Para.
324 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
The Helmeted Pygmy-Tyrant is a species peculiar to Guiana and
Lower Amazonia, whose distributional area stretches into the forest
belt of northern Maranhao.
156. Euscarthmus meloryphus meloryphus Wied.
Euscarthmus meloryphus Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (2), p. 947, 1831 —
boundary line of Minas Geraes and Bahia.
Hapalocercus meloryphus Reiser, pp. 72, 158 — Queimadas and above Pintados,
Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy.
Maranhao: Tranqueira, o" ad., two 9 9 ad., Aug. 24, 26, 1925.
Piauhy: Ibiapaba, two cf o71 ad., Dec. 30, 1924; Arara, five cf cf
ad., Jan. 24, 27, 28, 29, 30, 1925.
Similar to specimens from Bahia (Macaco Secco) and Matto
Grosso (Descalvados).
Widely distributed throughout the Brazilian table-land south to
Sao Paulo and Matto Grosso; also found in northern Argentina,
Bolivia, Venezuela, and Colombia.
157. Euscarthmus rufomarginatus (Pelzeln).
Hapalocercus rufomarginatus Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 2, pp. 103, 174, 1868 — Calzao
do Couro and Rio das Pedras, northern Sao Paulo (types examined) ; Reiser, pp.
72, 158 — Corrientes, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy.
Maranhao: Ponto (Canella), o71 ad., Aug. 29, 1924. — Wing 44;
tail 51; bill 10. — "Iris brown, feet dark gray, bill black."
Additional specimens. — Piauhy: Corrientes, Rio Parnahyba, c?
ad., 9 ad., July 26, 1903. 0. Reiser (Vienna Museum).
Compared with the three typical examples from Sao Paulo,
these birds are duller, less rufescent brown above, and have less
ochraceous on the chest; but whether this difference is seasonal or
racial remains to be ascertained by the study of further material.
As I have pointed out elsewhere,1 E. rufomarginatus is a very dis-
tinct species, though recalling Habrura pectoralis in coloration of
under parts. So far, only six specimens are on record, all taken in
the interior of Brazil. Natterer secured a couple at Rio das Pedras
and a single female at Calzao do Couro, in the northern section of
Sao Paulo, in April, 1823, and eighty years later, Reiser shot a pair
of adults at Corrientes, on the upper Parnahyba, Piauhy.
^ield Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Zool. Sen, 13, Part 5, p. 360, 1927.
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 325
[158. Stigmatura budytoides bahiae Chapman.
Stigmatura budytoides bahiae Chapman, Amer. Mus. Novit., 231, p. 4, 1926 —
Joazeiro, Bahia.
Stigmatura budytoides (not of Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny) Reiser, pp. 72, 158 —
Lake Parnagua, Piauhy.
Piauhy: Lake Parnagua, 9 ad. (molting), May 14, 1903. O.
Reiser (Vienna Museum).
This specimen as well as five others from Joazeiro, Bahia, being
all in worn or molting condition, are not of much use for comparative
purposes. We have, however, an adult male in fairly good plumage,
secured by R. H. Becker on December 8, 1913, at Rio do Peixe, near
Queimadas, Bahia, which tends to show that the east-Brazilian race,
as claimed by its describer, is distinguishable by somewhat smaller
size (wing 55-58, against 59-63; tail 66-72, against 74-81 mm. in
5. b. budytoides, from Bolivia) ; more extensive white band across
the inner web of the lateral rectrices, particularly on the fourth pair
(from without) ; and by lacking the buffy tinge on the foreneck.
The yellow of the under parts, however, is just as bright as in
Bolivian examples.
5. budytoides bahiae is peculiar to eastern Brazil, it having been
recorded from the states of Bahia (Joazeiro, Rio Sao Francisco; Rio
do Peixe, near Queimadas) and Piauhy (Lake Parnagua). In Ama-
zonia it is represented by S. budytoides napensis Chapman, with
yellowish tail markings.]
[159. Serpophaga subcristata (Vieillot).
Sylvia subcristata Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 11, p. 229, 1817 —
based on Azara, No. 160, Paraguay.
Serpophaga subcristata Reiser, pp. 72, 159 — Parnagua and Lagda Missao, Pi-
auhy Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 63, 1926 — Sao Bento,
Maranhao.
Piauhy: Parnagua, two 9 9 ad., May 14, June 12, 1903; Lagoa
Missao, 9 juv., May 29, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum).
The two adult females differ very slightly from a considerable
series from southern Brazil, Paraguay, and Argentina by having
more white in the crown, and paler, more greenish back. The differ-
ence is rather insignificant and requires corroboration by a larger
series.
S. subcristata is widely diffused in Brazil, from southern Piauhy
to Rio Grande do Sul, and neighboring countries.]
326 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
1 60. Xenopsaris albinucha albinucha (Burmeister).
Pachyrhamphus albinucha Burmeister, P. Z. S. Lond., for 1868, p. 635, 1869 —
sedges of the shores of the Rio de la Plata, near Buenos Aires.
Xenopsaris albinucha Reiser, pp. 70, 156 — Ilha Sao Martin, Rio Parnahyba,
Piauhy.
Piauhy: Ilha Sao Martin, Rio Parnahyba, 9 imm., Aug. 22, 1903.
O. Reiser (Vienna Museum). — Wing 63; tail 59; bill 10.
Ceard: Jua, near Iguatu, 9 imm., Aug. 13, 1913. R. H. Becker.
— Wing 64; tail 59; bill 10.
The two localities constitute the most northerly records for the
White-naped Xenopsaris whose range extends south to northern
Argentina, while a smaller form, X. albinucha minor Hellmayr,
inhabits the banks of the Orinoco in Venezuela.
161. Elaenia flavogaster flavogaster (Thunberg).
Pipra flavogaster Thunberg, M6m. Ac. Sci. St. P6tersb., 8, p. 286, 1822 —
Brazil = Rio de Janeiro.
Elainea pagana Reiser (1), p. 73, 1910 — Parnagua, Piauhy (spec, examined).
Elainea flavogaster Reiser (2), p. 160, 1925 — Parnagua.
Maranhao: Sao Luiz (Anil), two 9 9 ad., July 28, Aug. 1, 1923;
Sao Bento, o" ad., 9 ad , adult (unsexed), Sept. 1, 10, 13, 1923.
Additional specimen. — Piauhy: Parnagua, cf ad., May 16, 1903.
O. Reiser (Vienna Museum).
The Parnagua bird, an adult malein perfect plumage, which I have
recently examined, proves to be a typical specimen of E.f. flavogaster.
It shows no approach to E. spectabilis, now admitted to be specifically
different, and measures: wing 82, tail 72 mm.
Generally distributed throughout eastern South America.
162. Elaenia cristata Pelzeln.
Elainea cristata Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 2, pp. 107, 177, 1868 — city of Goyaz,
Goyaz (types examined) Reiser, pp. 74, 160 — Santo Antonio de Gilboez, Piauhy.
Goyaz: Philadelphia, lower Tocantins, o" imm., 9 juv., Dec. 1,
12, 1925.
Maranhao: Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba, o" ad., July 29,
1925; Codo, Cocos, two o" o" ad., June 10, 21, 1924.
Additional specimens. — Piauhy: Santo Antonio de Gilboez, 0" ad.,
June 28, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum). — Ceard: unspecified,
adult, Zietz (British Museum).
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 327
Identical with specimens from Bahia, Santar^m, and the Rio
Branco.
This well-characterized species is largely diffused in the campo
region of Brazil, Guiana, and Venezuela.
163. Elaenia chiriquensis albivertex Pelzeln.
Elainea albivertex Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 2, pp. 107, 177, 1868 — Ypanema, Sao
Paulo (type), Goyaz, and Forte do Rio Branco, Brazil.
Maranhao: Grajahii, o" ad., Oct. 29, 1924; Barra do Corda, 9
ad., Aug. 2i, 1924; Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba, 9 ad., July
29, 1925; Tranqueira, two 9 9 ad., Aug. 26, Sept. 5, 1925.
The series agrees with specimens from other parts of Brazil.
The White-crowned Elaenia is extensively distributed in eastern
South America, ranging from Colombia, Venezuela, and Guiana
down to Paraguay and southern Brazil, while nearly allied forms are
found on Fernando Noronha Island, in Central America, and on
the Pacific coast of Colombia and Ecuador.
164. Elaenia gaimardii guianensis Berlepsch.
Elaenia gaimardii guianensis Berlepsch, Ornis, 14, p. 421, 1907 — Camacusa,
British Guiana.
Maranhao: Sao Luiz, 0" ad., Aug. 6, 1923; Rosario, 9 imm.,
May 16, 1924.
Goyaz: Santo Antonio (Boa Vista), lower Tocantins, o" ad., Jan.
24, 1926.
As pointed out elsewhere,1 the validity of this form is extremely
doubtful. Two of the present specimens can barely be distinguished
from Peruvian skins, while the female from Rosario is brighter green
above than any other example in the series at hand.
165. Elaenia viridicata viridicata (Vieillot).
Sylvia viridicata Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., II, p. 171, 1817 —
based on Azara, No. 156, Paraguay.
Elainea viridicata Reiser, pp. 73, 160 — Parnagua, Piauhy.
Piauhy: Deserto, o71 ad., Apr. 1, 1925; Arara, c? ad., Jan. 28,
1925; Ibiapaba, five d" 0* ad., Dec. 20, 23, 24, 1924, Jan. 2, 13, 1925.
— Wing 63-65; tail 60-64.
1 Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Zool. Ser., 13, Part 5, p. 430, 1927.
328 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
Examination of good series from various localities tends to dem-
onstrate that Elaenia grata (Tucuman), E. viridicata delicata (Bahia),
and Myiopagis v. rondoni (Matto Grosso) were based on individual
rather than geographical variation, and it appears that the inhabit-
ants of the table-land of Brazil, Bolivia, and adjacent sections of
Paraguay, and northern Argentina are referable to a single form,
the earliest name of which is Sylvia viridicata Vieillot.
Nearly related races are found in Venezuela, Colombia, and Cen-
tral America, while the Guianas and Amazonia are tenanted by
E. flavivertex Scl., which seems to be specifically different.
166. Elaenia caniceps caniceps (Swainson).
Tyrannula caniceps Swainson, Ornith. Draw., Part 5, pi. 49, before Dec, 1837
— Brazil.
Elainea caniceps Reiser, pp. 74, 160 — above Nova Castelliano, Rio Parnahyba,
Piauhy.
Maranhao: Cod6, Cocos, cf ad., June 18, 1924. — Wing 59; tail
51; bill 9.
Additional specimen. — Piauhy: above Nova Castelliano, Rio
Parnahyba, 9 ad., Aug. 11, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum).
The Cocos bird is in the plumage with grayish upper parts and
white coronal patch and wing markings, described as E. taczanowskii,
which is now known to represent merely an extreme stage of individ-
ual variation in the male sex. The bird from Piauhy corresponds
to the commoner type of coloration with greenish dorsal surface and
yellow markings on pileum and wings.
E. c. caniceps is an inhabitant of the Brazilian table-land, ranging
from the interior of Maranhao and Piauhy south to Sao Paulo and
stretching west into Paraguay and northern Argentina (prov. Jujuy).
In Amazonia it is replaced by the allied E. caniceps cinerea Pelzeln.
167. Suiriri affinis affinis (Burmeister).
Elaenea affinis Burmeister, Syst. TJbers. Th. Bras., 2, p. 477, 1856 — Lagda
Santa, Minas Geraes (types in Halle Museum examined).
Empidagra affinis Reiser, pp. 74, 164 — Serra near Parnagua and Sinto
Antonio de Gilboez, Piauhy.
Maranhao: Codo, Cocos, four 9 9 ad., and imm., June 11, 13,
16, 20, 1924; Tranqueira, 9 ad., Sept. 2, 1925. — Wing 78-83; tail
67-72; bill 13-14, once 11.
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 329
Additional specimens. — Piauhy: Serra near Parnagua, c? ad.,
May 20, 1903; Santo Antonio de Gilboez, 9 imm., July 1, 1903.
O. Reiser (Vienna Museum).
Like a series from western Minas Geraes (Agua Suja, near Baga-
gem), these birds have the concealed basal portion of the tail pale
yellowish and, with exception of the Tranqueira specimen, the rump
and upper tail coverts olive buff, in decided contrast to the pale
grayish olive of the back. Seven skins from northwestern Bahia
(Rio Grande, Rio Preto, and Serra north of Santa Rita) in the Vienna
Museum are perfectly similar.
The Tranqueira bird approaches S. a. bahiae, of eastern Bahia,
by lacking the light uropygial area, and by having the pale basal
zone of the rectrices less sharply defined.
Shape and length of bill are exceedingly variable, the Tranqueira
bird being especially remarkable for its short, blunt, basally wide bill,
recalling that of Sublegatus modestus. Notoriously young birds (with
remains of the juvenile plumage) have a pale (brownish white to
light horn color) mandible, but this peculiarity is also found in cer-
tain individuals which have all the appearance of being adult. The
majority of adults, however, have the bill wholly black.
A characteristic species of the Brazilian campo region, ranging
from Matto Grosso, Parana, and western Minas Geraes north to the
lower Amazon (Serra de Erere\ near Monte Alegre). In the eastern
section of Bahia replaced by 5. affinis bahiae (Berlepsch).
168. Sublegatus modestus modestus (Wied).
Muscipeta modesta Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (2), p. 923, 1831 — Camamu
and Bahia, Brazil.
Sublegatus platyrhynchus Reiser (1), p. 74, 1910 — Serra da Prata, Parnagua,
and Santa Philomena, Piauhy.
"Sublegatus fasciatus (Thunb.) = platyrhynchus (Scl. and Salv.)" (sic) Reiser
(2), p. 161, 1925 — same localities.
Maranhao: Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba, two cf 0" ad.,
July 27, 29, 1925; Tranqueira, 9 ad., Aug. 24, 1925.
Identical with specimens from Bahia (Sao Marcello, Rio Preto)
and Matto Grosso.
Wied's Flycatcher is widely distributed in the campo region of
Brazil south of the Amazon, extending west into Peru, Bolivia, and
northern Argentina. Nearly allied races are found north of the Ama-
zon, in Guiana, Venezuela, etc.
33° Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
169. Phaeomyias murina murina (Spix).
Platyrhynchus murinus Spix, Av. Bras., 2, p. 14, pi. 16, fig. 2, 1825 — Brazil.
Phaeomyias murina Reiser, pp. 73, 160 — Parnagua, Santo Antonio de Gilboez,
Caicara, Rio Parnahyba, and coast district, Piauhy.
Maranhao: Grajahii, two cf cf ad., 9 ad., Oct. 21, 22, 1924;
Cod6, Cocos, c? ad., June 17, 1924; Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Parna-
hyba, adult (unsexed), July 24, 1925.
Piauhy: Ibiapaba, cf ad., Jan. 12, 1925.
Goyaz: Philadelphia, lower Tocantins, 9 ad., (very worn), Nov.
26, 1925.
Additional specimens. — Ceard: Jud, near Iguatii, o" ad., three
9 9 ad., juv., Aug. 1, 20, 29, Sept. 1, 4, 1913. R. H. Becker.
The series agrees with skins from Bahia, Minas Geraes, and other
localities in eastern Brazil. In the north, this form ranges to the
islands in the delta of the Amazon and to the Tapajoz; southwards
it extends into Paraguay and adjacent countries.
A number of closely related forms occur in other parts of South
America.
170. Camptostoma obsoletum cinerascens (Wied).
Hylophilus cinerascens Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (2), p. 723, 1831 — Barra
do Jucti, Espirito Santo.
Ornithion cinerascens Reiser, pp. 73, 160 — Olho d'Agua (near Parnagua), Aper-
tada Hora, Rio Parnahyba, and coast district, Piauhy.
Ornithion pusillum (errore) Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6,
p. 44, 1926 — Ceara.
Maranhao: Grajahii, 9 ad., Oct. 22, 1924; Fazenda Inhuma, Alto
Parnahyba, cf ad., July 29, 1925.
Piauhy: Arara, 9 ad., Feb. 3, 1925.
Additional specimens. — Piauhy: Apertada Hora, Rio Parnahyba,
d1 ad., July 22, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum). — Ceard: Jua,
near Iguatu, d" ad., Aug. 3, 1913. R. H. Becker.
Birds from Piauhy and inner Maranhao agree precisely with a
series from Bahia. Two topotypes from the Rio Espirito Santo are
slightly more olivaceous above than the general run from more
northern localities, though they can be matched by various examples.
Many individuals, especially in fresh plumage, exhibit a pale yel-
lowish tinge on the under parts, thus suggesting an approach to the
Amazonian C. 0. napaeum (Ridgw.).
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 331
C. o. cinerascens is a northern representative of the south -Brazilian
C. o. obsoletum, with which it completely intergrades in Minas Geraes
and northern Sao Paulo, while on the lower Amazon it is replaced
by the yellow-bellied C. 0. napaeum.1
[171. Xanthomyias virescens reiseri (Hellmayr).
Phyllomyias reiseri Hellmayr, Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 15, p. 73, 1905 — Grotao, on
the road from Santo Antonio to Santa Philomena, Piauhy.
Xanthomyias reiseri Reiser, pp. 73, 159, — Grotao.
Piauhy: Grotao, road from Santo Antonio to Santa Philomena,
c? ad., July 7, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum). — Wing 54; tail
50; bill 9.
This form, of which only the type is known, differs from X. v.
virescens, of southeastern Brazil, in smaller size; ashy forehead;
much brighter, more yellowish green back, with broader wing bands;
more conspicuous yellowish superciliaries ; and paler yellow under
parts, obsoletely flammulated with whitish on the chest. It is obvi-
ously a northern representative of X. v. virescens, the latter ranging
from Espirito Santo and Minas Geraes southward into Paraguay and
Misiones.]
172. Phyllomyias fasciatus fasciatus (Thunberg).
Pipra fasciata Thunberg, Mem. Ac. Sci. St. P6tersb., 8, p. 285, 1822 — Brazil
(type in Upsala Museum examined).
Phyllomyias incanescens Reiser, pp. 73, 159 — Parnagua, Piauhy.
Maranhao: Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba, cf1 ad., July 17,
1925; Cod6, Cocos, 9 ad., June 28, 1924.
Additional specimen. — Piauhy: Parnagua, 0" ad., June 12, 1903.
O. Reiser (Vienna Museum).
Wing 57, 58, (female) 54; tail 49, 50, (female) 43; bill 8.
The type of Pipra fasciata, kindly forwarded to me through the
good offices of Dr. Lonnberg, agrees with Bahia skins in having the
abdomen but very faintly tinged with yellowish, and the back dull
grayish olive. The bird from Parnagua, except for its slightly yel-
lower belly, is very similar. The Maranhao specimens, on the other
hand, are decidedly more greenish above and brighter yellow under-
neath, and closely resemble the type of Sublegatus virescens Allen,
v'Ornithion pusillum" Snethlage (Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6,
p. 63, 1926) from Tury-assii, coast of Maranhao, is most probably referable to the
Lower-Amazonian race.
332 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
from Chapada, Matto Grosso, which differs only by its more grayish
(less dusky) pileum. An adult male from Pao de Can6a, Rio Preto,
n. w. Bahia, in the Vienna Museum, while identical in coloration with
Bahia skins, approaches P. f. cearae in dimensions.
P. f. fasciatus is peculiar to the campo region of Maranhao,
Piauhy, and Bahia, but its distribution may be more extensive,
since the distinctness of P.f. virescens (Allen), of Goyaz and Matto
Grosso, is open to doubt.
173. Phyllomyias fasciatus cearae Hellmayr.
Phyllomyias fasciatus cearae Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Zool. Ser.,
13, Part 5, p. 466, 1927 — Serra de Baturite\ Ceara.
Ceara: Serra de Baturite, two o" o* ad., three 9 9 ad., July 12,
17, 2i, 1913. R. H. Becker. — Wing 61, 62, (female) 56-57; tail 54,
57, (female) 49-51; bill 7-8.
This series differs from P. f. fasciatus, as represented by fifteen
specimens from Bahia, Piauhy, and Maranhao, in larger size, much
more greenish (olive citrine to buffy olive instead of grayish olive)
upper, and much more yellowish under parts, and is doubtless sepa-
rable subspecifically. In size, it closely approaches the south-Brazil-
ian P. fasciatus brevirostris (Spix), from which it is, however, easily
distinguished by much duller upper parts, extensively whitish
throat, and much paler yellowish breast and abdomen.
As a whole, the Ceara form stands somewhat between fasciatus
and brevirostris, being darker than the former, but lighter than the
latter.
At present, it is only known from the Serra de Baturite, in
northern Ceara.
174. Tyranniscus acer Salvin and Godman.
Tyranniscus acer Salvin and Godman, Ibis, (5), 1, p. 206, 1883 — Bartica Grove
and Camacusa, British Guiana.
Tyranniscus gracilipes (not of Sclater and Salvin) Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac.
Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 63, 1926 — Anil and Tury-assu, Maranhao.
Maranhao: Tury-assu, 0" ad., Oct. 16, 1923; Codo, Cocos, 9
juv., June 28, 1924.
A Guianan-Lower-Amazonian species whose range stretches
through the forested area of northern Maranhao as far east as the
Rio Itapicurti.
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 333
175. Tyrannulus elatus elatus (Latham).
Sylvia elata Latham, Ind. Orn., 2, p. 549, 1790 — based on Daubenton, PI. Enl.
708, fig. 2, Cayenne.
Maranhao: Rosario, o* ad., April 28, 1924.
Another Amazonian representative which extends its range into
the forest belt of northern Maranhao.
[176. Ornithion inerme Hartlaub.
Ornithion inerme Hartlaub, Journ. Orn., 1, p. 35, 1853 — South America =>
Bahia; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 63, 1926 — Tury-
assu, Maranhao.
A single specimen of Hartlaub's Tyrannulet was secured by
Madame Snethlage at Tury-assu. Rather widely diffused in Guiana
and Amazonia, it ranges through eastern Brazil as far south as
Bahia.]
177. Leptopogon amaurocephalus amaurocephalus Tschudi.
Leptopogon amaurocephalus Tschudi, Faun. Peru., Aves, p. 162, footnote,
1846 — Sao Paulo, Brazil.
Maranhao: Tranqueira, cf ad., Aug. 27, 1925. — Wing 69; tail
61; bill 14.
Goyaz: Santo Antonio (B6a Vista), cf ad., Jan. 24, 1926. — Wing
65; bill 13.
Apparently not different from Bahia and south-Brazilian ex-
amples. Generally diffused throughout eastern and central Brazil
(south of the Amazon) and the neighboring countries.
178. Pipromorpha oleaginea oleaginea (Lichtenstein).
Muscicapa oleaginea Lichtenstein, Verz. Dubl. Berliner Mus., p. 55, 1823 —
Bahia (type in Berlin Museum examined).
Maranhao: Sao Luiz, 9 ad., Aug. 13, 1923. — Wing 57; tail 46;
bill 10.
Identical with specimens from Bahia (Santo Amaro) and Ama-
zonia.
This is a Guianan-Amazonian species, ranging south to Bahia
and Matto Grosso.
179. Piprites chloris chlorion (Cabanis).
Hemipipo chlorion Cabanis, Arch. Naturg., 13, (1), p. 234, 1847 — Cayenne.
Maranhao: Tury-assu, Alto de Alegria, c? ad., Nov. 8, 1923. —
Wing 66; tail 45.
334 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
Agreeing in coloration with specimens from British Guiana, but
decidedly smaller. A male from Manaos, however, is hardly larger.
This is a Guianan form whose range stretches through Lower Ama-
zonia to the forested area in northwestern Maranhao.
[180. Pipra pipra cephaleucos Thunberg.
Pipra cephaleucos Thunberg, Mem. Ac. Sci. St. P6tersb., 8, p. 286, 1822 —
Brazil1 (=male in first annual plumage); see Lonnberg, Ibis, 1903, p. 241 (crit.).
Pipra leucocilla (not of Linnaeus) Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro,
2, No. 6, p. 63, 1926 — Tury-assu, Maranhao.
Recorded by Madame Snethlage from Tury-assu. The range
of the Slate-bellied Manakin extends from Para south to Rio de
Janeiro. 1
[181. Antilophia galeata (Lichtenstein).
Pi pra galeata Lichtenstein, Verz. Dubl. Berliner Mus., p. 28, 1823 — Sao Paulo.
Antilophia galeata Reiser, pp. 76, 166 — Santa Philomena, Piauhy.
A female obtained by the Vienna Academy Expedition on July 17,
1903, at Santa Philomena is the only record of this beautiful Mana-
kin from Piauhy. I found it to be similar to examples from Matto
Grosso and Sao Paulo.
A. galeata is an endemic species of the central plateau region of
Brazil, ranging from northern Sao Paulo and western Minas Geraes
north to southern Piauhy and Maranhao,2 west to Matto Grosso.]
182. Chiroxiphia pareola pareola (Linnaeus).
Pipra pareola Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 339, 1766 — based on Brisson,
Edwards, and Marcgrave, "Brasilia et Cayana."
Chiroxiphia pareola Reiser, pp. 100, 166 — Miritiba, Maranhao.
Maranhao: Tury-assu, d" ad., cf juv., two 9 9 ad., Oct. 9, 23,
Nov. 3, 20, 1923; Anil, near Sao Luiz, 9 ad., July 25, 1923; Rosario,
o* ad., cf imm., May 5, 24, 1924.
Additional specimens. — Maranhao: Miritiba 8. F. Schwanda.
*The type was presented by the Swedish Consul General Westin, of Rio de
Janeiro, and as most of the species described by Thunberg are natives of eastern
Brazil, there seems hardly any doubt that P. cephaleucos was based on a young
male of the form named P. pipra bahiae by Ridgway.
2Although H. Snethlage (Journ. Orn., 75, pp. 468, 478, 1927) lately recorded
this species from Ponto and Inhuma, no specimens are to be found in his
collection.
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 335
This Manakin ranges from the Guianas through Lower Amazonia
(west to Obidos and the Tapajoz) and the eastern states of Brazil
south to Espirito Santo.
183. Manacus manacus purus Bangs.1
Manacus manacus purus Bangs, Proc. New Eng. Zool. CI., 1, p. 36, 1899 —
Santar6m, Rio Tapaj6z, Brazil, Reiser (2), p. 166 — Miritiba, Maranhao.
Chiromachaeris gutturosus (not Pipra gutturosa Desmarest) Ihering, Cat. Faun.
Braz., 1, p. 302, 1907 — part, Maioba, Maranhao.
Manacus manacus (not of Linnaeus) Reiser (1), p. 100 — Miritiba.
Maranhao: Tury-assu, o" ad., o* juv., two 9 9 ad., Oct. 8, 9,
30, Nov. 21, 1923; Rosario, o* imm., cf juv., 9 ad., April 30, May
5, 20, 1924.
Additional specimens. — Maranhao: Miritiba, six cf o" ad., one
9 ad., June 5, 23, Aug. 15, 16, Sept. 22, Nov. 10, 1907, Feb. 10,
1908. F. Schwanda (Munich and Vienna Museums).
The males are identical with others from Para.
M. m. purus is a Lower-Amazonian form, ranging from the
Tapaj6z through the state of Para (south of the Amazon) into the
forest belt of northern Maranhao, at least as far east as Miritiba.
No Manacus has been recorded from east of Maranhao and north
of Bahia, though a very strongly marked form with dark gray belly
(M. m. gutturosus) reappears in southeastern Brazil, from the vicin-
ity of Bahia City (Santo Amaro) south to Parana, and Misiones.
184. Neopelma pallescens (Lafresnaye).
Tyrannula pallescens Lafresnaye, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 5, p. 57, 1853 — Bahia.
Scotolhorus pallescens Reiser, pp. 76, 166 — Cachoeira, Rio Parnahyba, Maran-
hao and Sao Martin, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy.
Maranhao: Rosario, 9 ad., April 29, 1924; Tranqueira, three
o71 cf ad., Sept. 10, 11, 16, 1925. — "Iris grayish yellow, feet pale gray,
bill black, base of mandible pale gray."
Additional specimens. — Maranhao: Miritiba, 9 ad., Dec. 4,
1907. F. Schwanda (Munich Museum); Cachoeira, Rio Parnahyba,
9 imm., July 23, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum). — Piauhy:
Ilha Sao Martin, lower Parnahyba, cf ad., 9 juv., Aug. 23, 1903.
O. Reiser (Vienna Museum).
xMr. Todd (Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 41, p. Ill, 1928) has recently discovered
that birds from Para and east were not the same as M. m. purus, described from
Santarem, Rio Tapajdz, and named them M. m. purissimus.
336 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
Agreeing with specimens from Bahia (Santo Amaro), Minas
Geraes (Rio das Velhas, near Lag6a Santa), and Matto Grosso
(Chapada).
An endemic species of the central-Brazilian fauna, ranging from
northern Sao Paulo and western Minas Geraes north to the coast of
Maranhao and even to the lower Amazon, west to Matto Grosso
and east to Bahia City.
[185. Schiffornis turdinus wallacii (Sclater and Salvin).
Heteropelma wallacii Sclater and Salvin, P. Z. S. Lond., 1867, p. 579 — Para.
Scotothorus wallacii Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 63,
1926 — Tury-assu, Maranhao.
Madame Snethlage obtained at Tury-assu a single example of
this Lower-Amazonian Manakin which extends north into French
and Dutch Guiana and appears to reach the eastern limit of its
range in the forested parts of northern Maranhao.]
[186. Tityra cayana braziliensis (Swainson).
Psaris braziliensis Swainson, Anim Menag., p. 286, Dec, 1837 — northern
Brazil (type in Cambridge Museum, England, examined).
Pachyrhynchus cajanus (not Lanius cayanus Linnaeus) Spix, Av. Bras., 2,
p. 32, 1825 — part, female, Piauhy (spec, in Munich Museum examined).
Tityra brasiliensis Reiser, pp. 70, 152 — Burity to P6 do Morro Trail, Santa
Maria, and Santa Philomena, Piauhy.
Piauhy: Santa Philomena, d" ad., July 14, 1903; Burity, near
Parnagua, cf ad., June 23, 1903; Santa Maria, 9 ad., July 5, 1903.
O. Reiser (Vienna Museum).
While the males are not appreciably different from south-Brazilian
examples; the female, by nearly pure gray ground-color of the upper,
and pure white tone of the under parts, points somewhat to T. c.
cayana. Swainson s female type in the Cambridge (Eng.) Museum
is similar. In females from Bahia and southward, the upper parts
are decidedly brownish, and the ventral surface is more or less suf-
fused with buff.
T. cayana braziliensis, widely distributed in central and eastern
Brazil, evidently reaches the northern limit of its range in the in-
terior of Piauhy Specimens from the Para region (whence a series
of sixteen, including the type of Tityra intermedia Cabanis and
Heine,1 has been examined) are inseparable from the northern T.
*Mus. Hein., 2, p. 81, 1859 — Para.
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 337
c. cayana. The interesting interrelations of cayana and braziliensis
will be discussed elsewhere.]
[187. Tityra inquisitor inquisitor (Lichtenstein).
Lanius inquisitor Lichtenstein, Verz. Dubl. Berliner Mus., p. 50, 1823 — Sao
Paulo.
Tityra inquisitor erythrogenys (not of Selby) Reiser, pp. 70, 153 — Burity, near
Parnagua, Piauhy.
Piauhy: Burity, near Parnagua, o" ad., 9 ad., June 14, 1903.
O. Reiser (Vienna Museum).
Mr. Reiser, probably influenced by the alleged type locality (Per-
nambuco), referred the two specimens from Burity to T. i. erythro-
genys; but their careful comparison with a large series from Guiana,
Venezuela, and various parts of Brazil clearly shows this view to be
fallacious.
The Burity female agrees with others from Sao Paulo (Cubatao),
and Minas Geraes (Agua Suja, near Bagagem) in all essential
points, viz., decidedly* brownish back, grayish buffy breast, and
black tail, with only the extreme base white and without trace of a
of a white apical margin. It differs, however, by deeper rufous
frontal band and sides of head, and by having numerous narrow
streaks of dusky on the breast; divergencies which require confir-
mation by additional specimens.
The male is exactly like others from Bahia.
The type of P saris erythrogenys Selby,1 which I have most care-
fully reexamined at Paris, is certainly different from the females
occurring in Bahia and Piauhy, being much smaller, light gray on
the back (without any brownish tinge), and shaded with pale grayish
(not buffy) across the breast. In fact, as pointed out elsewhere,*
it is identical with birds from Guiana and Venezuela to which,
therefore, Selby's name should be applied. The specimen which was
obtained in exchange from Verreaux in 1823, though stated to be from
Pernambuco, is much more likely to have originated from French
Guiana, since it agrees particularly well, even in size, with a female
from near Paramaribo in the Tring Museum. Moreover, north-
eastern Brazil is now known to be tenanted by other forms.
T. i. inquisitor, in typical form, inhabits southern Brazil, from
Espirito Santo and Minas Geraes south to Santa Catharina and
xZool. Journ., 2, No. 8, p. 483, 1826 — "Pernambuco" (type in Paris Museum).
*Nov. Zool., 13, pp. 327-328, 1906.
338 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
Misiones. Psaris natterii (sic) Swainson1 is strictly synonymous
with this large southern bird, as I have ascertained by examination
of the type in the Cambridge (Eng.) Museum, and Psaris jardinii
Swainson,1 based on a male in first annual plumage, without spurious
(second) primary, obviously also belongs here.
Birds from Bahia and Piauhy are on average smaller and, if
deemed worthy of subspeciflc separation, would have to be called
T. inquisitor selbii (Swainson).3 The type in the Cambridge (Eng.)
Museum, which thanks to the courtesy of Dr. Hans Gadow I have
been enabled to examine, proves to be an exact duplicate of a male
from Macaco Secco, near Andarahy, Bahia, in Field Museum. The
types of Exetastes albinuchus Cabanis and Heine,4 lately compared
in the Heine Collection at Halberstadt, belong to the same short-
winged variety.
MEASUREMENTS
Adult males
Misiones (three)
Sao Paulo (seven)
Type of Psaris natterii Sw.
Minas Geraes (five)
Bahia (one trade skin)
Macaco Secco, near Andarahy , Bahia (one)
Type of Psaris selbii Sw.
Types of Exetastes albinuchus Cab. & H.
Burity, Piauhy (one)
Adult females
Sao Paulo (two)
Minas Geraes (two)
Bahia (three)
Burity, Piauhy (one)
188. Tityra inquisitor pelzelni Salvin and Godman (subsp. ?).
Tityra pelzelni Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 2, p. 120, Dec,
1890 — [Villa Bella de] Matto Grosso, Brazil (type examined).
Tityra inquisitor erythrogenys (not of Selby) Hellmayr, Abhandl. Bayr. Ak.
Wiss., Math.-phys. KL, 26, No. 2, p. 32, 1912 — Santo Antonio do Prata, Para.
Maranhao: Mangunca Island, d* ad., March 11, 1924. — Wing
103; tail 63; bill 22.
^nim. Menag., p. 286, Dec, 1837 — southern (?) Brazil.
2Zool. Illust., 2nd ser., 1, pi. 35, 1830 — "interior of Brazil."
sPsaris selbii Swainson, Anim. Menag., p. 286, Dec, 1837 — "southern Brazil."
«Mus. Hein., 2, p. 83, 1859 — Brazil.
Wing
Tail
108,108,115
67,70,70
107,11 1,111,
112,
68,68,69,70,70
113,114,115
7i,73
"5
73
110,112,114,
115.
—,68,71,71,72
115
109
66
102
68
103
65
107,108
65.67
106
68
106,106
67,68
107,108
67,67
103,104,107
68,68,70
102
66]
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 339
This bird is exactly intermediate between T. i. inquisitor and
T. i. albitorques, combining the black cheeks and auriculars of the
former with the tail markings of the latter. In the American Mu-
seum of Natural History, New York, there is a similar specimen
secured by Geo. K. Cherrie at Santarem, Rio Tapajoz, on April 19,
191 5 (A. M. N. H., No. 148699), which differs only by having the
upper portion of the auriculars suffused with grayish white. The two
examples come very near to T. i. pelzelni Salvin and Godman, of
Matto Grosso, but the white basal zone of the tail is even more
extensive. A female from Santarem (A. M. N. H., No. 148698) has
quite as much white at the base as the males and the white apical
margin still wider, while one from Peixe-Boi, near Para (Munich
Museum, No. 10.1095), resembles T. i. inquisitor in coloration of tail,
except for possessing narrow white edges at the tip of the rectrices.
More material is required to determine whether the form ranging
from the Tapajoz to northern Maranhao is really separable from
T. i. pelzelni.
189. Platypsaris rufus rufus (Vieillot).
Tityra rufa Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 66.., 3, p. 347, 1816 —
based on Azara, No. 208, Paraguay (= female).
Hadrostomus atricapillus Reiser, pp. 70, 153 — Pedrinha, Lake Parnagua,
Piauhy.
Piauhy: Ibiapaba, three d" o* ad., two 9 9 ad., Dec. 17, 18, 20,
1924, Jan. 3, 15, 1925; Deserto, cf ad., two 9 9 ad., March 28,
1925. — Wing (male) 96, 97, 99, 100, (female) 93, 93, 95, 96; tail
(male) 66, 70, 72, 73, (female) 66, 67, 68, 71.
Additional specimen. — Ceara: Jua, near Iguatu, o" ad., Aug. 1,
1913. R. H. Becker.
Compared with twenty skins from eastern Brazil (Bahia to Para-
na) the males do not appreciably differ, but the females are dedidedly
smaller1 and on average paler rufous above. No material is available
from Paraguay.
P. r. rufus is another representative of the Brazilian table-land,
ranging from Santa Catharina, Paraguay, and adjacent districts of
northeastern Argentina north to Matto Grosso, Goyaz, Piauhy, and
Ceara.
[190. Platypsaris minor (Lesson).
Querula minor Lesson, Trait6 d'Orn., livr. 5, p. 363, end of 1830 — Cayenne.
1Seven females from Bahia, Sao Paulo, and Parana show the following measure,
ments: wing 97, 98, 98, 99, 100, 100, 106; tail 68, 68, 70, 70, 72, 73, 77 mm.
340 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
Platypsaris minor Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 63,
1926 — Tury-assti, Maranhao.
The taking of a specimen at Tury-assu by Madame Snethlage
extends the range of the Lesser Becard, widely distributed in the
Guianas and Amazonia, from Para to northern Maranhao.]
191. Pachyramphus viridis cuvierii (Swainson).
Psaris cuvierii Swainson, Zool. Illust., 1, pi. 32, March, 1821 — Brazil.
Piauhy: Ibiapaba, 0* ad., Jan. 3, 1925.
Additional specimens. — Ceara: Baturite\ 9 ad., Nov., 1896,
J. Bach (Tring Museum); Jua, near Iguatu, & ad., o" juv.,
Aug. 20, 1913. R. H. Becker.
The single bird sent by Dr. Snethlage being very nearly as large
as specimens from southern Brazil, the validity of the race cuvierii
becomes again questionable. In any case, it will be extremely hard
to distinguish two forms based on size alone, as may be seen from
the following wing measurements.
cf c? ad., — San Vicente, Chaco, Santa Fe, Argentina, 81 ; Lambare,
Paraguay, 77; Curityba, Parana, 78; Cuyaba, Matto Grosso (two),
71, 74; Engenho do Cap. Gama, Matto Grosso, 76; Sangrador
Matto Grosso, 76; Victoria, Sao Paulo, 75; Iguape\ Sao Paulo, 76;
Rio de Janeiro, 76; Santo Amaro, Bahia, 77; Bahia (five trade skins),
70, 70, 71, 75, 75; Jua, Ceara, 73; Ibiapaba, Piauhy, 78.
9 9 ad. — Ocampo, Santa Fe, Argentina, 79; Roga Nova, Serra
do Mar, Parana (two), 75, 78; Cuyaba, Matto Grosso, 76; Ipanema,
Sao Paulo, 75; Rio de Janeiro, 74; Santo Amaro, Bahia, 71; Bahia
(three trade skins), 70, 71, 71; Baturite, Ceara, 75.
A good series from Paraguay is required to decide the fate of
the alleged northern subspecies.
P. viridis cuvierii is a representative of the table-land fauna, and
its range certainly does not extend beyond the arid section of the
northern states.
[192. Pachyramphus polychopterus niger (Spix).
Pachyrhvnchus niger Spix, Av. Bras., 2, p. 33, pi. 45, fig. I, 1825 — no locality-
stated; Fonte B6a, Rio Solimoes suggested by Berlepsch and Hartert (Nov.
Zool., 9. p. 56, 1902); Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 63,
1926 — Sao Bento and Tury-assu, Maranhao.
According to Madame Snethlage, three males taken on the coast
are referable to P. p. niger which, like so many other Guianan and
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 341
Amazonian representatives, thus extends into the forested districts
of northern Maranhao. Possibly a young male (in the garb of the
female) secured by Dr. Snethlage at Rosario, on May 8, 1924, be-
longs likewise here, but without knowledge of the adult male it is
impossible to decide for certain.]
193. Pachyramphus polychopterus polychopterus (Vieillot).
Platyrhynchos polychopterus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 27,
p. io, 1818 — "la Nouvelle Hollande," errore (type in Paris Museum examined).
Pachyrhamphus polychropterus Reiser (1), p. 70, 1910 — Lagda do Purgatorio
and Parnagua, Piauhy.
Pachyrhynchus polychropterus Reiser (2), p. 154, 1925 — same localities.
Maranhao: Barra do Corda, o" juv., Aug. 12, 1924.
Piauhy: Ibiapaba, o" ad., Jan. 16, 1925. — Wing 76; tail 59.
Additional specimens. — Piauhy: Lag6a do Purgatorio, 9 ad.;
Parnagua, two 9 9 ad., May, 1903. 0. Reiser (Vienna Museum).
The adult male agrees with others from Bahia in Field Museum,
one of which had been compared and found identical with the type
of P. polychopterus, erroneously ascribed to Australia, in the Museum
d'Histoire Naturelle, at Paris.
P. p. polychopterus appears to be restricted to northeastern Bra-
zil, from Bahia north to Ceara, Piauhy, and central Maranhao.
In southeastern Brazil (north to Rio de Janeiro), Uruguay, Para-
guay, and northern Argentina, it is replaced by a larger form, with
darker under parts in the male sex. Bangs and Penard, in their
latest note1 on the subject, called it P. polychopterus notius Brewst.
and Bangs,1 but I have discovered an earlier name in Pachyrynchus
spixii Swainson.3 The type, kindly sent by Dr. H. Gadow from the
Cambridge (Eng.) Museum, is an adult male (with spurious second
primary) and still bears Swainson's label with the inscription "Pac/ryr/t.
spixii Male. Brazil ?."« It agrees in size and color with males from
'Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 35, p. 225, 1922.
2Proc. New Engl. Zool. CI., 2, p. 53, 1901 — Concepci6n del Uruguay, Entre
Rios.
8Anim. Menag., p. 289, Dec., 1837 — "Brazil?"; we suggest Rio de Janeiro as
type locality.
4A mounted specimen (No. 3625. d". Br£sil. M6n£tri£s) of P. marginatus in
the Paris Museum is erroneously marked as "P. spixii Sw., type." It entirely
disagrees with Swainson's description, having the upper back gray like the rump,
whereas the original diagnosis reads "above black, with the rump and tail coverts
cinereous," and having also a distinct white streak across forehead and lores, not
mentioned by Swainson.
342 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol XII.
Rio de Janeiro, Alex. Fry coll., in the British Museum, which, to-
gether with those from Sao Paulo, Parana, and Minas Geraes, I am
unable to separate from Uruguayan and Argentine birds. The south-
ern form must, therefore, stand as P. polychopterus spixii (Swain-
son), with Rio de Janeiro as type locality.
MEASUREMENTS OF ADULT MALES
P. p. polychopterus
Wing
Tail
Ibiapaba, Piauhy (one)
Bahia (six)
Type of P. polychopterus
76
75,75.76,77.78,78
75
59
56,57.58,60,60,62
57
P. p. spixii
Rio de Janeiro (three)
Type of P. spixii
Agua Suja, Minas Geraes (two)
Sapucay, Paraguay (one)
Santa Florencia, Uruguay (one)
Buenos Aires (two)
80,81,82
82
82,83
83
82
82,84
62,63,63
64
64,64
63
66
64,65
194. Pachyramphus marginatus nanus Bangs and Penard.
Pachyrhamphus marginatus nanus Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool., 64, p. 395, 1921 — Xeberos, eastern Peru.
Maranhao: Tury-assu, Alto de Alegria, cT ad., Nov. 20, 1923. —
Wing 68; tail 50.
Agrees in size with Amazonian specimens, of which a large series
from Venezuela (Caura Valley) and northern Brazil (upper Rio
Negro) has been compared. Their wing measurement ranges from
65 to 69, while a single male from northern Peru is still smaller
(wing 64; tail 48).
Seven males from Bahia and Rio de Janeiro are markedly larger,
the length of the wing varying from 70-76, that of the tail from 52
to 57 mm. They represent P. m. marginatus (Lichtenstein),1 which is
apparently restricted to the forested coast region of southeastern
Brazil.
195. Lathria cineracea cineracea (Vieillot).
Ampelis cineracea Vieillot,2 Tabl. Enc. Meth., Orn., 2, livr. 91, p. 761, 1822 —
based on "Le Cotinga cendr6" Levaillant, Hist. Nat. Ois. Nouv. et Rares, 1, pi. 44,
Cayenne.
1Todus marginatus Lichtenstein, Verz. Dubl. Berliner Mus., p. 51, 1823 — Bahia
(type in Berlin Museum examined; = female).
iAmpelis cinerea Vieillot (Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 8, p. 162, 1817),
universally used for the species, is invalidated by the earlier Ampelis cinerea
Latham (Ind. Orn., 1, p. 367, 1790 — based on Lanius nengeta var. /3, Gmelin, Syst.
Nat., 1, (1), p. 299, 1788), a probable synonym of Xipholena punicea (Pallas).
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 343
Maranhao: Tury-assu, o" ad., Oct. 24, 1923. — Wing 122; tail no.
This bird is similar, in coloration and size, to specimens from
Guiana and Lower Amazonia. Five (unsexed) Bahia skins do not
appear to be separable either. Two have a slight rufescent tinge on
the tips of the rectrices and inner secondaries, which possibly indi-
cates an approach to the large south-Brazilian L. cineracea lanioides
(Lesson).1 The three others being, however, absolutely indistin-
guishable from northern examples, I do not think there is sufficient
evidence to warrant the recognition of an intermediate Bahian race,
L. cineracea voctferans (Wied).2
On the other hand, eight specimens from Rio San Mateo, Bolivia,
and one from Sarayacu, eastern Ecuador are larger and generally
slightly more olivaceous above. They may be separable, although it
should be noted that the differences are hardly apparent in two skins
from northern Peru (Moyobamba, Rioja) in Field Museum.
MEASUREMENTS
Adult males
Ipousin, French Guiana (five)
Near Paramaribo, Surinam (one)
Mazaruni River, Br Guiana (one)
Serra Grande, Rio Branco, Brazil
(seven)
Igarape-assu, Para (four)
Tury-assu, Maranhao (one)
Moyobamba, Peru (one)
San Mateo, Bolivia (six)
Adult females
Approuague, Fr Guiana (one)
Near Paramaribo, Surinam (one)
Mazaruni River, Br Guiana (one)
Conceicao, Rio Branco (one)
Utinga, Para (one)
Rioja, Peru (one)
San Mateo, Bolivia (two)
Bahia (five unsexed adults)
196. Lipaugus simplex frederici Bangs and Penard.
Lipaugus simplex frederici Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62,
p. 71, 19 1 8 — vicinity of Paramaribo, Surinam.
Maranhao: Tury-assu, Alto de«Alegria, o" ad., Nov. 19, 1923.
!See Verhandl. Orn. Ges. Bay., 12, p. 138, 1915.
*Muscicapa vociferans Wied, Reise Bras., 1, p. 242 (8vo ed., p. 240), 1820 —
near Pindoba, north of Caravellas, Bahia. — Syn. Muscicapa plumbea Lichtenstein,
Verz. Dubl. Berliner Mus., p. 53, 1823 — Bahia.
Wing
Tail
121,122,124,126,
109,110,112,113,
127
124
in
122
113
120,120,122,122,
108, 108,108,110,
122,123,125
110,112,117
116,117,119,120
105,107,108,110
122
no
128
117
128,128,131,132,
116,117,117,117,
133,133
119,122
116
109
120
no
119
105
120
100
113
105
120
114
128,128
112,116
118,119,121,122,
110,111,111,114,
125
117
344 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
Agreeing with specimens from Guiana and Amazonia. The typical
form L. s. simplex, of southeastern Brazil (Bahia to Rio de Janeiro),
is more olivaceous throughout. Single examples of the two races
are not always distinguishable.
197. Attila thamnophiloides thamnophiloides (Spix).
Muscicapa thamnophiloides Spix, Av. Bras., 2, p. 19, pi. 26, fig. 2, 1825 —
Amazon River (type in Munich Museum examined).
Maranhao: Tury-assu, 9 ad., Nov. 3, 1923. — Wing 92; tail 84.
An Amazonian species, ranging north to the Guianas and east
into the heavily forested districts of northern Maranhao.
Birds from eastern Peru, by paler rump and posterior under parts,
somewhat diverge in the direction of the still lighter-colored, larger
Attila thamnophiloides torridus Scl., of western Ecuador.
198. Casiornis rufa (Vieillot).
Thamnophilus rufus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 3, p. 316,
1816 — based on Azara's "Batara roxo," No. 218 (No. 217, in Walckenaer-
Sonnini's French edition), Paraguay.
Maranhao: Barra do Corda, cf ad., two 9 9 ad., Sept. 17, 20,
1924. — Wing (male) 84, (female) 81, 83; tail 81, (female) 76, 79.
Agreeing with a large series from Matto Grosso and Sao Paulo
(Bauru). Birds from Bolivia (Santa Cruz, Buena vista) and Jujuy
average slightly larger.
The occurrence of this bird at Barra do Corda, in the heart of the
range of C. fusca, clearly demonstrates its specific distinctness.
C. rufa is an endemic species of the central-Brazilian plateau.
Its range extends from northern Sao Paulo and western Minas
Geraes north through Goyaz to Maranhao and even Monte Alegre,
on the north bank of the lower Amazon,1 and west through Matto
Grosso and northern Paraguay to northern Argentina and Bolivia.
199. Casiornis fusca Sclater and Salvin.
Casiornis fusca Sclater and Salvin, Nomencl. Av. Neotrop., pp. 57, 159, 1873 —
Bahia; Reiser, pp. 70, 154 — Lake Missao, near Parnagua, and above Pintados,
lower Parnahyba, Piauhy.
Maranhao: Sao Bento, 9 ad., Sept. 11, 1923; Fazenda Inhuma,
Alto Parnahyba, 9 ad., July 17, 1925.
xSee Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 354, 1914.
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 345
Piauhy: Ibiapaba, two cf o" ad., 9 ad., Dec. 27, 1924, Jan. 2,
10, 1925.
Additional specimens. — Maranhao: Sao Luiz, one (unsexed)
adult, July 17, 1905 (Sophia Museum); Miritiba, o" 9 ad., F.
Schwanda (Munich Museum). — Ceara: Jua, near Iguatu, four d1 o",
four 9 9, July, August, 1913. R. H. Becker.
Some of the above specimens have been compared and found
identical with the type from Bahia in the British Museum.
C. fusca chiefly differs from its ally by paler and less buffy under
parts, the abdomen being massicot or naphthalene yellow instead of
cream color to Naples yellow, while throat, chest, and sides are
between avellaneous and wood brown instead of being pale ochra-
ceous tawny. Besides, the back is dull earthy brown, sometimes
slightly tinged with cinnamomeous, and contrasts strongly with the
tawny pileum and rump, whereas in C. rufa the whole dorsal
surface is nearly uniform deep tawny.
C. fusca ranges over northeastern Brazil, south to Bahia, and
stretches along the south bank of the lower Amazon west to the
Tapaj6z.
[200. Xipholena lamellipennis (Lafresnaye).
Ampelis lamellipennis Lafresnaye, Mag. Zool., (2), 1, cl. 2, pi. 9, 1839 —
'TAmerique du Sud" = Para.
Xipholena lamellipennis Reiser, pp. 100, 154 — Miritiba, Maranhao.
The Vienna Museum has a couple of adults secured by the late
Ferdinand Schwanda at Miritiba, Maranhao, on June 10, 1907.
A Lower-Amazonian species ranging from the Tapajoz to northern
Maranhao. Represented in eastern Brazil, from Pernambuco to
Espirito Santo, by X. atropurpurea (Wied), which is obviously specif-
ically distinct.]
201. Querula purpurata (Muller).
Muscicapa purpurata P. L. S. Muller, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 169, 1776 — based
on Daubenton, PI. Enl. 381, Cayenne.
Goyaz: Santo Antonio (Boa Vista), 9 ad., Jan. 28, 1926.
Identical with specimens from Para and Guiana.
202. Procnias averano averano (Hermann).
Ampelis averano Hermann, Tab. Aff. Anim.. pp. 21 1, 214, 1783 — based on
"L'Averano" Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., 4, p. 457, 1778, ex "Guirapunga" Marcgrave,
Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 201, northeastern Brazil.
346 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
Ampelis variegata Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, (2), p. 841, 1789 — based on the same.
Maranhao: Grajahu, cf ad., Oct. 30, 1924; Tranqueira, three
cf 0" ad., one 9 ad., Sept. 8, 11, 16, 1925. — "Iris brown, feet black
(male) or dark gray (female), bill black."
cf c? — Wing 160, 165, 165, 166; tail 86, 88, 92, 93; bill 19-20.
9 ad. — Wing 145; tail 90; bill 18.
These appear to be the first specimens of the Bell-bird of north-
eastern Brazil ever taken since Marcgrave's time. The proper
relationship of the "Guirapunga" was surrounded by considerable
uncertainty owing to Marcgrave's description of the male having
been based upon a bird changing from juvenile into adult
plumage. While the earlier authors, like Salvin, Sclater, and others,
associated his account with the brown-headed, black-winged species
of the Caribbean mountain ranges, the writer of the present paper
expressed the belief1 that it was more likely to be referable to the
naked-throated P. nudicollis (Vieillot), known to range over south-
eastern Brazil from Minas Geraes and southern Bahia to Rio Grande
do Sul. The material now forwarded by Dr. Snethlage, however,
reveals the surprising fact that the Bell-bird of Maranhao is indeed
closely related to the species found in northern Venezuela and Trin-
idad,2 and Marcgrave's account,3 although no definite locality is
specified, leaves no doubt whatever that his "Guirapunga" refers
to the same bird.
The adult males have the back, tail and under parts, excepting
the denuded caruncled throat, pure white; the upper part of the
head and the auriculars of a rich brown, between cinnamon brown
and 'Trout's brown"; the wings, including the upper and lower
coverts, deep black.
Birds from Trinidad and northern Venezuela, while identical in
general style and shape of gular appendages, nevertheless differ by
having pale grayish (pale gull gray to pallid neutral gray) coloration
and must stand as Procnias averano carnobarba (Cuvier).4
JSee Nov. Zool , 27. p. 329 last footnote, 1920.
^Universally known as P. variegata, but more properly called P. averano carno-
barba (Cuvier).
3See the passage "Sub gutture autem, quod latum habet, et in collo inferiore,
multas digitum longas propendentes particulas carneas nigras habet, figure spiculi
hastae, vel quasi ligulae," which exactly fits the brown-headed species.
* Ampelis carnobarba Cuvier, Regne Anim., 4, p. 172, pi. 4, fig. 4, 1817 — no
locality stated; the type in the Paris Museum is from Trinidad, coll. Robin.
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 347
203. Furnarius leucopus assimilis Cabanis and Heine.
Furnarius assimilis Cabanis and Heine, Mus. Hein., 2, p. 22, 1859 — Brazil =
Bahia; Reiser, pp. 70, 152 — Pedrinha, Lake Parnagua, Therezina, Piauhy.
Furnarius leucopus cearae Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Orn. Ser., I,
p. 339, 1916 — Quixada, Ceara.
Maranhao: Cod6, Cocos, d* ad., two 9 9 ad., June 21, 23, 27,
1924.
Piauhy: Ibiapaba, five 9 9 ad., Dec. 23, 26, 1924, Jan. 2, 9, 12,
1925; Arara, d" ad., Jan. 31, 1925; Deserto, cf ad., 9 ad., March 31,
1925.
Additional specimens. — Maranhao: Miritiba, cf ad., June 5, 1907.
F. Schwanda (Munich Museum). — Piauhy: Pedrinha, Lake Parna-
gua, o71 ad., 9 ad., May 21, 1903; Therezina, o* ad., Aug. 18, 1903.
O. Reiser (Vienna Museum). — Ceara: Quixada, cf ad., June 27, 1913
(type of F. leucopus cearae); Serra de Baturite, 9 ad., 9 juv., July
19, 21, 1913. R. H. Becker.
The series agrees with specimens from Bahia. Two of the Co~os
birds have the pileum darker, almost blackish brown, like two
others from near Leopoldina, Rio Araguaya, Goyaz.
The Pale-legged Oven-bird ranges from Bahia and Ceard all over
the table-land of central Brazil to the Bolivian boundary.
204. Furnarius figulus figulus (Lichtenstein).
Turdus figulus Lichtenstein, Verz. Dubl. Berliner Mus., p. 40, 1823 — Bahia.
Maranhao: Sao Francisco (opposite Amarante), Rio Parnahyba,
d" imm., July 1, 1925.
Piauhy: Ibiapaba, cf ad., 9 ad., Dec. 26, 1924, Jan. 3, 1925;
Deserto d* ad., March 30, 1925. — "Iris brown, feet dark gray, bill
black, base of mandible pale gray."
Additional specimen. — Ceara: Jua\ near Iguatu, 0" ad., Aug. 2,
1913. R. H. Becker.
The adults agree with others from Bahia. The immature male
is smaller, with a shorter bill, and has the superciliaries as well as
the breast and sides much darker (between warm buff and ochraceous
buff), while the feathers of the pileum are margined with dusky.
The Twice-banded Oven-bird is confined to northeastern Brazil,
ranging from Bahia north to Ceara and west to Maranhao. A nearly
348 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
allied form, F. figulus pileatus Scl. and Salv., is found on the lower
Amazon and Araguaya.
205. Synallaxis frontalis frontalis Pelzeln.
Synallaxis frontalis Pelzeln, Sitzunesber. Math.-naturw. Kl. Ak. Wiss. Wien»
34, p. 117, 1859 — based on Parulus ruficeps "female" of Spix (not Sphenura ruficeps
Lichtenstein) Av. Bras., 1, p. 85, pi. 86, fig. 2, 1824 — Rio Sao Francisco, Bahia,
Brazil.
Synallaxis frontalis juae Cory, Auk, 36, p. 274, 1919 — Jua, near Iguatii, Ceara.
Maranhao: Grajami, three o* cf ad., Oct. 22, 23, 24, 1924; Barra
do Corda, d* ad., 9 ad., 9 juv., Aug. 13, 19, Sept. 16, 1924; Sao
Francisco, 9 ad. (in annual molt), July 2, 1925; Tranqueira, o* ad.,
9 juv., Aug. 26, 27, 1925.
Piauhy: Ibiapaba, two d" cf ad., Dec. 23, 30, 1924.
Ceara: Varzea Formosa, two 0* c? ad., 9 juv., Feb. 28, March 4,
1925.
Additional specimens. — Ceara: Jua, near Iguatii, two o71 d" ad.,
Aug. 12, Sept. 2, 1913; Serra de Baturite, d" 9 ad., July 14, 16, 1913.
R. H. Becker.
The series tends to show that 5. frontalis juae was based on a
rather uncommon individual variant of Pelzeln's Spine-tail, for only
one of the adults from Varzea Formosa resembles the type in the
reduction of the grayish frontal edge, the strong cinnamon rufous
suffusion of the back, the wholly rufous tertials, and the buffy brown
flanls. Four more specimens (Serra de Baturite- 2, Ibiapaba 1, Sao
Francisco 1) have slight cinnamon rufous edges to some of the inter-
scapulars, while the majority, including two from Ceara, are abso-
lutely indistinguishable from a series collected by R. H. Becker at
Macaco Secco, near Andarahy, Bahia, which we may safely regard
as typically representing 5. /. frontalis.
Under these circumstances I see no practical advantage in recog-
nizing a Ceara form, although it must be admitted that specimens
like the type of 5. /. juae have not yet been found outside of the
boundaries of that state.
5. /. frontalis is widely diffused in the Brazilian campo region,
from Maranhao and Ceara south to northern Sao Paulo and Minas
Geraes.
206. Synallaxis albescens albescens Temminck.
Synallaxis albescens Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 38, pi. 227, fig. 2,
Sept., 1823 — Brazil = Cimeterio do Lambari, Sao Paulo; Reiser, pp. 69, 149 —
Santo Antonio de Gilboez and Santa Philomena, Piauhy.
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 349
Maranhao: Tury-assu, o* ad., 9 ad., Dec. 6, 1923, Jan. 4, 1924;
Cod6, Cocos, cf ad., June 18, 1924.
Piauhy: Ibiapaba, 9 ad., Jan. 16, 1925.
Goyaz: Certeza, o* ad., Sept. 26, 1925.
Additional specimens. — Piauhy: Santo Antonio de Gilboez, o* ad.,
July 2, 1903; Santa Philomena, o* ad., July 11, 1903. O. Reiser
(Vienna Museum).
These examples show all the characters of the typical (southern)
form and agree with a series from Pernambuco, Bahia, Minas Geraes
and Sao Paulo. The northern limit of its range cannot accurately be
stated. While Tury-assu in Maranhao is the most northerly locality
known to me, it is quite possible that its distributional area includes
the islands in the delta of the Amazon. The only available speci-
men (a young bird from Santa Maria, Mexiana) does not furnish
satisfactory evidence for final conclusion.
207. Synallaxis gujanensis gujanensis (Gmelin).
Motacilla gujanensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 988, 1789 — based on "Le
Rouge-queue, de Cayenne" Daubenton, PI. Enl. 686, fig. 2.
Maranhao: Tury-assu, cf imm., Oct. 16, 1923; Sao Bento, 0* ad.,
o" imm., Sept. 7, 10, 1923.
Goyaz: Santo Antonio (B6a Vista), o" ad., Feb. 3, 1926.
Like one from near Para, these examples are paler and less brown-
ish below, with the middle of the abdomen extensively light buff,
when compared with others from British Guiana, and may prove to
be separable.
An Amazonian species, distributed in eight or more races all
over the great forest region from the Guianas and the Orinoco south
to the sources of the Paraguay and Araguaya Rivers.
208. Synallaxis scutata scutata Sclater.
Synallaxis scutata Sclater, P. Z. S. Lond., 27, p. 191, 1859 — Brazil (the type
examined in the British Museum is from Bahia); Reiser, pp. 69, 150 — Parnagua,
Piauhy.
Synallaxis scutata neglecta Cory, Auk, 36, p. 275, 1919 — Jua, near Iguatu,
Ceara.
Maranhao: Barra do Corda, o71 ad., Aug. 18, 1924.
Piauhy: Arara, 0* ad., 9 ad., Feb. 13, 1925; Deserto, o* ad.,
April 3, 1925.
Ceara: Varzea Formosa, 9 ad., Feb. 25, 1925.
2 so Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
Additional specimens. — Piauhy: Parnagua, d* ad., June i, 1903.
O. Reiser (Vienna Museum). — Ceara: Jua, near Iguatti, o" ad.,
three 9 9 ad., August 13, 18, 20, 28, 1913. R. H. Becker.
In comparing this series as well as numerous examples from other
parts of Brazil, I find much individual variation in the intensity of
coloration on the sides of the head, chest, and flanks. While the type
of 5. 5. neglecta and the bird from Varzea Formosa have the chest
paler (about cartridge buff) than any other specimen examined,
two others from Jua are just as deeply warm buff below as the
average from more southern localities. I do not see my way clear to
recognize more than one form in eastern Brazil.
5. 5. scutata inhabits the table-land of central Brazil, from Ceara,
Piauhy, and central Maranhao south to Bahia, western Minas Geraes,
northern Sao Paulo, and eastern Matto Grosso, where it gradually
passes into the western 5. scutata whitei Sclater.
209. Synallaxis rutilans omissa Hartert.
Synallaxis omissa Hartert, Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., II, p. 71, 1901 — Para.
Maranhao: Tury-assii, three 9 9 ad., Oct. 27, Nov. 16, 23, 1923.
Agreeing with two topotypes from near Para. All of the three
specimens have the breast more or less tinged with dull cinnamon
rufous.
This is a dark-colored race of the Amazonian 5. rutilans group,
which reaches the eastern limit of its distribution in the forest
region of northern Maranhao.
210. Certhiaxis cinnamomea cinnamomea (Gmelin).
Certhia cinnamomea Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (1), p. 480, 1788 — based on "Cin-
namon Creeper" Latham, Gen. Syn. Birds, 1, (2), p. 740, 1782; Cayenne suggested
as type locality (Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 59, 1902).
Maranhao: Tury-assu, 9 ad., Nov. 29, 1923. — Wing 59; tail 61;
bill 13.
Careful reexamination leaves no doubt whatever that I made a
serious mistake in referring1 this specimen to the southern form C.
c. russeola. Except for its very slightly darker upper parts it agrees
exceedingly well with certain examples from British Guiana, notably
in the bright buffy brown flanks and under tail coverts. It was the
dusky inner web of the central rectrices, very rare in the northern
'Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Zool. Ser., 13, Part 4, p. 115, 1925.
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 351
races, that accounts for my former misidentification, but I now
consider this as an individual character rather than an approach
to C. c. russeola which, as we shall see presently, is cut off from the
range of C. c. cinnamomea by the intervening C. c. cearensis.
C. c. cinnamomea thus ranges from the Guianas and southern
Venezuela through the eastern section of the state of Para (Rio
Jamunda; Erere; Rio Tocantins; Mexiana and Marajo; Quati-purii)
to the forested coast belt of northern Maranhao.
an. Certhiaxis cinnamomea cearensis (Cory).
Synallaxis cinnamomea cearensis Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Orn. Ser.,
1, p. 340, 1916 — Jua, near Iguatii, Ceara.
Synallaxis martinsi Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 73, p. 268, 1925 — Monduby, Ceara
(=juv.).
Synallaxis cinnamomea Reiser, pp. 69, 150 — Parnagua and Santa Quiteria, Rio
Parnahyba, Piauhy (spec, examined).
Piauhy: Ibiapaba, 9 ad., Dec. 31, 1924. — Wing 61; tail 69; bill 13.
Additional specimens. — Ceara: Jua, near Iguatu, o" ad., cf juv.,
June 22, July 31, 1913. R. H. Becker. — Piauhy: Parnagua, 9 ad.,
May 13, 1903; Santa Quiteria, 9 ad., Sept. 4, 1903. O. Reiser
(Vienna Museum).
The Ibiapaba specimen is perfectly similar to the type. Both
have a distinct pale yellow chin spot, and the rump pale tawny olive
in decided contrast to the cinnamon rufous of back and tail coverts,
while flanks and crissum are but faintly shaded with light buff. The
young bird which corresponds to the description of S. martinsi
lacks the olivaceous uropygial area, has much deeper, almost ochra-
ceous buff flanks, and the yellowish chin spot barely suggested.
On comparison with a fair series of C. c. russeola from Rio de
Janeiro, Matto Grosso, and the Argentine Chaco (Ocampo, Prov.
Santa Fe), the three specimens differ by much brighter, clear cin-
namon rufous pileum and back, slightly smaller size, and somewhat
more buff y, less grayish flanks and under tail coverts. I now consider
C. c. cearensis a perfectly good race, although it was not recognized
in the "Catalogue of Birds of the Americas." Specimens from
Piauhy (Parnagua and Santa Quiteria), in the Vienna Museum, are
similar to ours. Birds from Pernambuco and Bahia, while not quite
so bright above, belong likewise to C. c. cearensis, and it wou1d
appear that the northward range of C. c. russeola does not extend much
beyond Rio de Janeiro.
352 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
[212. Cranioleuca vulpina reiseri (Reichenberger).
Siptornis vulpina reiseri Reichenberger, Anzeiger Orn. Ges. Bay., 6, p. 43,
1922 — Riacho da Raiz, below Uniao, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy.
Synallaxis vulpina (not of Pelzeln) Reiser (1), p. 69, 1910 — Parnagua and
Riacho da Raiz, Piauhy.
Synallaxis {Siptornis) vulpina reiseri Reiser (2), p. 151, 1925 — same localities.
This well-characterized form is peculiar to the states of Bahia
and Piauhy where it inhabits the banks of the Sao Francisco, Parna-
hyba, Gurgueira, and doubtless other rivers. It belongs to a group
of Spine-tails distributed in a number of races throughout the Ama-
zonian region. Dr. Snethlage did not meet with the species, but I
have examined two specimens from Parnagua and the type from
Riacho da Raiz, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy, besides some others from
the Rio Sao Francisco (Barra) and Rio Preto in the Vienna Museum.]
213. Cranioleuca semicinerea (Reichenbach).
Leptoxyura semicinerea Reichenbach, Handb. Spez. Orn., Scansoriae, A. Sitti-
nae, p. 170, pi. DXXI, fig. 3610, Aug., 1853 — Brazil =Bahia.
Synallaxis semicinerea pallidiceps Cory, Auk, 36, p. 275, 1919 — Serra de Batu-
rite, Ceara.
Ceara: Serra de Baturite\ 0" 9 ad., July 14, 16, 1913. R. H.
Becker.
Another endemic species whose range is restricted to northeastern
Brazil (Bahia to Ceara). In addition to our own two specimens from
the Serra de Baturite, I have seen three others secured by Madame
Snethlage in Ceara.
214. Asthenes hellmayri (Reiser).
Synallaxis griseiventris (not of Allen 1889) Reiser, Anzeiger Ak. Wiss. Wien,
42, p. 323, 1905 — Fazenda da Serra, Rio Grande, Bahia.
Synallaxis hellmayri Reiser, Ornith. Monatsber., 13, p. 210, 1905 — new name
for 5. griseiventris Reiser nee Allen.
Piauhy: Arara, cf ad., Feb. 4, 1925. — Wing 70; tail 87; bill 14.
— "Iris orange red, feet dark gray, bill black."
Somewhat darker and larger than an adult female from Bahia
(Rio do Peixe, near Queimadas), but the variation is insignificant.
A very distinct species with no near ally. Reiser compares it
with 5. "pudica" and 5. omissa from which it is, however, generically
different.1
xSee Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Zool. Ser., 13, Part 4, p. 145, 1925.
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 353
A. hellmayri is known only from the states of Bahia (Barra;
Fazenda da Serra and Serra do Estreito; Rio do Peixe, near Quei-
madas) and Piauhy (Arara).
[215. Phacellodomus rufifrons rufifrons (Wied).
Anabates rufifrons Wied, Reise Bras., 2, p. 177, 1821 — Rio Ressaque, Bahia.
Phacelodomus rufifrons Reiser, pp. 68, 149 — Santo Antonio de Gilboez, Piauhy.
Two young birds obtained by the Vienna Academy Expedition
at Santo Antonio de Gilboez in July, 1903 are the only specimens from
Piauhy that I have seen.
P. r. rufifrons ranges from Bahia west to Minas Geraes and the
extreme south of Piauhy. In Pernambuco and Matto Grosso it is
replaced by nearly allied races.]
216. Pseudoseisura cristata cristata (Spix).
Anabates cristaius Spix, Av. Bras., 1, p. 83, pi. 84, 1824 — Malhada, Rio Sao
Francisco, Bahia.
Homorus cristatus Reiser (1), p. 68, 1910 — Riacho da Raiz, below Uniao, Rio
Parnahyba, Piauhy.
Pseudoseisura (Homorus) cristata Reiser (2), p. 148, 1925 — same locality.
Piauhy: Ibiapaba, o71 ad., Jan. 3, 1925. — Wing 108; tail 103;
bill 23.
Additional specimen. — Piauhy: Riacho da Raiz, 9 ad., Aug. 29,
1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum).
Agreeing with specimens from various parts of Bahia.
The Crested Cachalote is restricted in its range to eastern Brazil
from Minas Geraes north to Piauhy, while a smaller, darker race,
P. cristata unirufa, takes its place in Matto Grosso and eastern
Bolivia.
[217. Automolus infuscatus paraensis Hartert.
Automolus sclateri paraensis Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 61, note, 1912 — part,
male, "Bemavides" =Benevides, near Para, Brazil (type examined).
Automolus infuscatus paraensis Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2,
No. 6. p. 64, 1926 — Tury-assu, Maranhao.
Two specimens taken by Madame Snethlage at Tury-assu extend
the range of this Lower-Amazonian form from Para to northern
Maranhao. 1
3 54 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
[218. Automolus rufipileatus rufipileatus (Pelzeln).
Anabates rufipileatus Pelzeln, Sitzungsber. Math.-naturw. Kl. Ak. Wiss. Wien,
34, pp. 109, 131, 1859 — Para (type examined).
Philydor rufipileatus Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 64,
1926 — Tury-assu, Maranhao.
Two examples secured by Madame Snethlage constitute the first
record of the Chestnut-crowned Automolus for Maranhao. Hereto-
fore, this form was known only from Amazonia (Para to the Rio
Purus).]
219. Philydor ruficaudatus (Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny).
Anabates ruficaudatus Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 2, in Mag. Zool.,
8, cl. 2, p. 15, 1838 — Yuracares, Bolivia.
Maranhao: Tury-assu, Alto de Alegria, o" imm., Nov. 12, 1923.
An Amazonian species of wide distribution, extending its range
into the forest region of northern Maranhao.
220. Philydor erythrocercus lyra Cherrie.
Philydor erythrocercus lyra Cherrie, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 33, p. 186,
191 6 — Sixth of March Rapids, Rio Roosevelt, Matto Grosso.
Maranhao: Tury-assu, Alto de Alegria, d" ad., Nov. 16, 1923.
Like a series from Lower Amazonia, this bird has the upper
parts more olivaceous than specimens from Matto Grosso and east-
ern Peru.
This is likewise an Amazonian species entering northern Maran-
hao from the west.
221. Xenops minutus genibarbis Illiger.
Xenops genibarbis Illiger, Prodr. Syst. Mamm. Av., p. 213, 181 1 — Cameta,
Rio Tocantins.
Xenops genibarbis soror Hellmayr, Anzeiger Orn. Ges. Bay., 4, p. 31, March,
1921 — Miritiba, Maranhao; Reiser (2), p. 147, 1925 — Sao Martin, Rio Parnahyba,
Piauhy.
Xenops genibarbis littoralis (not of Sclater) Reiser (1), p. 68, 1910 — Sao Martin,
Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy.
Maranhao: Tury-assu, o" imm., 9 ad., Oct. 16, Nov. 14, 1923;
Sao Luiz, o71 ad., August 10, 1923.
Additional specimens. — Maranhao: Miritiba, two <?c?, one 9
ad., Aug. 22, Dec. 13, 1907. F. Schwanda (Munich Museum). —
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 355
Piauhy: Sao Martin, lower Parnahyba, d" imm., Aug. 23, 1903.
0. Reiser (Vienna Museum).
A Lower-Amazonian form whose range extends through the forest
country of northern Maranhao east to the lower Parnahyba, in
Piauhy. In southeastern Brazil, from Bahia southward it is replaced
by the smaller X. m. minutus, with more uniform under parts and
paler wing band.
222. Xenops rutilus rutilus Lichtenstein.
Xenops rutilus Lichtenstein, Verz. Dubl. Berliner Mus., p. 17, 1823 — Bahia;
Reiser, pp. 68, 147 — Lag6a Missao, Burity, and P6 do Morro, near Parnagua,
Piauhy.
Maranhao: Barra do Corda, d* ad., 9 ad., Sept. 17, 22, 1924. —
Wing 66, (female) 62; tail 51, (female) 47; bill 12, 11.
A characteristic species of the Brazilian table-land, reaching the
northern limit of its range in central Maranhao.
223. Megaxenops parnaguae Reiser.
Megaxenops parnaguae Reiser, Anzeiger Ak. Wiss. Wien, 42, p. 322, 1905 —
Catinga woods on the trail from Parnagua to Olho d'Agua, Piauhy; idem (1), p.
68, 1910 — same locality.
Megaxenops paranaguae Reiser (2), p. 147, with col. plate, 1925 — same locality.
Ceara: Varzea Formosa, 9 ad., March 1, 1925. — "Iris brown,
feet dark olive gray; bill dark gray, base of mandible paler."
Upper parts, including tertials and tail, between tawny and hazel;
quills dusky, exteriorly margined with the color of the back; fore-
head ochraceous buff; lores and rather indistinct superciliaries some-
what paler, warm buff; auriculars buff, deepening into ochraceous
tawny on upper portion; throat, malar region, and cheeks silky white;
remainder of the under parts ochraceous tawny, passing into tawny
on under tail coverts; axillaries and under wing coverts ochraceous
tawny, inner margin of remiges slightly duller. Wing 78; tail 66;
bill 16.
This gigantic Xenops of peculiar coloration, a discovery of the
Vienna Academy Expedition, is known only from the Catinga woods
of southern Piauhy and western Ceara.
[224. Sclerurus scansor cearensis Snethlage.
Sclerurus caudacutus cearensis Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 72, p. 446, 1924 — Sao
Paulo, Serra de Ibiapaba, Ceara.
356 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
Having lately examined a cotype in the Berlin Museum, I can
now positively assert that this form is a close relative of the well-
known S. s. scansor, of southeastern Brazil. It differs from a good
series from Rio to Santa Catharina by more rufescent upper parts
(cinnamon brown instead of raw umber or Brussels brown) ; deeper,
hazel rather than tawny chest; much less distinct brownish edges to
the throat feathers, and somewhat smaller size. The chestnut rufous
uropygial area is just as abruptly defined against the brown of the
back as in its southern ally.
Dr. Snethlage did not meet with this species which has so far
been recorded only from the Serra de Ibiapaba, on the western
boundary line of Ceara.]
225. Sclerurus mexicanus macconnelli Chubb.
Sclerurus mexicanus macconnelli Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 39, p. 41,1919 —
Ituribisci River, British Guiana.
Maranhao: Rosario, 9 ad., May 15, 1924. — Wing 81; tail 58;
bill 23.
Agreeing with specimens from French Guiana and the Tapajoz
River.
This is another Lower-Amazonian form ranging into northern
Maranhao. Replaced in Bahia by the much darker S. mexicanus
bahiae Chubb.
226. Dendrocolaptes certhia medius Todd.
Dendrocolaptes certhia medius Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 33, p. 74, 1920 —
Benevides, Para, Brazil.
Maranhao: Tury-assii, two d" cf ad., two 9 9 ad., Oct. 27, Nov.
15, Dec. 19, 1923-
Identical with specimens from the type locality.
This form is restricted in its range to the Para District, west to
the Tocantins. and the adjacent forested areas of northern Maranhao.
227. Dendrocolaptes platyrostris intermedius Berlepsch.
Dendrocolaptes intermedius Berlepsch, Ibis, (5), 1, p. 141, 1883 — Bahia.
Dendrocolaptes picumnus cearensis Cory, Auk, 36, p. 541, 191 9 — Jua, near
Iguatu, Ceara.
Dendrocolaptes picumnus intermedius Reiser, pp. 66, 144 — Parnagua, Piranha,
Pedrinha, Pe" do Morro, Santa Philomena, below Nova York, Therezina, below
Uniao, Piauhy.
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 357
Maranhao: Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba, d" ad., July 16,
1925.
Piauhy: Ibiapaba, d" imm., Dec. 24, 1924.
Additional specimens. — Piauhy: Pedrinha, o* ad., June 11; P6
do Morro, near Burity, o71 ad., June 16; Parnagua, 9 ad., May 16;
Piranha, 9 juv., May 29; Santa Philomena, 9 ad., July 17; Tronco
Falls, below Nova York, Rio Parnahyba, 9 ad., Aug. 4; Therezina,
9 ad., Aug. 18; below Uniao, Rio Parnahyba, d" ad., Aug. 27, 1903.
O. Reiser (Vienna Museum). — Ceara: Jua, near Iguatu, o* ad.,
Aug. 25, 1913. R. H. Becker.
Specimens from northeastern Brazil agree with others from the
Rio Preto (Bahia) and Piraputanga (Matto Grosso).
D. platyrostris intermedins is widely distributed over the table-
land of Brazil, from Matto Grosso, Goyaz, and Bahia northwards,
while farther south it is replaced by the black-capped, more oliva-
ceous D. p. platyrostris Spix.
228. Xiphocolaptes falcirostris (Spix).
Dendrocolaptes falcirostris Spix, Av. Bras., 1, p. 86, pi. 88, 1824 — locality not
stated; we suggest Oeiras, Piauhy (type in Munich Museum examined).
Xiphocolaptes falcirostris Reiser, pp. 67, 146 — Os Umbus and Sao Goncalinho,
Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy.
Xiphocolaptes promeropirhynchus iguatensis Cory, Field Mus. Nat Hist. Pub.,
Orn. Ser., 1, p. 341, 1916 — Jua, near Iguatu, Ceara.
Maranhao: Sao Francisco, opposite Amarante, Rio Parnahyba,
adult (unsexed), July 4, 1925; Cod6, Cocos, 9 juv., June 12, 1924.
Piauhy: Ibiapaba, 9 ad., Jan. 7, 1925. — Iris brown; feet dark
gray; bill dark gray, mandible paler; in juv. bill black, mandible
dark grayish brown.
Additional specimens. — Piauhy: Os Umbus, cf ad., May 11, 1903;
Sao Goncalinho, 9 ad., Aug. 21, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum).
— Ceara: Jua, near Iguatu, two c?1 d\ two 9 9 ad., Aug. 25, 27,
Sept. 1, 1913, R. H. Becker.
In the young bird the bill is much shorter, stouter, and almost
wholly black. The Buff-cheeked Woodhewer, which may be merely
a race of the south-Brazilian X. albicollis, is a characteristic species
of northeastern Brazil, ranging south at least to the Rio Preto in
northwestern Bahia.
358 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
229. Dendroplex picus picus (Gmelin).
Oriolus picus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (1), p. 384, 1788 — based on "Le Talapiot"
Daubenton, PI. Enl. 605, Cayenne.
Dendroplex picus Reiser, pp. 67, 146 — Piranha, Parnagua, Santa Philomena,
Therezina, Sao Goncalinho, Riacho da Raiz, Piauhy.
Maranhao: Mangunca Island, 6" ad., March 10, 1924; Sao Luiz,
d" ad., Aug. 7, 1923; Sao Bento, c?1 ad., Sept. 3, 1923; Rosario, 9
juv., May 8, 1924; Cod6, Cocos, cT ad., June 23, 1924.
Piauhy: Arara, 9 ad., Jan. 28, 1925.
Birds from eastern Brazil appear to me inseparable from Guianan
skins, although they average slightly more rufescent underneath.
This widely diffused form reaches the southern limit of its range
in Bahia and Goyaz.
[230. Xiphorhynchus spixii (Lesson).
Picolaptes spixii Lesson, Traite" d'Orn., livr. 4, p. 314, Sept., 1830 — based on
Dendrocolaptes tenuirostris (not of Lichtenstein) Spix, Av. Bras., 1, p. 88, pi. 91,
fig. 2, 1824 — no locality stated; we suggest Para.
Dendrornis spixi Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 64,
1926 — Tury-assu, Maranhao.
A single bird obtained by Madame Snethlage at Tury-assu ex-
tends the range of this Lower-Amazonian species from the Para
region to northern Maranhao.]
231. Xiphorhynchus guttatus eytoni (Sclater).
Dendrocolaptes eytoni Sclater, P. Z. S. Lond., 21, "1853," p. 69, pi. 57, July,
1854 — Rio Capim, near Para.
Maranhao: Tury-assu, three c? 0" ad., Oct. 29, Nov. 6, 1923,
Jan. 4, 1924; Grajahu, cf ad., Oct. 29, 1924.
A Lower-Amazonian form ranging from the right bank of the
Rio Madeira into the forested districts of western Maranhao.
[232. Lepidocolaptes squamatus wagleri (Spix).
Dendrocolaptes wagleri Spix, Av. Bras., 1, p. 88, pi. 90, fig. 2. 1S24 — locality
not stated; we suggest Oeiras, Piauhy (type in Munich Museum examined).
Picolaptes wagleri Reiser, pp. 67, 145 — Riacho Fresco, Piauhy.
Besides the type I have seen only one other example, an adult
female secured by Otmar Reiser on May 9, 1903 at Riacho Fresco,
near Parnagua, in the extreme south of Piauhy. Dr. Snethlage has
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 359
not succeeded in getting this rare form which is obviously the north-
ern representative of L. s. squamatus, of southeastern Brazil (Bahia
to northern Sao Paulo).]
233. Lepidocolaptes fuscicapillus layardi (Sclater).
Picolaptes layardi Sclater, Ibis, (3), 3, p. 386, pi. 14, 1873 — Para.
Maranhao: Tury-assu, & ad., 9 ad., Nov. 9, 13, 1923. — Wing 92,
(female) 88; tail 78, 80; bill 25, (female) 28.
Identical with specimens from Benevides, near Para.
A Lower-Amazonian form which ranges from the Tocantins east
into northwestern Maranhao.
234. Lepidocolaptes fuscus tenuirostris (Lichtenstein).
Dendrocolaptes tenuirostris Lichtenstein, Abhandl. Ak. Wiss. Berlin, Phys. Kl.,
for 1818-19, p. 202, 1820; idem, 1. c, for 1820-21, p. 265, 1822 — Rio Sao Francisco,
Bahia.
Picolaptes fuscus atlanticus Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Orn. Ser., 1, p.
341, 1916 — Serra de Baturite, Ceara.
The type of P. fuscus atlanticus, an adult male obtained by R. H.
Becker on July 13, 1913 in the Serra de Baturite, Ceara, is the only
specimen examined from the region forming the subject of this paper.
It is similar to Bahia skins.
L. f. tenuirostris, while only recorded from Bahia and Ceara, is
replaced in southern Brazil by a smaller form with more heavily
streaked under parts, L. fuscus fuscus (Vieillot).
235. Lepidocolaptes angustirostris coronatus (Le~son).
Picolaptes coronatus Lesson, Traits d'Orn., livr. 4, p. 314, Sept., 1830 — based
on Spix, Av. Bras., 1, p. 87, pi. 90, fig. 2, 1824, Piauhy.
Picolaptes bivittatus (not of Lichtenstein) Reiser, pp. 67, 145 — Barroca do
Maranhao (one day's journey south of the mouth of the Rio Sinho), Alto Parna-
hyba, Piauhy.
Picolaptes bivittatus bahiae (not of Hellmayr) Reiser, pp. 67, 145 — Parnagua
and Lag6a Missao, southern Piauhy.
Maranhao: Codo, Cocos, three 0" o* ad., two 9 9 ad., June 13,
16, 30, 1924; Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Parnabyba, 9 ad., July 22,
1925; Tranqueira, o71 9 ad., Sept. 2, 3, 1925.
Goyaz: Philadelphia, cf ad., three 9 9 ad. (in annual molt),
Nov. 26, 30, Dec. 11, 1925.
360 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
Additional specimens. — Piauhy: Barroca do Maranhao, 9 ad.,
July 24; Parnagua, two 9 9 ad., May 16, 28; 9 ad., Lagoa Missao,
June 6, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum).
The series is fairly uniform, the specimens from the lower
Tocantins being in no way distinguishable from the Cocos birds.
The color of the under parts varies between light buff and warm
buff, while the lower tail coverts are buckthorn brown or ochraceous
tawny, with traces of whitish markings.
Three birds from the region around Parnagua, southern Piauhy,
are similar. An adult male from Barra, three from the Rio Grande,
and two from the Preto, in northwestern Bahia are likewise refer-
able to the present form, though one or two somewhat diverge in the
direction of L. a. bahiae. The type of P. coronatus, which I have
once more directly compared with Reiser's and Snethlage's series,
resembles the average of the present form, and should doubtless be
referred here rather than to the deeply colored Ceara race.
The specimen collected by Reiser at Barroca do Maranhao as
well as our skins from the Alto Parnahyba at first sight look re-
markably like typical bivittatus, being very pale, dingy whitish
underneath. However, they are exceedingly worn, and careful ex-
amination discloses, on the throat, a number of newly-growing
feathers which are just as deep buff as in birds from Cocos and other
localities. There can be little doubt, therefore, that their pale colora-
tion is due merely to the faded condition of the plumage, and that
they belong to L. a. coronatus and not to L. a. bivittatus.
L. a. coronatus, which stands just between bivittatus and bahiae, is
the common Woodhewer of Maranhao and Piauhy and stretches
into the adjacent parts of northern Goyaz and northwestern Bahia.
236. Lepidocolaptes angustirostris bahiae (Hellmayr).
Picolaptes bivittatus bahiae Hellmayr, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 53, p. 219,
1903 — Bahia (trade collections).
Piauhy: Deserto, d" ad., April 15, 1925; Ibiapaba, two 9 9 ad.,
cf juv., 9 juv., Dec. 16, 27, 1924, Jan. 1, 16, 1925.
Additional specimens. — Ceard: Jua\ near Iguatii, d" ad., 9 ad.,
Aug. 22, 26; Quixada, o" ad., three 9 9 ad., June 10, 20, 23, 28,
1913. R. H. Becker.
The Deserto bird and the two young ones from Ibiapaba are
quite as deeply ochraceous buff underneath as the Ceard series. One
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 361
of the adult females from Ibiapaba is rather paler and closely ap-
proaches L. a. coronatus, while the second female is even inseparable
from certain birds obtained by Dr. Snethlage at Cod6, Cocos,
Maranhao.
Similar variation being also observable in trade skins from Bahia,
I have little doubt that the birds from the extreme east of Piauhy
should be referred to L. a. bahiae, whose range extends from eastern
Bahia north to Ceara.
237. Campylorhamphus trochilirostris major Ridgway.
Campylorhamphus trochilirostris major Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50,
Part 5, p. 269, 191 1 — Brazil; Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Cm. Ser., 1, p. 341,
1916 — Jua and Serra de Baturite\ Ceara (crit.).
Xiphorhynchus trochilirostris (not of Lichtenstein) Reiser (1), p. 67, 1910 —
Lagda Missao, near Parnagua, and below Uniao, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy.
"Xiphorhynchus trochilirostris (Licht.)( =falcularius Vieill.)" (sic) Reiser (2),
p. 144, 1925 — same localities.
Piauhy: Arara, 0* ad., Feb. 11, 1925. — Wing 99; tail, 98; bill 69.
Additional specimens. — Piauhy: Lagoa Missao, two 9 9 ad.,
June 6, 26; below Uniao, Rio Parnahyba, 9 ad., Aug. 28, 1903.
O. Reiser (Vienna Museum). — Ceara: Jua, near Iguatu, d* ad., 9 ad.,
Aug. 18, 31; Serra de Baturite\ 0" ad., 9 ad., July 16, 22, 1913.
R. H. Becker.
The late C. B. Cory found the type (from an unknown locality
in Brazil) to agree with our specimens from Ceara which, together
with those from Piauhy in the Vienna Museum, have so much
longer bills1 that their separation from C. t. trochilirostris, of Bahia
seems perfectly justified.
C. trochilirostris major has so far been recorded only from Piauhy
and Ceara.
238. Nasica longirostris (Vieillot).
Dendrocopus longirostris Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. £d., 26, p. 117,
1818 — based on "Le Grimpar Nasican" Levaillant, Hist. Nat. Prom6rops, etc., p.
65, pi. 24, Brazil.
Goyaz: Santo Antonio (Boa Vista), lower Tocantins, cf ad., Jan.
25, 1926. — "Iris brown, feet gray, bill pale gray, base of maxilla
blackish."
xFor measurements see Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Zool Ser., 13, Part 4, p. 343,
1925-
362 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
A characteristic Amazonian species. The present record extends
its known range in eastern Brazil considerably to the south.
239. Glyphorhynchus spirurus cuneatus (Lichtenstein).
Dendrocolaptes cuneatus Lichtenstein, Abhandl. Ak. Wiss. Berlin, Phys. Kl., for
1818-19, p. 204, pi. 2, fig. 2, 1820; idem, 1. c, for 1820-21, p. 264, 1822 — state of
Bahia.
Maranhao: Tury-assu, 9 ad., Nov. 12, 1923.
This race of the Wedge-bill ranges over northeastern Brazil, from
the right bank of the Tapajoz east to Para and south to Bahia.
240. Sittasomus griseicapillus reiseri Hellmayr.
Sittasomus griseicapillus reiseri Hellmayr, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay., 13, p. 190,
191 7 — Lag6a Missao, near Parnagua, Piauhy.
Sittasomus cearensis Cory, Auk, 38, p. 113, 1921 — Jua, near Iguatu, Ceara.
Sittasomus erithacus (subsp?) Reiser (1), p. 68, 1910 — Parnagua, Pedrinha,
Log6a Missao, Tinoko, near Burity, Piauhy.
"Sittasomus sylviellus (= erithacus) reiseri" (sic) Reiser (2), p. 146, 1925 —
same localities.
Maranhao: Grajahu, two cf cf ad., Oct. 20, 22, 1924; Barra do
Corda, cf ad., Aug. 12, 1924; Tranqueira, cf ad., 9 imm., Aug. 29,
31, 1925; Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba, cf ad., July 21, 24, 1925.
Piauhy: Ibiapaba, cf ad., Dec. 23, 1924.
Goyaz: Philadelphia, (cf) ad., Nov. 27, 1925.
Additional specimens. — Piauhy: Lagoa Missao, c? ad., 9 ad., May
28, June 6; Parnagua, 9 imm., May 18; Pedrinha, o71 ad., May
21; Tinoko, near Burity, cf imm., June 16, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna
Museum). — Ceara: Jua, near Iguatu, d71 ad., two 9 9 ad., Aug. 18,
25, 1913. R. H. Becker.
The under parts are somewhat variable in tone, two of the Jua
birds and the male from Barra do Corda being much brighter,
approaching tawny olive. A specimen in worn breeding plumage
(Ibiapaba) has the entire back almost uniform tawny like the tail.
The Philadelphia example and a male from Sao Marcello, Rio Preto,
Bahia resemble the average from. Maranhao.
5. griseicapillus reiseri ranges from northern Goyaz and north-
western Bahia north to Maranhao, Piauhy, and Ceara. It is most
nearly related to 5. g. griseicapillus, of Matto Grosso, Paraguay,
and northern Argentina.
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 363
241. Dendrocincla fuliginosa (Vieillot).
Dendrocopus fuliginosus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 26, p. 117,
1818 — based on "Le Grimpar enfum6" Levaillant, Hist. Nat. PromeYops, etc., p.
70, pi. 28, Cayenne (type in Paris Museum examined).
Maranhao: Tury-assii, two o71 o71 ad., Nov. 9, Dec. 6, 1923.
A species of Guianan and Lower-Amazonian origin, which
stretches into the heavily forested districts of northwestern Maran-
hao.
[242. Melanopareia torquata torquata (Wied).
Synallaxis torquata Wied, Beitr. Naturg, Bras., 3, (2), p. 697, 1831 — "Campo
Geral des inneren Brasilien" = boundary line of Bahia and Minas Geraes; Reiser,
pp. 69, 151 — Oro and Serra de Santa Philomena, Piauhy.
Piauhy: Oro, on the trail from Santo Antonio de Gilboez to
Santa Philomena, d" ad., 9 ad., July 8; Serra de Santa Philomena,
9 imm., July 9, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum).
This form is known only from Bahia and southern Piauhy. Allied
races are found in southern Brazil (M. t. rufescens Hellmayr) and
eastern Bolivia (M. t. bitorquata Lafr. and d'Orb.).]
243. Conopophaga roberti Hellmayr.
Conopophaga roberti Hellmayr, Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 15, p. 54, 1905 — Igarape-
assu, Para.
Maranhao: Tury-assu, Alto de Alegria, o71 ad., o71 (first annual),
Nov. 21, 22, 1923; Rosario, three o71 o71 ad., April 29, May 5, 11, 1924;
Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba, o71 ad., o71 (first annual), three
9 9 ad., July 25, 27, 28, 1925.
While the birds from the coast region agree with Par£ specimens
except for their slightly longer tails (39 to 41, against 36-39), those
from the upper Parnahyba are decidedly larger (wing of male
7S-77. against 69-72; of female 72-74, against 65-69; tail of male 47,
against 36-41 ; of female 43-45, against 33-36). In coloration, there is
apparently no difference.
C. roberti was known only from the Para district east of the
Tocantins, until Dr. Snethlage found it at various places in Maran-
hao.1
244. Conopophaga cearae Cory.
Conopophaga lineata cearae Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Orn. Ser., 1,
P- 337. X9X6 — Serra de Baturite\ Ceara.
xMadame Snethlage, as recently recorded (Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2,
No. 6, p. 45, 1926), traced its range even as far east as the Serra de Ibiapaba, in
western Ceara.
364 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
Ceara: Serra de Baturite, d" ad., July 18, 1913. R. H. Becker
(type of species).
This very distinct Gnat-eater is known only from the type.
About its characters see Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub.,
Zool. Ser., 13, Part 3, p. 32, 1924.
245. Corythopis delalandi (Lesson).
Muscicapa delalandi Lesson, Traite d'Orn., livr. 5, p. 392, end of 1830 — types
from Rio de Janeiro in Paris Museum examined.
Maranhao: Tranqueira, two d1 cf ad., one 9 ad., Sept. 8, 16, 1925.
The specimens which agree with others from Bahia, Sao Paulo,
and Misiones signify a considerable northward extension of the range
of this southern species.
[246. Corythopis torquata anthoides (Pucheran).
Muscicapa anthoides (Cuvier MS.) Pucheran, Arch. Mus. d'Hist. Nat. Paris,
7. P» 334i J855 — Cayenne (type in Paris Museum examined).
Corythopis torquata anthoides Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2,
No. 6, p. 65, 1926 — Tury-assu, Maranhao.
According to Madame Snethlage, a bird secured at Tury-assu,
near the coast of Maranhao, belongs to this northern form, well
known as an inhabitant of the Guianas and Lower Amazonia, which
is thus shown to range into the northern parts of Maranhao, while
in the drier interior districts C. delalandi obviously takes its place.]
247. Taraba major stagurus (Lichtenstein).
Lanius stagurus Lichtenstein, Verz. Dubl. Berliner Mus., p. 45, 1823 — Bahia.
Thamnophilus major (not of Vieillot) Reiser (1), p. 65, 191 o — Parnagua, Pe-
drinha, Lag6a Missao, and Therezina, Piauhy.
Taraba major approximans Cory, Auk, 36, p. 88, 1919 — Serra de Baturite\
Ceara.
Maranhao: Tury-assu, cf (first annual), Oct. 29, 1923; Sao Bento,
two cfcf ad., two 9 9 ad., one 9 (first annual), Aug. 31, Sept. 5, 8,
13, 1923; Barra do Corda, two cf cf (first annual), 9 ad., Aug. 14,
23, Sept. 18, 1924; Codo, Cocos, 9 (first annual), June 28, 1924;
Sao Francisco, c? ad., June 8, 1925; Carolina, cf ad., Nov. 12, 1925.
Piauhy: Arara, d" ad., Jan. 24, 1925.
Goyaz: Philadelphia, cf ad., Dec. 7, 1925; Santo Antonio (B6a
Vista), cf (first annual), Jan. 24, 1926.
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 365
Additional specimens. — Maranhao: B6a Vista, cf ad., Feb. 5,
1904; Miritiba, cf ad., 9 ad., Oct. 25, Dec. 12, 1907. F. Schwanda
(Munich Museum). — Piauhy: Parnagua, cf ad., May 13; Pedrinha,
9 ad., May 23; Lagoa Missao, 9 ad., May 26; Therezina, 9 juv.,
Aug. 17, 1903. O Reiser (Vienna Museum). — Ceara: Serra de
Baturite, four cf 0" ad., cf (first annual), five 9 9 ad., July 12, 14,
16, 17, 19; Jua, near Iguatu, two cf cf ad., cf (first annual), three
9 9 ad., Aug. 30, Sept. 3, 4, 1913. R. H. Becker.
The adult males from Piauhy, eastern and southern Maranhao
(Miritiba, Sao Francisco) agree with a series from Bahia (Macaco
Secco, near Andarahy; Rio Preto) and those from Ceara in the great
amount of white on rectrices and upper tail coverts. The male
from Philadelphia is likewise a typical example of the form stagurus.
Females from Miritiba and Piauhy (Therezina and Lake Parnagua)
are quite as light rufous above as specimens from Bahia and Ceara.
Birds from the northern coast of Maranhao (Tury-assu, Sao Bento,
Rosario), Barra do Corda and Cocos form the transition to T. m.
semifasciatus (Cabanis). Some of the males have hardly more white
in the tail than Para examples, while the females, by decidedly deeper
rufous upper parts, closely approach the northern race. The white
margins to the remiges, in the males, are, however, fully as extensive
as in stagurus. As a matter of fact, it seems hardly possible to draw
a fast line between semifasciatus and stagurus.
248. Sakesphorus cristatus (Wied).
Thamnophilus cristatus Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (2), p. 1002, 1831 —
Sertao of the Province of Bahia.
Piauhy: Arara, cf ad., Feb. 9, 1925 (No. 1495).
Ceara: Varzea Formosa, two cf cf ad., 9 ad., 9 imm., Feb. 21,
March 3, 4, 1925 (Nos. 1524, 1525, 1570, 1576). — "Iris brown, feet
plumbeous, bill black, base of lower mandible plumbeous in female."
cf cf ad. — Wing 63, 66, 69; tail 57-59; bill 15. 9 ad. — Wing 64;
tail 53; bill 14.
The males differ from the type of Lanius poecilurus Pucheran1
— presumably from Minas Geraes — in the Paris Museum by much
darker brownish (less rufous) back and pale grayish instead of fulvous
flanks. They agree, however, in dimensions and in the small, slender
bill. Wied calls the upper parts "reddish chestnut brown," which
'Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 7, livr. 3, p. 331, pi. 17, fig. 2, 1855.
366 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
corresponds to Pucheran's type, but in agreement with our own
examples describes the flanks as "ashy gray."
The female lacks the black color on the head, the crown being
hazel, while the sides of the head as well as the entire under parts
are buff, slightly shaded with grayish along the flanks. The tail is
dull brownish black (not rufous brown, as described by Wied), and
the white marginal spots are tinged with tawny along the edges ; the
pale markings on the larger upper wing coverts are buffy rather
than white.
In addition to its somewhat inferior size, much smaller bill, and
shorter crest, 5. cristatus may be immediately distinguished from 5.
canadensis by having five or six large marginal spots of white on
either web of the rectrices; by the black-and-white barred upper tail
coverts of the male ; finally by the much paler buff under parts and
sides of the head, without any trace of blackish freckles or streaks,
in the female sex, not to mention several minor differences.
S. cristatus is with certainty known only from the states of Bahia,
Ceara, and the adjoining section of Piauhy.
249. Thamnophilus doliatus difficilis Hellmayr.
Thamnophilus nigricristatus difficilis Hellmayr, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien,
53, p. 216, 1903 — Rio Claro, state of Goyaz, Brazil.
Thamnophilus radiatus (not of Vieillot) Reiser (1), p. 65, 19 10 — Uniao and
Queimadas, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy.
"Thamnophilus doliatus subradiatus Berl. oder difficilis Hellm." (sic) Reiser
(2), p. 142, 1925 — same localities.
Maranhao: Grajahu, two d* 0" ad., one 9 ad., Oct. 19, 27, 1924;
Pedreiras (Rio Mearim), 9 ad., July 25, 1924.
Goyaz: Philadelphia, c? ad., Dec. 1, 1925.
Additional specimens. — Piauhy: Uniao, 9 ad., Aug. 27; Queima-
das, o" ad., 9 ad., Sept. 2, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum).
The Philadelphia bird is heavily barred underneath, just like
a series of eight adult males from the Rio Araguaya, Goyaz, while in
those from Grajahu as well as in one from Queimadas in the Vienna
Museum the bars are broken or obsolete along the abdominal line.
They closely resemble T. doliatus radiatus, of Paraguay and Matto
Grosso, from which they differ by merely lacking the white at the
extreme base of the crown feathers. The females from northern
Brazil are hardly different from radiatus, unless their under parts
average somewhat darker.
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 367
T. d. difficilis thus appears to range north to the lower Tocantins,
whence it stretches across northern Maranhao to the Rio Parnahyba.
In eastern and southern Piauhy, however, it is replaced by the next
form.
250. Thamnophilus doliatus capistratus Lesson.
Thamnophilus capistratus Lesson, Rev. Zool., 3, p. 226, 1840 — Brazil; Reiser
(1), p. 65, 1910 — Parnagua, Pedrinha, Lake Parnagua, Piauhy.
Thamnophilus doliatus capistratus Reiser (2), p. 142, 1925 — near Parnagua.
Piauhy: Arara, o" ad., 0" (first annual), 9 ad., Jan. 24, 29, 1925.
Ceara: Varzea Formosa, 9 ad., 9 juv., Feb. 18, March 3, 1925.
Agreeing with a series from Macaco Secco, near Andarahy, Bahia,
and a specimen (male) from Ceara. The adult male from Arara has
less white in the tail than any other specimen, only the outer web
of the outermost rectrix being distinctly spotted with white, while
the remaining tail feathers are uniform black, with exception of the
apical spot on the penultimate and a suggestion of one or two
marginal streaks on the outer vane of the second and third.
The adult females are immediately distinguished from those of
T. d. difficilis, of Maranhao, by whitish (instead of deep buff) sides
of the head and throat, strongly marked blackish streaks on throat
and foreneck, and much paler ochraceous lower parts. The dusky
cross lines on the chest noticed in specimens from Lamarao, Bahia1
are, however, barely suggested, while only the female from Arara
shows traces of obsolete subapical markings on the inner secondaries.
T. d. capistratus ranges all over Bahia from the coast to the Rio
Preto, extending north to Ceara and penetrating Piauhy in the ex-
treme east on the western slope of the Serra de Ibiapaba and again in
the south around Parnagua, where the Vienna Academy Expedition
obtained a number of specimens.
251. Thamnophilus palliatus (Lichtenstein) .
Lanius palliatus Lichtenstein, Verz. Dubl. Berliner Mus., p. 46, 1823 — Bahia.
Maranhao: Tury-assu, 0" ad., 9 ad., Oct. 8, Nov. 27, 1923;
Rosario, <? ad., Apr. 19, 1924.
The pileum, uniform black in the Rosario bird, is dotted all over
with white in the male from Tury-assu.
xSee Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 656, 1906; Bull. Soc. Philom.
Paris, (9), 8, p. 27, 1906.
368 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
Widely distributed in Brazil, from Para to Rio de Janeiro, west
to Matto Grosso, but nowhere common.
252. Thamnophilus aethiops incertus Pelzeln.
Thamnophilus incertus Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 2, pp. 78, 149, Sept., 1868 — Para
(type in Vienna Museum examined; =female).
Maranhao: Tury-assu, cf (first annual), Nov. 14, 19 13.
Somewhat paler than adult males from Para (Utinga), but this
is no doubt due to immaturity.
Like several other endemic species of the Para district, T. a. in-
certus stretches along the forested coast belt to western Maranhao.
253. Thamnophilus punctatus pelzelni Hellmayr.
Thamnophilus punctatus pelzelni Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Zool.
Ser., 13, Part 3, p. 96, 1924 — Abrilongo, near Chapada, Matto Grosso; Reiser
(2), p. 141, 1925 — Parnagua, Piauhy.
Thamnophilus ambiguus (not of Swainson) Reiser (1), p. 65, 1910 — Parnagua
and Lagda Missao, Piauhy.
Maranhao: Barra do Corda, cf ad., two cf cf (first annual), three
9 9 ad., Aug. 21, 23, Sept. 9, 18, 1924; Grajahu, cf ad., Oct. 25,
1924; Tranqueira, cf (first annual), Aug. 25, 1925; Fazenda Inhuma,
Alto Parnahyba, cf (first annual), July 21, 1925.
Piauhy: Arara, cf (first annual), 9 ad., Jan, 24, Feb. 5, 1925;
Deserto, cf ad., 9 ad., Apr. 2, 7, 1925.
Ceara: Varzea Formosa, cf ad., 9 ad., Feb. 25, 1925.
Additional specimens. — Maranhao: Miritiba, cf ad., 9 ad., June
5, Nov. 16, 1907. F. Schwanda (Munich Museum). — Piauhy:
Parnagua, two 9 9 ad., May 16, 28; Lag6a Missao, two 9 9 ad.,
May 26, 28, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum). — Ceard: Jua, near
Iguatu, cf (first annual), two 9 9 ad., Aug. 14, 26, 1913. R. H.
Becker.
Birds from northwestern Bahia (north of Santa Rita, Rio Preto)
and a number of specimens recently received by the Museum from
Aracatuba and Bauru. in northern Sao Paulo are also quite typical of
this form. A single male from Macaco Secco, near Andarahy, central
Bahia, is similar on the under parts, but in tail markings approaches
T. p. ambiguus, of the coast district of Bahia.
T. punctatus pelzelni is an endemic species of the campo region,
ranging from Ceara and Maranhao through the central states of
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 369
Brazil south to northern Sao Paulo and west to eastern Matto
Grosso.
254. Thamnophilus amazonicus paraensis Todd.
Thamnophilus amazonicus paraensis Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 40, p. 154,
1927 — Benevides, Para.
Maranhao: Tury-assu, two cf o* ad., two 9 9 ad., Oct. 13, 16,
25, 1923; Rosario, d" (in juvenile molt), May 19, 1924.
Goyaz: Santo Antonio (B6a Vista), cf ad., d" (first annual),
Jan. 27, 28, 1926.
Additional specimens. — Maranhao: near Sao Luiz, three 0* cf ad.,
two 9 9 ad., May, June, 1905. F. Schwanda (Sophia Museum,
Bulgaria).
Another Lower-Amazonian form whose range extends through
the wooded coast belt to northern Maranhao. The western frontier
of this state has no doubt been reached by way of the forests
bordering the banks of the southerly affluents of the Amazon.
255. Thamnophilus caerulescens cearensis (Cory).
Erionotus cearensis Cory, Auk, 36, p. 88, 1919 — Serra de BaturitS.
Ceara: Serra de Baturite, d1 ad., July 15, 1913. R. H. Becker
(type of species).
The type (and only known specimen) differs from a considerable
series of T. c. caerulescens in decidedly larger, stronger bill and ex-
tensively slate gray forehead. It is totally different from T. punctatus
pelzelni and, although its characters need corroboration by further
material, it obviously represents the typical form in the north. It
would be interesting to know the female.
256. Thamnophilus torquatus Swainson.
Thamnophilus torquatus Swainson, Zool. Journ., 2, p. 89, 1825 — Urup6, Bahia;
Reiser, pp. 66, 142 — Santa Philomena, Piauhy.
Goyaz: Philadelphia, three o" cf ad., Nov. 30, Dec. 21, 1925. —
Wing 62, 62, 64 mm.
Identical with specimens from Bahia and Minas Geraes.
Widely distributed throughout the campo region of Brazil, from
Pernambuco, Piauhy, and Goyaz south to northern Sao Paulo and
western Minas Geraes.
37o Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
257. Dysithamnus mentalis emiliae Hellmayr.
Dysithamnus mentalis emiliae Hellmayr, Abhandl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., Math.-
phys. Kl., 26, No. 2, p. 92, 1912 — Santo Antonio do Prata, Para.
Maranhao: Tury-assu, o" ad., d" (first annual), Oct. 26, Nov. 19,
1923; Victoria (Queimadas), Rio Grajahu, 9 ad., Nov. 20, 1924.
This is another Lower-Amazonian form whose range extends from
the Tocantins, in the state of Para, to western Maranhao. Nearly
allied races occur in Matto Grosso and Goyaz {D. mentalis a finis)
and southeastern Brazil (D. m. mentalis).
258. Thamnomanes caesius hoffmannsi Hellmayr.
Thamnomanes caesius hoffmannsi Hellmayr, Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 16, p. 53,
190(3 — Santo Antonio do Prata, Para.
Maranhao: Tury-assu, Alto de Alegria, cf ad., three 9 9, Nov.
12, 20, 22, Dec. 6, 1923.
Agreeing with specimens from Utinga, near Para.
A Lower-Amazonian species that reaches the eastern limit of its
distribution in the forest region of northern Maranhao.
259. Myrmotherula hauxwelli hellmayri Snethlage.
Myrmotherula hauxwelli hellmayri Snethlage, Ornith. Monatsber., 14, p. 9,
1906 — near Para, Brazil.
Maranhao: Tury-assu, Alto de Algeria, two d" cT ad., 9 ad.,
Nov. 8, 20, 1923.
Agreeing with specimens from Utinga. This is again an endemic
form of the Para district, reaching into western Maranhao.
260. Myrmotherula axillaris axillaris (Vieillot).
Myrmothera axillaris Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 12, p. 113,
181 7 — "La Guyane" = Cayenne.
Maranhao: Tury-assu, <? ad., 9 9, Oct. 26, Nov. 15, Dec. 10,
1923.
Goyaz: Santo Antonio (Boa Vista), 9 ad., Feb. 3, 1926.
Two of the females, including the one from Santo Antonio, are
much more rufous throughout than the third example which agrees,
in color and size, with the general run of axillaris.
An Amazonian species of wide distribution, the western section
of Maranhao forming the eastern limit of its range. Represented
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 371
by M. a. luctuosa Pelz. in eastern Brazil (Pernambuco to Rio de
Janeiro) .
261. Myrmotherula menetriesii omissa Todd.
Myrmotherula menetriesii omissa Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 40, p. 158, 1927
— Benevides, Para.
Maranhao: Tury-assii, d" ad., o71 imm., 9 ad., Oct. 23, Nov. 9,
1923.
Mr. Todd, with ample material before him, has recently separated
the Lower-Amazonian form to which I had previously referred as
being probably different. It is intermediate between M. m- cinerei-
ventris, of Guiana and the north bank of the Amazon, and M. m.
berlepschi, from the upper Rio Madeira. Our specimens agree with
the types in the Carnegie Museum. Its range extends from the Rio
Tapajoz east into northern Maranhao.
262. Myrmorchilus strigilatus strigilatus (Wied).
Myiothera strigilata Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (2), p. 1064, 1831 — state
of Bahia.
Formicivora strigilata Reiser (1), p. 66, 1910 — Parnagua, Piauhy.
Myrmorchilus (Formicivora) strigilatus Reiser (2), p. 144, 1925 — Parnagua.
Piauhy: Arara, four o71 cf ad., one d* imm., Jan. 24, 28, Feb. 4,
9, ii, 1925.
Ceara: Varzea Formosa, 071 imm., 9 ad., two 9 9 imm., Feb. 20,
24, 26, March 4, 1925. — "Iris brown, feet plumbeous, bill black."
Additional specimens. — Piauhy: Parnagua, o71 ad., May 25, 1903.
O. Reiser (Vienna Museum). — Ceara: Jua, near Iguatu, o71 9 ad.,
Aug. 18, 19, 1913. R. H. Becker.
Immature birds (first annual plumage?) have buff instead of
white) apical edges to the primary coverts.
This species is peculiar to the campo region of northeastern
Brazil, in states of Bahia, Ceara, and Piauhy. A closely allied race,
M. strigilatus suspicax Wetmore, is found in southwestern Matto
Grosso, western Paraguay, and northern Argentina.
263. Herpsilochmus pectoralis Sclater.
Herpsilochmus pectoralis Sclater, P. Z. S. Lond., 25, p. 132, 1857 — locality-
unknown; we suggested Bahia.
372 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
Maranhao: Codo, Cocos, d" ad., 9 ad., June 19, 28, 1924. — Wing
56, (female) 53; tail 42, (female) 40; bill 14, 14.
"Iris brown, feet plumbeous, bill black, lower mandible gray."
Additional specimen. — Maranhao: Primeira Cruz, 9 ad., May
5, 1906. F. Schwanda (Tring Museum). — Wing 54; tail 43; bill 15.
In coloration like Bahia skins, but tail shorter.
H. pectoralis is known only from Bahia collections and the two
localities in eastern Maranhao recorded above. It is probably a
geographical representative of H. longirostris Pelzeln which ranges
from Matto Grosso and northern Sao Paulo through Goyaz to the
extreme south of Piauhy, where O. Reiser obtained two typical
females at Santa Philomena and Santa Maria, west of Santo Antonio
de Gilboez.
[264. Herpsilochmus longirostris Pelzeln.
Herpsilochmus longirostris Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 2, pp. 80, 150, 1868 — Cuyaba,
Matto Grosso; Reiser, pp. 66, 142 — Santa Maria and Santa Philomena, Piauhy.
Piauhy: Santa Maria, 9 ad., July 6, 1903; Santa Philomena, 9
ad., July 17, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum). — Wing 62, 63,
tail 57, 58; bill 16, 17.
A characteristic species of the Brazilian table-land, in states of
Matto Grosso, Goyaz, and Sao Paulo, extending north into the
extreme south of Piauhy.]
265. Herpsilochmus pileatus pileatus (Lichtenstein).
Myiothera pileata Lichtenstein, Verz. Dubl. Berliner Mus., p. 44, 1823 — Bahia
(type examined).
Herpsilochmus atricapillus (not of Pelzeln) Reiser (1), p. 66, 1910 — part, Sao
Goncalinho, below the mouth of the Poty, Rio Parnahyba.
Herpsilochmus pileatus atricapillus Reiser (2), p. 143, 1925 — part, Sao Gonca-
linho, Piauhy.
Maranhao: Barra do Corda, two cf cf ad., one 9 ad., Aug. 8,
Sept. 22, 27, 1924; Grajahu, 9 ad., Oct. 21, 1924.
Ceara: Varzea Formosa, c? ad., Feb. 25, 2925.
Additional specimens. — Ceara: Serra de Baturite\ cf ad., two cf cf
imm., July 15, 16, 1913. R. H. Becker. — Piauhy: Sao Goncalinho,
below the mouth of the Poty, Rio Parnahyba, 9 ad., Aug. 21, 1903.
O. Reiser (Vienna Museum).
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 373
From the study of this new material it results that I was mistaken
in extending1 the range of H. p. atricapillus to Ceara and northern
Piauhy. The specimens secured by Dr. H. Snethlage as well as those
previously collected for the Museum by R. H. Becker in Ceara are
evidently inseparable from topotypes of H. pileatus. Compared
with a series from the interior of Brazil (Goyaz, Minas Geraes, and
Sao Paulo), they are decidedly smaller, with shorter, slenderer bills;
the males have the interscapular region extensively white, more or
less spotted with black, and the females are much paler, less buff
underneath. The coloration of the under parts, in the male sex, is
subject to much individual variation. In one from Lamarao (near
Bahia), two from Barra do Corda, and one from Varzea Formosa
CearcL, the entire ventral surface is very nearly pure white save for a
faint grayish tinge along the flanks and a very slight buffy suffusion
in the anal region, being thus much like H. p. atricapillus. Three
others from Bahia, including one of Lichtenstein's original examples,
and our three males from Serra de Baturite\ Ceara1, however, are
strongly suffused with gray underneath.
The female from Grajahu, while agreeing with one from Bahia
in pale under parts, is somewhat larger, and approaches atricapillus
in size of bill.
A female from Macuca, Pernambuco, in the British Museum and
another from Sao Goncalinho, northern Piauhy, at Vienna are, no
doubt, also referable to the present form.
MEASUREMENTS
Wing Tail BUI
Four males from Bahia 51,51,52,52 44,45,46 13-14
One male from Lamarao, Bahia 51 y£ 50 13
Three males from Serra de Baturite,
Ceara 51.51.52 53.54.54 H
One male from Varzea Formosa, Ceara 49 46 13
Two males from Barra do Corda,
Maranhao 47.51 (molting) I2.K.I3
One female from Bahia 48 yi (incomplete) 13
One female from Sao Goncalinho,
Piauhy 50 51 14
One female from Barra do Corda,
Maranhao 51 52 14
One female from Grajahu, Maranhao 52 54 15
H. p. pileatus, thus, ranges from Bahia north to Ceard and
thence through northern Piauhy west to central Maranhao.
JSee Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 13, Part 3, pp. 171-173, 1924.
374 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
266. Herpsilochmus pileatus atricapillus Pelzeln.
Herpsilochmus atricapillus Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 2, pp. 8o, 150, Sept., 1868 —
Porto do Rio Parana, Sao Paulo (type) and Goyaz City, Goyaz; Reiser (1), p. 66,
1910 — part, Lagda do Passao and Lagda Missao, near Parnagua, Piauhy.
Herpsilochmus pileatus atricapillus Reiser (2), p. 143, 1925 — part, same
localities.
Maranhao: Tranqueira, two cf d" ad., 9 ad., Aug. 17, 27, Sept. 16,
i925- — Wing 57, 58, (female) 54; tail 60, 62, (female) 58; bill 15, 16,
(female) 14.
Additional specimens. — Piauhy: Lagda do Passao (on the road
from Parnagua to Santo Antonio de Gilboez), 0" ad., June 25, 1903;
Lagoa Missao, near Parnagua, 9 ad., May 26, 1903. O. Reiser
(Vienna Museum). — Wing (male) 53, (female) 53; tail 57, (female)
56; bill 15, — .
These specimens as well as an adult male from Porto da Pedra,
Rio Preto, Bahia agree in size with a series from the interior of
Brazil, including a topotype from northern Sao Paulo (Aracatuba).
While two males secured by O. Reiser on the Rio Preto and at the
Lagoa do Passao resemble the latter example in whiteness of under
parts, those from Tranqueira are conspicuously clouded or tinged
with grayish across chest and along flanks, obviously an individual
variation. One of the Tranqueira males, in the black-and-white
interscapulium, closely approaches H. p. pileatus, of northern
Maranhao.
H. p. atricapillus replaces the preceding race in central Brazil,
its range extending northward to northwestern Bahia (Rio Preto)
and the extreme south of Piauhy and Maranhao.
267. Herpsilochmus rufimarginatus f rater Sclater and Salvin.
Herpsilochmus f rater Sclater and Salvin, P. Z. S. Lond., 1880, p. 159 — Sara-
yacu, eastern Ecuador.
Maranhao: Tury-assu, cf ad., 9 ad., Oct. 18, Nov. 5, 1923.
In essential color-characters, viz., bright hazel pileum, pure white
throat and buffy tinge on foreneck, the female resembles specimens
from the Rio Napo and Bogota. Both examples, however, have
decidedly slenderer bills and paler (hazel rather than chestnut) wing
edges, thereby pointing to H. r. rufimarginatus, of southeastern
Brazil.
This again is an Amazonian form, whose range extends into the
heavily forested area of western Maranhao.
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 375
268. Neorhopias grisea grisea (Boddaert).
Turdus grieseus (sic) Boddaert, Tabl. PL Enl., p. 39, 1783 — based on "Le
Grisin, de Cayenne" Daubenton, PI. Enl. 643, fig. 1, Cayenne.
Formicivora grisea Reiser (1), p. 66, 1910 — Una Sao Martin, Rio Parnahyba,
Piauhy.
Neorhopias {Formicivora) grisea Reiser (2), p. 143, 1925 — Parnagua and Una
Sao Martin, Piauhy.
Maranhao: Sao Luiz, cf ad., cT juv., Aug. 8, 10, 1923; Rosario,
9 ad., May 13, 1924; Barra do Corda, d* ad., 0* juv., 9 ad., Aug.
21, 23, 1924; Grajahu, 9 ad., Oct. 21, 1924; Codo, Cocos, 9 ad.,
July 8, 1924; Sao Francisco, Rio Parnahyba, 9 ad., July 6, 1925;
Tranqueira, d" ad., 9 ad., August 27, 30, 1925; Carolina, Rio To-
cantins, 9 ad., Nov. 9, 1925.
Additional specimens. — Maranhao: Miritiba, two cf cf ad. F.
Schwanda (Munich Museum). — Piauhy: Ilha Sao Martin, Rio Par-
nahyba, 9 ad., Aug. 22, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum).
A species of wide distribution, ranging from the Guianas south to
Matto Grosso, Goyaz, Bahia, and probably even to Rio de Janeiro.
269. Neorhopias melanogaster bahiae (Hellmayr).
Formicivora melanogastra bahiae Hellmayr, Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 23, p. 65, 1909 —
Lamarao, near Bahia City, Bahia.
Formicivora grisea pallescens Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 73, p. 271, 1925 — Serra
de Ibiapaba, Ceara (type in Berlin Museum examined).
Formicivora melanogastra (not of Pelzeln) Reiser (1), p. 66, 1910 — P£ do Morro,
Piauhy.
Formicivora grisea (not Turdus grieseus Boddaert) Reiser (1), p. 66, 1910 —
part, Nos. 434, 459, 714, Fazenda da Serra, Rio Grande, Bahia and Parnagua,
Piauhy.
Neorhopias {Formicivora) melanogastra Reiser (2), p. 143, 1925 — Fazenda da
Serra, Rio Grande, Bahia and Pe do Morro, Piauhy.
Piauhy: Arara, two d* o71 ad., 9 ad., Jan. 22, 23, 28, 1925.
Additional specimens. — Ceard: Jua, near Iguatii, two o" 0" ad.,
9 juv., 9 ad., Aug, 8, 23, 24, 25, 1913, R. H. Becker; Ladeira
Grande, o" 9 ad., Aug. 10, 11, 1915, F. Lima; Ipu, 9 ad., May 23,
1910, E. Snethlage (Berlin Museum). — Piauhy: Parnagua, 0" ad.,
May 15, 1903, O. Reiser, No. 714; Pe do Morro, near Burity, 9 ad.,
June 16, 1903, O. Reiser, No. 959 (Vienna Museum).
Wing (male) 51-54, (female) 48-53; tail 53-58, (female) 52-57;
bill 13-14.
376 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
The more satisfactory material that became available since the
publication of Part 3 of the "Catalogue of Birds of the Americas"1
tends to show that N. m. bahiae is a recognizable race after all.
On comparison with two males (topotypes) from Goyaz; and another
from northern Sao Paulo (Sao Jeronimo, Tiete), those in the present
series are slightly smaller and paler as well as less brownish on the
upper parts, while there is always an extensive area of white on the
flanks, this color running up to the sides of the neck and joining the
superciliary stripe.
The range of this form can only approximately be indicated.
Specimens from Ceara and Piauhy are identical, in size and colora-
tion, with the type from Lamarao, near the city of Bahia. Two adult
males from Fazenda da Serra, Rio Grande (O. Reiser, Nos. 434, 459,
Vienna Museum), a female from Barra, and a couple of adults from
Joazeiro, Rio Sao Francisco, Bahia (Munich Museum, Nos. 09.105-
106) are likewise referable to this race, whose range would thus
seem to comprise also the northern section of the state of Bahia.
Curiously enough, an adult male from Macaco Secco, near Anda-
rahy, in central Bahia, in the collection of Field Museum is appar-
ently different, being larger and darker both above and below, with
just a few grayish white feathers on the lower flanks, and cannot be
distinguished from a Goyaz specimen of typical melanogaster.
It is to be hoped that the researches now being carried on by
Madame Snethlage in southern Brazil will soon enlighten us on the
distribution of these Antbirds.2
JField Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Zool. Ser., 13, Part 3, No. 223, Nov., 1924.
2I take this opportunity of correcting another mistake in Part 3 of the "Cata-
logue." While attending the Ornithological Congress in Denmark in May, 1926,
I was so fortunate as to discover in the Zoological Museum at Copenhagen two
females of the species, described and figured by M6n6tries under the inapplicable
name Formicivora nigricollis from a male obtained by him on the banks of the Rio
Bacalhao, in Minas Geraes, and it was at once evident that I had erred in referring
(1. c, p. 189) Formicivora deluzae M6n6tries to this form. The females are of the
N. melanogaster type, i. e. having a broad blackish streak through the eye, sur-
mounted by a wide buff supercilium, and clear buff under parts, while the type of
F. deluzae is barely distinguishable from the female of N. g. grisea. There are
three skins in the Copenhagen Museum: an adult male taken by Reinhardt at
Sete Lag&as in August, i855;an adult female obtained by Lund at Lag6a Santa on
June 4, 1836; and a second female, without specified locality, marked "Lund,
1829" — no doubt the example from Aldea da Pedra, Rio Parahyba, Rio, July 6,
1828, recorded under F. melanogastra by Reinhardt (Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist.
Foren., 1870, p. 364) whose label it still bears. This Antbird of which I have now
seen eight specimens, all from Minas Geraes and Rio de Janeiro, is a perfectly
distinct species, combining the strong heavy bill and brownish-edged tertials of
N. grisea with the wide superciliaries and female characters of N. melanogaster,
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 377
270. Neorhopias rufa rufa (Wied).
Myiothera rufa Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (2), p. 1095, 1831 — interior of
Bahia.
Formicivora rufa Reiser (1), p. 66, 1910 — Santa Philomena, Serra de Santa
Philomena, Santa Maria, and Corrientes, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy.
Neorhopias {Formicivora) rufa Reiser (2), p. 143, 1925 — same localities.
Maranhao: Ponto (Canella), 9 ad., c? juv. (?), Aug. 29, 30, 1924;
Tranqueira, two 0* c? ad., three 9 9 ad., Aug. 25, 28, 1925; Fazenda
Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba, 0" ad., July 27, 1925.
Goyaz: Philadelphia, 9 ad., Dec. 12, 1925.
Additional specimens. — Piauhy: Santa Philomena, 9 ad., July
zi ; Serra de Santa Philomena, three 9 9 ad., July 9; Santa Maria,
west of Santo Antonio de Gilboez, o* ad., July 6; Corrientes, Rio
Parnahyba, d* ad., 9 ad., July 26, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna
Museum) .
The series from Maranhao fully substantiates the existence of
two races as denned elsewhere.1 The specimens are decidedly deeper
rufous above, with the tail less distinctly parti-colored, and the black
streaking on the under parts of the females, extending up to the
but differing from both by bright mars brown (instead of mouse gray or brownish
slate) upper parts. I propose to call it
Neorhopias serrana sp. nov.
Type from Sete Lag6as, Minas Geraes, Brazil, in Copenhagen Museum. "9/10
56. No. 153." Adult male. August, 1855. J. Reinhardt.
Characters. — Not unlike N. m. melanogaster, but upper parts mars brown (in-
stead of brownish slate) ; tertials along outer web narrowly fringed with cinnamon-
brown or russet (instead of broadly edged with white) ; superciliaries much widened
posteriorly; males with sides of breast and flanks smoke grayish, the latter some-
times suffused with whitish or buffy brown; female underneath deeper buff; bill
much stronger and stouter. Wing (male) 51-56, (female) 50-53; tail 53-59, (female)
52-53; bill I3K-HK-
Range. — Serras of southern Brazil, in states of Minas Geraes (Rio Bacalhao;
Vargem Alegre and Rio Gualaxu, near Marianna; Lag6a Santa and Sete Lag6as),
Espirito Santo (Baixo Guandu), and Rio de Janeiro (Aldea da Pedra and Canta-
gallo, Rio Parahyba).
Remarks. — The complete synonymy — from which, however, the references
relating to Formicivora deluzae must be omitted — is given in Field Mus. Nat. Hist.
Pub., Zool. Ser., 13, Part 3, pp. 189-190, 1924. Madame Snethlage (Journ. Orn.,
74. P- 372. 1927) has lately discussed this form, calling it Neorhopias grisea nigri-
collis (Men6tr.), which is inadmissible, since Formicivora nigricollis Swainson, 1825,
a synonym of N. g. grisea, invalidates Men6tries's later name for any other member
of the genus.
'Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Zool. Ser., 13, Part 3, pp. 192-194, 1924.
378 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
chin, is much wider than in N. r. rufatra (Lafr. and d'Orb.), of
Matto Grosso.
The "young male" from Ponto (Canella) generally resembles the
female, but the throat is plain white and the whole foreneck occupied
by a large, half-concealed black blotch. A "female" from Corrientes,
Piauhy, in the Vienna Museum is similarly colored. I cannot offer
any plausible explanation for this singular plumage.
N. r. rufa inhabits eastern Brazil, from Goyaz and Bahia north
to the lower Amazon. Farther west and south it is replaced by N.
rufa rufatra (Lafr. and d'Orb.).
[271. Ramphocaenus melanurus melanurus Vieillot.
Ratnphocaenus melanurus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 29, p. 6,
1819 — "Br6sil" = Rio de Janeiro (type examined); Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac.
Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 65, 1926 — Tury-assu, Maranhao.
Two specimens were obtained by Madame Snethlage at Tury-
assu. This form inhabits the coast region of Brazil from Para to Sao
Paulo, while related races are found in Guiana and Amazonia.]
272. Cercomacra sclateri Hellmayr.
Cercomacra sclateri Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 12, p. 288, 1905 — Chyavetas, Ucayali
River, Peru.
Maranhao: Tury-assii, 9 ad., Nov. 13, 1923.
An Amazonian species, reaching the eastern limit of its range in
the forested section of western Maranhao.
273. Cercomacra tyrannina laeta Todd.
Cercomacra tyrannina laeta Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 33, p. 73, 1920 —
Benevides, Para, Brazil.
Maranhao: Tury-assu, d* ad., two cf cf imm., 9 ad., Oct. 16, 17,
18, 23, 1923.
A Lower-Amazonian form, ranging from Manaos to western
Maranhao.
274. Pyriglena leuconota leuconota (Spix).
Myothera leuconota Spix, Av. Bras., 1, p. 72, pi. 72, fig. 2, 1824 — Para (type in
Munich Museum examined; =female).
Pyriglena lenconota (sic) Reiser (1), p. 100, 1910 — Miritiba, Maranhao.
Pyriglena leuconota Reiser (2), p. 144, 1925 — Miritiba.
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 379
Maranhao: Tury-assu, 0" imm., three 9 9 ad., Oct. 16, 24, Dec.
6, 1923; Rosario, 0* ad., May 10, 1924.
Additional specimens. — Maranhao: Miritiba, 0* ad., Oct. 3, 1907;
9 ad., May 30, 1907. F. Schwanda (Vienna Museum).
Identical with Para examples.
Spix's Fire-eye is peculiar to the Para district, ranging along the
heavily-forested coastal belt of Maranhao at least as far east as
Miritiba, while the western limit of its distribution is yet to be
ascertained.
Two specimens from Pernambuco, though agreeing in coloration,
have much larger bills and very likely represent a separable form.
[275. Hypocnemoides maculicauda (Pelzeln).
Hypocnemis maculicauda Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 2, p. 89, Sept., 1868 — type from
Villa Maria = Sao Luiz de Caceres, Matto Grosso, in Vienna Museum examined;
Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 65, 1926 — Tury-assu,
Maranhao.
Madame Snethlage's record extends the range of this Amazonian
species from the Para region to northern Maranhao.]
[276. Sclateria naevia naevia (Gmelin).
Sitta naevia Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (1), p. 442, 1788 — based on the "Wall-
creeper of Surinam" Edwards, Glean. Nat. Hist., 3, p. 284, pi. 346, low. fig. ( =
o" ad.), Surinam.
Maranhao: Miritiba, 9 ad., Feb. 18, 1908. F. Schwanda (Tring
Museum); d" ad., no date, 1910, same collector (Senckenbergian
Natural History Museum, Frankfort on the Main).
A Guianan species ranging through the Para district into northern
Maranhao.]
277. Formicarius ruficeps amazonicus Hellmayr.
Formicarius ruficeps amazonicus Hellmayr, Ornith. Monatsber., 10, p. 34,
1902 — Borba, Rio Madeira.
Maranhao: Tury-assu, d" ad., Nov. 23, 1923. — Wing 85; tail 50.
Again an Amazonian representative whose range extends into
the forest region of western Maranhao.
278. Formicarius analis analis (Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny).
Myiothera analis Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2,
p. 14, 1837 — Yuracares and Chiquitos, Bolivia.
Maranhao: Tury-assu, cf ad., 9 ad., Nov. 21, Dec. 6, 1923.
380 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
This, too, is an Amazonian form of wide distribution, which
reaches its eastern limit in the forest district of northern Maranhao.
279. Hylophylax poecilinota vidua (Hellmayr).
Hypocnemis vidua Hellmayr, Nov. Zool. 12, p. 290, 1905 — Igarap6-assii, Para.
Maranhao: Tury-assu, Alto de Alegria, 9 ad., d" juv., Nov. 9,
1923.
These specimens constitute the first record for Maranhao of this
Lower-Amazonian form which ranges west to the right bank of the
Tapaj6z.
280. Phlegopsis nigromaculata paraensis Hellmayr.
Phlegopsis paraensis Hellmayr, Ornith. Monatsber., 12, p. 53, 1904 — Para.
Maranhao: Tury-assu, three cf1 cf ad., two 9 9 ad., Oct. 24,
Dec. 11, 1923.
Another Lower-Amazonian species ranging from the right bank
of the Tapajoz to the forest region of northern Maranhao.
281. Grallaria martinsi Snethlage.
Grallaria martinsi Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 72, p. 447, 1924 — Serra de Ibiapaba,
Ceara.
Ceara: Varzea Formosa, three d" d" ad., March 4, 5, 1925. — Wing
75. 78, 79; tail 42, 43, 45; bill 17, 18, 19. — "Iris brown, feet pale
brown, bill dark gray, paler below."
These specimens, practically topotypes of G. martinsi, are very
different from both G. macularia paraensis, of Lower Amazonia, and
G. "ochroleuca," of Sao Paulo. From the former, they are easily dis-
tinguished by uniform pale grayish brown upper parts (without any
olive on back or slate gray on pileum) ; distinct buffy white super-
ciliaries, surmounted by a narrow blackish border; much paler,
buffy white instead of ochraceous loral spot and orbital ring; light
grayish brown (not olivaceous) larger upper wing coverts, with much
smaller, whitish instead of ochraceous apical spots, etc. Their rela-
tions to G. ochroleuca (Wied), however, cannot be ascertained owing
to lack of material from the type locality (Arrayal da Conquista,
Bahia),1 and for the present, Madame Snethlage's name may be
adopted for the Ceara bird.
^ee Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Zool. Ser., 13, Part 3, p. 357, 1924.
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 381
282. Glaucis hirsuta hirsuta (Gmelin).1
Trochilus hirsutus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (1), p. 490, 1788 — based on Brisson
(ex Marcgrave), northeastern Brazil.
Maranhao: Tury-assu, o" juv., Dec. 5, 1923 (wing 56; tail 36);
Sao Bento, 0* ad., Sept. 12, 1923 (wing 63; tail 40).
These birds agree with others from Pard and Bahia, and doubtless
represent typical G. hirsuta, exclusively based on Marcgrave's ac-
count of a Humming-bird met with in northeastern Brazil.
The range of G. h. hirsuta cannot be outlined with any degree of
finality, owing to lack of proper material. It appears, however, to
comprise all of Brazil south of the Amazon, west to Matto Grosso
and south to Sao Paulo. Three males from Roraima (British Guiana
(G. roraimae Boucard) and one from Munduapo, R. Orinoco, Vene-
zuela are not appreciably different, suggesting an even wider area of
distribution.
283. Threnetes leucurus medianus subsp. nov.
Threnetes cervinicauda (not of Gould )Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 374, 1906 —
Santo Antonio do Prata, Para; idem, Abhandl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., Math.-phys. KL,
26, No. 2, p. 93, 1912 — Para and Santo Antonio; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi,
8, p. 188, 1914 — Para and Santo Antonio do Prata.
Maranhao: Tury-assu, cf ad., 9 ad., Dec. 15, 23, 1923.
Type from Tury-assu, Maranhao, Brazil, in Field Museum of
Natural History, No. 63204. Male adult. December 15, 1913. H.
Snethlage (coll. No. 602).
Characters. — Similar to T. I. leucurus, of Guiana, but light areas
on lateral rectrices light buff instead of pure white, though consider-
ably paler than in T. I. cervinicauda, of Upper Amazonia, from which
it, furthermore, differs by more golden green upper parts and shorter
blackish tip to the lower mandible. Wing (male) 63-64, (female) 57;
tail 35-36, (female) 31-33; bill 28-30.
Range. — Northeastern Brazil, south of the Amazon, in states of
Para (Para, Santo Antonio do Prata) and Maranhao (Tury-assu).
In the light of the fresh material now available, this form to which
Simon (1. c, p. 151) and the writer had called attention proves to be
^he late Eugene Simon (Hist. Nat. Troch., p. 248, 1921) revived the name
Trochilus tomineo Linnaeus (Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 121, 1758; Mus. Ad. Frid.,
II., Prodr., p. 23, 1764 — "America") for this species. While admitting that de-
scriptions of bill and tail fit it remarkably well, I hesitate to endorse the proposed
change, since certain other passages, such as "corpus fuscum, abdomine albo" and
"remiges ferrugineo-fuscae" can hardly be reconciled with the characters of
Glaucis hirsuta.
382 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
easily separable from both T. 1. leucurus and T. I. cervinicauda. As
far as coloration of the lateral tail feathers is concerned, T. I. medi-
anus occupies an intermediate position between its allies, the light
area being neither pure white as in leucurus, nor light ochraceous
buff as in cervinicauda. The upper parts are decidedly golden green,
exactly like T. I. leucurus, while the Upper-Amazonian form is of a
purer metallic green above; the under surface, below the ochra-
ceous tawny gorget, is grayish buff, much the same as in leucurus,
and less rufescent than in T. I. rufigastra, of northern Peru. The
blackish tip to the lower mandible, while variable in extent, is some-
times barely suggested.
Five specimens from Para and two from Maranhao serve to
demonstrate the constancy of this form, and its range being entirely
cut off from that of cervinicauda by the intervening white-tailed
T. 1. leucurus, I feel perfectly justified in proposing a separate
name for the Lower-Amazonian bird.
The four races of the Light-tailed Humming-bird stand, therefore,
as follows:
(a) Threnetes leucurus leucurus (Linnaeus).1
Light zone of lateral tail feathers pure white; under parts grayish
buff.
French, Dutch, and British Guiana ; Amazonia (Rio Madeira; Teffe
Rio Solimoes).2
(b) Threnetes leucurus rufigastra Cory.3
Light zone of lateral tail feathers pure white; under parts pinkish
buff, passing into cinnamon on sides.
Eastern Peru, south of the Marafion (Moyobamba).
(c) Threnetes leucurus medianus Hellmayr.
Light zone of lateral tail feathers light buff; upper parts golden
green.
Northeastern Brazil, in states of Para and Maranhao.
1Trochilus leucurus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 190, 1766 — based on
Edwards, Glean. Nat. Hist., p. 99, pi. 256, upp. fig., Surinam.
2Recent reexamination of the series at Tring shows the Amazonian birds to be
identical with Guianan skins, and not at all referable to T. I. rufigastra, which is
known only from the type.
3Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 303, 191 5— Moyobamba, Peru.
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 383
(d) Threnetes leucurus cervinicauda Gould.1
Light zone of lateral rectrices light ochraceous buff; upper parts
metallic green.
Eastern Colombia, eastern Ecuador, and northeastern Peru
(north bank of the Maranon).4
284. Anopetia gounellei (Boucard).
Phaetornis gounellei Boucard, The Humming Bird, 1, p. 17, 1891 — "Brazilia"
(the type examined in the Paris Museum was obtained by the late E. Gounelle at
Santo Antonio da Barra, near Cidade da Condeuba, southern Bahia).
Threnetes longicauda Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 301,
191 5 — Jua, near Iguatu, Ceara.
Phaethornis gounellei Reiser (1), p. 63, 191 o — Lag6a Missao near Parnagua,
Piauhy.
Phaethornis (Anopetia) gounellei Reiser (2), p. 137, 1925 — same locality.
Piauhy: Arara, 9 ad., Jan. 30, 1925.
Cear&: Varzea Formosa, d" ad., March 2, 1925.
"Iris black; feet pinkish gray; bill yellow, apical portion black,
basal half of lower mandible greenish yellow (male) ; bill black, with
base of lower mandible only greenish yellow (female)."
Additional specimens. — Piauhy: Lag6a Missao, near Parnagua,
o" ad., June 6, 1913. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum). — Ceara: Jua,
near Iguatu, d" ad., Sept. 2, 1913. R- H. Becker (type of Threnetes
longicauda Cory); Serra do Castello, adult (unsexed), Aug. 21, 1915-
F. Lima (Museu Goeldi, Para, No. H456).
Direct comparison of the types revealed the identity of Threnetes
longicauda and Phaethornis gounellei. The species exhibits some in-
dividual variation in the coloring of the under parts and bill. In the
type and the specimen from Lagda Missao, Piauhy, the rufous ex-
tends down to the chest which, in the others, is grayish buff, darkest
in the Ceara birds, palest in our female from Arara, Piauhy. The
upper mandible is as a rule entirely black; but the Vienna Museum
1Threnetes cervinicauda Gould, P. Z. S. Lond., 22, "1854," p. 109, Apr., 1855 —
Quijos, Ecuador.
2Threnetes hauxwelli Boucard (Genera of Humming Birds, p. 371, Aug., 1895 —
Pebas; type in Paris Museum examined) appears to be inseparable from cervini-
cauda, although the type shows a certain tendency toward the characters of T. I.
rufigastra in its slightly more buffy under parts. The color of the malar streak
emphasized by the describer varies individually. Fontanier's specimen in the
Paris Museum mentioned by Simon looks like a Bogota skin, and certainly did
not come from Santa Marta.
Median
External
Wing
rectrix
rectrix
Bill
49
46 x
24
27
49 X
49
27
27K
49
47
25
27M
49
46
25
26K
48
49
25
26
384 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
example (d" ad., Lag6a Missao) has the extreme base of the culmen
yellowish, and in the adult male sent by Snethlage from Varzea
Formosa the entire basal half of the maxilla is soft and bright yellow.
The extent of the greenish yellow base to the lower mandible is
likewise variable in different individuals.
The peculiarly shaped tail immediately separates this strongly
marked species from Phaethornis and the allied genera.
A. gounellei is an endemic species of northeastern Brazil, ranging
from southern Bahia north to Ceara and Piauhy.
MEASUREMENTS
d" ad. Santo Antonio da Barra
0" ad. Lag6a Missao, Piauhy
o" ad. Jua, near Iguatu, Ceara
o* ad. Varzea Formosa, Ceara
9 ad. Arara, Piauhy
285. Anisoterus pretrei (Delattre and Lesson).
Trochilus pretrei Delattre and Lesson, Rev. Zool., 2, p. 20, 1839 — Minas Geraes,
Brazil.
Phaethornis pretrei Reiser, pp. 63, 137 — Parnagua and near Santa Philomena,
Piauhy.
Maranhao: Grajahu, two 0" cf ad., Oct. 18, 22, 1924.
• Piauhy: Arara, cT ad., Feb. 7, 1925.
Ceara: Varzea Formosa, c? ad., Feb. 23, 1925.
"Iris black, feet grayish pink, bill black, lower mandible red."
Additional specimen. — Piauhy: Parnagua, 0" ad., May 31, 1903.
O. Reiser (Vienna Museum).
Identical with specimens from Minas Geraes, Bahia (Sao Mar-
cello, Rio Preto), and Matto Grosso.
A. pretrei is a representative of the central-Brazilian fauna. Its
range extends throughout the campo region from Maranhao, Piauhy,
and Ceara south to Minas Geraes and Sao Paulo, stretching west
across Matto Grosso to the base of the Andes in eastern Bolivia.
Bolivian specimens which were separated both by Boucard1 and
Todd2 I am unable to distinguish satisfactorily. They are perhaps
lPhxt}iornis garleppi Boucard, The Humming Bird, 3, p. 9, 1893 — Bueyes,
near Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia (type in Paris Museum examined).
* Phaethornis subochraceus Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 28, p. 170, 1915 —
Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia (type in Carnegie Museum examined). The author,
in his diagnosis of two lines, does not refer to A. pretrei at all, but compares his
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 385
of a slightly purer, less golden green above, and average rather paler,
less tawny underneath, but the variation is insignificant. I have
examined four specimens from Bueyes, two from Samaipata, and
one from Santa Cruz de la Sierra.
286. Pygmornis nattereri (Berlepsch).
Phaethornis nattereri Berlepsch, Ibis, (5), 5, p. 289, 1887 — Engenho do Gama
and Caicara, western Matto Grosso; Reiser, pp. 63, 138 — Barra do Cocal, Rio
Parnahyba, Piauhy.
Maranhao: Barra do Corda, 9 ad., Sept. 22, 1924. — "Bill black,
mandible at base yellow."
Additional specimen. — Piauhy: Barra do Cocal, Rio Parnahyba,
<? ad., Aug. 31, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum).
Compared with the original series, the two birds are somewhat
more deeply colored beneath and have an indistinct dark subapical
band on the lateral rectrices, hardly noticeable in Natterer's ex-
amples. A recently collected specimen from Tapirapoan, Siputuba
River, Matto Grosso, Jan. 19, 19 14, G. K. Cherrie, in the American
Museum of Natural History (No. 127388), however, differs from
the Barra do Corda bird only by its paler throat.
P. nattereri, one of the rarest humming-birds in collections, so
far has been recorded only from Matto Grosso (Engenho do Gama,
Caicara, Chapada,1 Tapirapoan), Piauhy (Barra do Cocal), and
Maranhao (Barra do Corda).
MEASUREMENTS
Median External
Wing rectrix rectrix Bill
o* ad. Engenho do Gama, Matto Grosso
(type of species) 45 41 18 23K
d" ad. Caigara, Matto Grosso 45 47 21 24K
9 ad. Tapirapoan, Matto Grosso 44 47 19 24
d" ad. Barra do Cocal, Piauhy 44 49 20K 24
9 ad. Barra do Corda, Maranhao 44 41 20 23
287. Pygmornis ruber ruber (Linnaeus).
Trochilus ruber Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. 10th ed., I, p. 121, 1758 — based on "The
Little Brown Humming-Bird" Edwards, Nat. Hist. Uncom. Birds, 1, p. 32, pi. 32,
upp. fig., Surinam.2
bird with P. squalidus which has no relation to the present species and belongs,
in fact, to a different genus. E. Simon (Hist. Nat. Trochil., p. 256, 1921) was
thereby misled to associate P. subochraceus subspecifically with P. squalidus.
^Pygmornis chapadensis Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 5, p. 122, 1893.
*In spite of the late E. Simon's (Hist. Nat. Trochil., p. 261, note 5, 1921) ob-
jections I still maintain that Edwards's figure of the "Little Brown Humming-bird"
cannot refer to any other than the present species. Shape and markingsjsf the
386 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
Phaethornis pygmaeus Reiser, pp. 63, 138 — Queimadas, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy.
Piauhy: Deserto, cf ad., Apr. 2, 1925. — Wing 29; tail 26; bill 22.
Additional specimen. — Piauhy: Queimadas, Rio Parnahyba, 9
ad., Sept. 2, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum).
A widely distributed species, ranging from Dutch and French
Guiana through Lower Amazonia and the greater part of Brazil
south to Sao Paulo and Matto Grosso.
[288. Campylopterus obscurus obscurus Gould.
Campylopterus obscurus Gould, P. Z. S. Lond., 16, p. 13, 1848 — "River Ama-
zon" = Para (type in British Museum examined); Simon, Hist. Nat. Troch., pp.
29, 265, 1921 — Miritiba, Maranhao; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2,
No. 6, p. 66, 1926 — Tury-assu, Maranhao.
Maranhao: Miritiba, cf 9 ad., F. Schwanda (Coll. E. Simon).
Two specimens in the late Eugene Simon's collection agree with
others from Para, but have the grayish tips to the lateral rectrices
on average slightly more extended.
A Lower-Amazonian form ranging from Para to northern
Maranhao.]
289. Eupetomena macroura simoni subsp. nov.
Eupetomena macroura (not Trochilus macrourus Gmelin) Reiser, pp. 63, 138 —
Varzea Grande, near Santo Antonio de Gilboez and above Colonia Floriano,
Piauhy.
Maranhao: Cod6, Cocos, cf ad., July 6, 1924; Barra do Corda,
two cf cf imm., Aug. 31, Sept. 1, 1924.
Piauhy: Arara, 0* ad., 9 ad., Jan. 21, 22; Ibiapaba, cf ad., Jan.
3. 1925-
Additional specimens. — Ceara: Jua, near Iguatii, fifteen adults
and young of both sexes, Aug., 1913; Serra de Baturite", 9, July
20, 1913. R. H. Becker.
Type from Rio do Peixe, near Queimadas, state of Bahia, Brazil,
in Field Museum of Natural History. No. 45774. Adult male.
November 28, 1913. R. H. Becker.
Characters. — Similar to E. m. macroura, of Cayenne, etc., but
back and posterior under parts decidedly bluish green instead of
tail as well as the presence of a dusky band across the chest clearly point to the
bird later described by Spix as T. pygmaeus, and at the same time exclude P.
longuemarei.
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 387
golden or bronze green, this bluish sheen being particularly noticeable
on the interscapular region and abdomen; blue of the head more
violaceous; lateral rectrices more attenuated and apically more acu-
minate. Wing (of type) 75; tail (outermost rectrix) 97; bill 22.
Range. — Northeastern Brazil, in the states of Bahia, Pernambuco,
Ceara, Piauhy, and Maranhao.
The late Eugene Simon1 was the first to properly discriminate
the three geographic races of the Swallow-tailed Humming-bird,
but I am unable to concur in his nomenclature. By describing E. m.
prasina he simply renamed true macroura, as I shall presently show.
Trochilus macrourus Gmelin,2 described as "Tr. viridi-aureus ,
capite et gutture violaceis, abdominis area alba, cauda bifurca chaly-
bea," with "habitat in Jamaica," was based on the accounts of Brisson,
Sloane, Marcgrave, Buffon, and Latham. The first and the last of
these references describe the Swallow-tailed Humming-bird of Cay-
enne, and Buffon, who fails to specify any locality, most likely had
a specimen of the same origin before him. Marcgrave, the explorer of
northeastern Brazil, however, no doubt referred to the form for
which I here propose the name E. m. simoni. Finally, Sloane gives
a good description and figure of the Jamaican Trochilus (Aithurus)
polytmus. Gmelin's diagnosis, in spite of the habitat "Jamaica"
borrowed from Sloane, clearly applies to the South American Swallow-
tailed Humming-bird, and since the term "viridi-aureus" exactly
corresponds to the characters of the Guianan form on which, besides,
the majority of the other quotations were based, we formally desig-
nate Cayenne (ex Brisson) as type locality of T. macrourus Gmelin.3
E. m. macroura, with golden green back and abdomen, and rel-
atively wider, less acuminate lateral rectrices, ranges from the Guia-
nas south to the islands in the delta of the Amazon, and through
Lower Amazonia and Goyaz, down to western Minas Geraes, Sao
Paulo, and northern Paraguay. Specimens from the interior of Brazil
(Goyaz; campos of Diamantina and Agua Suja, near Bagagem,
Minas Geraes; Matto Grosso; Sao Paulo) and Paraguay (Villa
Concepion) are absolutely identical with a Guianan series as far
as I can see.
!Cat. Fam. Trochilidae, p. 9, 1897.
2Syst. Nat. 1, (1), p. 487, 1788.
3 Trochilus for cipatus Latham (Ind. Orn., 1, p. 304, 1790 — Cayenne) and Ornis-
mya hirundinacea Lesson (Hist. Nat. Ois. Mouch., p. xii, 98, pi. 25, 1829 — new
name for Trochilus macrourus Gmelin) are mere synonyms.
388 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
E. m. simoni, on the other hand, appears to be restricted to the
northeastern states of Brazil, extending south to the vicinity of
Bahia City. In addition to the series listed above, we have a number
of specimens from Santo Amaro and Rio do Peixe, near Queimadas,
Bahia, and I have also examined many Bahia trade skins.
I take much pleasure in naming this well-marked race in com-
memoration of Eugene Simon to whom science is indebted for an
excellent treatise on the Humming-bird family.
290. Florisuga mellivora mellivora (Linnaeus).
Trochilus mellivorus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 121, 1758 — based on
Edwards, Surinam.
Maranhao: Tury-assu, o" ad., Nov. 20, 1923; Rosario, & ad.,
May 2, 1924.
Widely distributed throughout central and northern South Amer-
ica. The present specimens extend its known range in the east
from the lower Amazon to northern Maranhao.
291. Anthracothorax nigricollis nigricollis (Vieillot).1
Trochilus nigricollis Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 7, p. 349, 181 7 —
Brazil.
Lampornis nigricollis Reiser, pp. 64, 140 — Sao Goncalinho and Queimadas,
Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy.
Maranhao: Tranqueira, cf ad., cf juv., and an unsexed immature
bird in female plumage, Sept. 7, 8, 1925.
Widely diffused in South America, from Panama down to Para-
guay, northeastern Argentina, and southern Brazil. Rather rare in
the northeastern states of Brazil.*
292. Avocettula recurvirostris (Swainson).
Trochilus recurvirostris Swainson, Zool. Illust., 2, pi. 105, 1822 — "Peru"
(errore) = Cayenne (see Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 264, 1908).
1Mathews (Austr. Av. Rec., 3, p. 42, 1915), who sought to revive the name
Trochilus violicauda Boddaert (Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 41, 1783 — based on Daubenton,
PI. Enl. 671, fig. 2, Cayenne) for the above species, appears to have entirely over-
looked Count Berlepsch's critical remarks in Journ. Orn., 32, p. 309, 1884, where
its identity with A. gramineus (=viridigula Bodd.) has been conclusively pointed
out. In my mind, there cannot be the slightest doubt that Daubenton s figure
represents a female of that species which is of common occurrence in French
Guiana, where A. nigricollis has yet to be discovered.
2E. Simon (Hist. Nat. Troch., p. 274, 1921) includes Maranhao in the range of
Anthracothorax viridigula (Boddaert), without giving any details, and while it is
quite possible that this species, like so many other Lower-Amazonian types, ex-
tends into that state, I am rather reluctant to include it in the list without further
evidence.
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 389
Maranhao: Tury-assu, o" ad., Nov. 3, 1923; Tranqueira, Rio
Moju, 9 ad., Sept. 8, 1925.
o71 ad. — Wing 58; tail 29; bill 18.
9 ad. — Wing 57; tail 30; bill 17.
A species endemic to the Guianas and Lower Amazonia, for the
first time recorded from Maranhao. The male agrees with another
from French Guiana.
293. Chrysolampis elatus (Linnaeus).
Trochilus elatus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 192, 1766 — based on
Edwards, Glean. Nat. Hist., 3, p. 280, pi. 344, upper fig., Cayenne.
Chrysolampis mosquitus (not Trochilus mosquitus Linnaeus)1 Reiser, pp. 64, 140
— Parnagua, Santa Philomena, and Therezina, Piauhy.
Maranhao: Sao Bento, o" ad., 0* imm., Sept. 7, 10, 1923; Sao
Luiz, cf ad., Aug. 20, 22, 1923; Tranqueira, three (9 9) ad., Sept.
7, 9, 10, 1925.
Piauhy: Ibiapaba, o" ad., Jan. 14; Arara, 9 ad., Jan. 23, 1925.
Additional specimens. — Ceara: Quixada, cf ad., July 1, 1913;
Jua, near Iguatu, two 9 9 ad., Sept. 2, 4, 1913. R. H. Becker.
A species of wide distribution, ranging south to Rio, Minas
Geraes, and Matto Grosso.
294. Lophornis gouldii (Lesson).
Ornismya gouldii Lesson, Hist. Nat. Troch., p. 103, pi, 36, 1832 — locality
unknown.
Maranhao: Tury-assii, Alto de Alegria, 0" juv., Nov. 21, 1923.
Goyaz: Santo Antonio (B6a Vista), 9 or cf juv., Jan. 29, 1926.
Although no adult males were secured, there can be hardly any
doubt that these birds are referable to L. gouldii whose range is
known to extend along the south bank of the Amazon from Matto
Grosso to Para.
295. Chlorostilbon aureoventris pucherani (Bourcier and Mulsant).*
^ee Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 264, 1908.
2E. Simon (Hist. Nat. Troch., p. 294, 1921) is certainly mistaken in referring
Ornismya prasina Lesson (Hist. Nat. Ois.-Mouch., p. 188, pi. 65, 1830) to this
species. The passages "bee noir" and "la queue est tres legerement arrondie,"
well shown in the plate, clearly point to its being an earlier name for Chlorostilbon
brevicaudatus Gould, of Cayenne. Our deceased friend was probably influenced
by the locality, supposedly given as Brazil, but errors in that respect are frequent
throughout Lesson's writings.
390 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
Trochilus pucherani Bourcier and Mulsant, Rev. Zool., II, p. 271, 1848 —
Brazil; we suggest Rio de Janeiro.
Chlorostilbon aureiventris pucherani Reiser, pp. 64,139 — Santa Philomena and
Therezina, Piauhy.
Maranhao: Barra do Corda, c?1 juv., Sept. 1, 1924; Fazenda In-
huma, Alto Parnahyba, d" ad., July 31, 1925; Tranqueira, two cf cf
ad., Aug. 25, 29, 1925.
Piauhy: Arara, two 0" o* ad., two 9 9 ad., Jan. 30, Feb. 1, 3, 7,
1925; Ibiapaba, cf ad., o" imm., Dec. 22, 1924, Jan. 14, 1925.
Ceara: Varzea Formosa, o" ad., 9 ad., Feb. 23, March 5, 1925.
Additional specimens. — Piauhy: Therezina, d" ad., Aug. 18, 1903.
O. Reiser (Vienna Museum). — Ceara: Jua, near Iguatu, ten c? o"
ad., three d" o" juv., one 9 ad., July and August, 1913. R. H. Becker.
The adult males, like a large series from Bahia, differ from Rio
specimens by having a more emerald green, less bluish throat,
though there is much individual variation, and a good many are
indistinguishable.
C. p. pucherani is a species of eastern Brazil, whose range extends,
as will be shown below, from Maranhao, Piauhy, and Ceara through
Goyaz, Bahia, and Minas Geraes south to Sao Paulo and Parana.
The nomenclature of these little green Humming-birds is involved
in great confusion. T. pucherani — the earliest name we have to deal
with — was based on three specimens without any other locality than
"Br£sil." While the two "males" have disappeared, the marked
"female" type1 still exists in the Paris Museum. It is a young male,
with but a few glittering bluish green feathers on the throat, the
rest of the under parts being pale grayish, and agrees with the orig-
inal description of the "female" in having the under tail coverts
apically fringed with rufescent. In size, it is an exact duplicate of
males from Rio de Janeiro in corresponding plumage (wing 50;
tail 29; bill 15), and we may, therefore, take Rio de Janeiro as type
locality of T. pucherani.1
^ts label reads: "No. 4987. Chlorostilbon pucherani (B. & M.). 9. Type.
Bresil. Acquis en 1839."
2Mons. Simon (1. c, p. 294) cites T. phaeton Bourcier and Mulsant (Rev. Zool.,
11, p. 273, 1848 — locality unknown) as a synonym of his C. prasinus (rectius C. a.
pucherani), but here again I must differ from this high authority. Apart from the
improbability that Bourcier and Mulsant should have described the same species
twice in the same paper, the characters of both upper and under parts agree much
better with C. a. aureoventris (Lafr. and d'Orb.). Moreover, one of the typical
examples of the latter species in the Paris Museum is marked "T. phaeton B. et
M." by Bourcier himself, and in the absence of the actual type, I think we may
well accept his later identification of his own species.
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 391
The type of Chlorostilbon wiedi Boucard,1 which I have examined
in the Paris Museum, is a Rio trade skin, so this name becomes a
pure synonym of T. pucherani.
Chlorostilbon egregius Heine,* based on two adult males from
Minas Geraes in the Berlin Museum, was misapplied by Berlepsch,
Hartert, and Simon to the large form of Rio Grande do Sul. Careful
study of the types courteously lent by Dr. E. Stresemann, together
with other material, however, shows the inhabitants of Minas Geraes,
Goyaz, Sao Paulo, and Parana to be so close to C. a. pucherani that
I do not attempt to separate them. In color, they are exactly the
same, and their slightly larger dimensions, the only point of differ-
ence, seem hardly sufficient for subspecific distinction.
Eight adult males from Rio Grande do Sul, on the other hand,
have decidedly longer as well as stouter bills, and their wings are
also somewhat longer. In coloration, they do not seem to differ from
more northern examples and agree notably with C. a. pucherani in
the presence of a glittering shield on the anterior part of the crown,
which distinguishes them immediately from C. a. aureoventris. This
evidently separable form may well remain unnamed, until its rela-
tionship to the birds found in Uruguay and adjacent districts of
Argentina, whence no material is available, can be established.
C. a. aureoventris (Lafr. and d'Orb.)3 replaces the preceding forms
in Paraguay, Matto Grosso, western Argentina, and Bolivia. With
an ample series from both Bolivia and Tucuman before me, I am
unable to appreciate the characters of C. aureoventris tucumanus
Simon.4
296. Thalurania furcata furcatoides Gould.5
Thalurania furcatoides Gould, Introd. Troch., p. 77, 1861 — "Para and the
lower part of the Amazon."
'Genera of Humming Birds, p. 120, 1894 — "Brazil."
2Journ. Orn., 11, p. 197, 1863 — Sao Joao d'El Rey, Minas Geraes.
30rnismya aureo-ventris Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 2, in Mag. Zool.,
8, cl. 2, p. 28, 1838 — type from Cochabamba, Bolivia in Paris Museum examined.
4Hist. Nat. Troch., p. 65, 1921 — Tucuman.
6I am not prepared to follow E. Simon (Hist. Nat. Troch., p. 303, 1921) in
calling this form T. f. gyrinno. Reichenbach's Coeligena gyrinno (Handb. Spez.
Orn., Troch. Enum., p. 3, pi. 683, figs. 4500-4501, 1855 — Guiana) is much more
likely to have been based on Cayenne examples of true T. f. furcata.
Thalurania forficata Cabanis and Heine (Mus. Hein., 3, p. 24, i860 — "Para"),
employed by the same authority in place of T. f. fissilis, is likewise a synonym of
T. f. furcata. The type in the Heine Collection, which I have carefully compared
in the company of the late Count Berlepsch, is a Cayenne skin, and in proportions
(wing 54; tail 46^) does not differ from other specimens collected in French
Guiana.
3Q2 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
Maranhao: Tury-assu, two 9 9 ad., Oct. 23, Dec. 6, 1923; Anil,
near Sao Luiz, o" vix ad., Aug. 4, 1923.
Additional specimens. — Maranhao : Sao Luiz, two cf 0" ad. (So-
phia Museum); Miritiba, two o* d" ad., two 0* d" imm., three 9 9
ad., F. Schwanda (Munich Museum).
Specimens from the forested coast region of Maranhao agree with
a topotypical Para series. The characters of this rather unsatis-
factory race I have discussed in my report on the ornithological
results of L. Muller's expedition to the delta of the Amazon.1
T.furcatafurcatoides is apparently restricted to the eastern section
of Para, east of the Tocantins, and the adjoining districts of northern
Maranhao.
297. Thalurania furcata baeri Hellmayr.
Thalurania eriphile baeri Hellmayr, Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 21, p. 27, 1907 — Goyaz
City, Goyaz; Reiser (2), p. 140, 1925 — upper Rio Parnahyba.
Thalurania eriphile (not of Lesson) Reiser (1), p. 64, 1910 — opposite Barra do
Galiota, Maranhao, and Santa Philomena and mouth of the Sucuriu, Alto Parna-
hyba, Piauhy.
Maranhao: Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba, d" ad., July 27,
1925; Tranqueira, eight 0* o" imm., three 9 9 ad., Aug. 17, 26, 28,
29, 31, Sept. 7, 8, 9, 13, 1925.
Additional specimen. — Piauhy: mouth of the Sucuriu, Rio Par-
nahyba, cf ad., July 24, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum).
The birds from the upper Parnahyba, while agreeing with a series
from Matto Grosso in the shining golden green anterior crown which,
in T. f. furcatoides, from Para and the coast of Maranhao, when
viewed from in front, appears almost blackish, show a decided ten-
dency to the characters of the latter form in the more heavily spotted
under tail coverts. In a good many examples, however, they are
plain (unspotted) white as in Goyaz and Matto Grosso birds. An
adult male from the mouth of the Sucuriu in the Vienna Museum is
not distinguishable from topotypes of baeri. The only adult male in
the present series, from Fazenda Inhuma, however, by distinct
dusky streaks on most of the under tail coverts and an almost un-
interrupted (though narrow) violet interscapular band, closely ap-
proaches certain specimens of T. f. furcatoides, from the Para region.
Intergradation being thus plainly indicated, it becomes necessary
to reduce the hitherto specifically separated T. eriphile-group to
subspecific rank.
^bhandl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., Math.-phys. Kl., 26, No. 2, p. 54, 1912.
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 393
T. furcata baeri is evidently the inland representative of T. f.
furcatoides, ranging from the upper Parnahyba in states of Maranhao
and Piauhy south through western Bahia1 to Goyaz and extending
west to Matto Grosso. Farther south, in Minas Geraes, Rio de
Janeiro, and Sao Paulo, it is replaced by the much larger T. furcata
eriphile (Lesson), while other allied races are found in the Amazon
Valley.
298. Chlorestes notatus (Reich).
Trochilus notatus Reich, Magaz. Thierr., 1, (3), p. 129, 1795 — based on Richard
and Bernard, Cat. Ois. Envoy£s de Cayenne par M. Le Blond in Act. Soc. Hist.
Nat. Paris 1, (1), p. 117, No. 48, 1792, Cayenne.
Marnahao: Tury-assu, two d" 0" ad., Nov. 7, 1923.
Goyaz: Santo Antonio (Boa Vista), cf ad., Feb. 9, 1926.
Identical with a series from Cayenne and Para. Birds from Bahia,
where the species in the east reaches the southern limit of its range,
generally have shorter bills, more golden green upper parts, and the
blue chin spot more sharply defined, though a good many are indis-
tinguishable. I find much variation in the length of the bill, which
in Cayenne examples ranges from 15 to 18 mm., and therefore
doubt the possibility of separating the western race C. n. puruensis,
proposed by Riley.2
299. Hylocharis cyanus viridiventris Berlepsch.
Hylocharis cyanus subsp. viridiventris Berlepsch, Ibis, (4), 4, p. 113, 1880 —
"Venezuela (Merida), Trinidad [errore] and the Orinoco-district."
Maranhao: Tury-assu, Alto de Alegria, two d" cf ad., Nov. 8, 19,
1923.
These specimens are referable to the northern form with deep
bluish green abdomen, and agree with others from British Guiana
and Venezuela.
The range of this race, known to comprise Venezuela,3 theGuianas,
and the adjacent section of northern Brazil (Para region), is thus
seen to extend to northern Maranhao. In the littoral of southeastern
Brazil, from Bahia down to Sao Paulo, it is replaced by H. cyanus
cyanus (Vieillot), and in Upper Amazonia, from Peru to western
Matto Grosso, by H. cyanus rostrata Boucard.
'Field Museum has an adult male from Sao Marcello, Rio Preto, secured by
R. H. Becker on March 25, 1914.
2Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 28, p. 183, 1915 — Hyutanahan, Rio Purus, Brazil.
'Trinidad is sometimes, but erroneously, included in its habitat.
394 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
300. Polytmus guainumbi thaumantias (Linnaeus).
Trochilus thaumantias Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 190, 1766 — based
on "Polytmus" Brisson, Orn., 3, p. 667, ex Marcgrave, Brazil; we suggest Sergipe.1
Polytmus thaumantias Reiser, pp. 65, 140 — Santa Quiteria, Rio Parnahyba,
Maranhao.
Maranhao: Sao Bento, o" ad., Sept. 11, 1923; Tranqueira, cf ad.,
Sept. 9, 1925. — Wing 62, 64; tail 39, 43; bill 23, 24.
I find it rather difficult to distinguish the several local races
into which this species has been divided by authors. If there is more
than one form, it appears that the range of P. g. guainumbi (Pallas)2
should be restricted to Trinidad, Venezuela, and the Guianas.3
Birds from Brazil, Bolivia, and Paraguay differ by reason of
larger size, longer bill, and less white on the lateral rectrices, and
may be separated under Linnaeus's name.
The two males secured by Dr. Snethlage are extremely typical
of this form, and compare well with examples from Bahia, Goyaz,
and Matto Grosso.
301. Agyrtrina4 fimbriata nigricauda (Elliot).
Thaumatias nigricauda Elliot, Ibis, (4), 5, p. 47, 1878 — "Trinidad, British
Guiana, and Cayenne; Bahia" (the types in the American Museum of Natural
History, New York are Bahia skins).
Agyrtria nigricauda Reiser, pp. 63, 139 — Parnagua, Piauhy.
Maranhao: Sao Bento, cf ad., Sept. 10, 1923; Grajahu, 9 ad..
Oct. 20, 1924; Tranqueira, o* ad., 9 ad., Sept. 9, io, T925.
Piauhy: Deserto, cf ad., cf imm., and one (unsexed) immature,
March 30, Apr. 1, 1925.
Additional specimens. — Piauhy: Parnagua, cf ad., May 25, 1903.
O. Reiser (Vienna Museum). — Ceara: Serra de Baturite, 9 ad.,
July 19, 1 9 13. R. H. Becker.
^erlepsch (Nov. Zool., 15, p. 264, 1908) suggested Bahia, which wcpropose
to correct as above, since Marcgrave is not known to have traveled south of
Sergipe. With the exception of Seba, all the references quoted by Brisson go
back to Marcgrave's account, and the only specified locality is "Br£sil."
*Trochilus guainumbi Pallas in Vroeg's Catalogue, Adumbrat., p. 2, No. 60,
1764 — "Cabo de Goede Hoop," errore; Surinam substituted as type locality (auct.
Richmond, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 47, pp. 334, 344, 1905).
3Polytmus thaumantias andinus Simon (Hist. Nat. Troch., pp. 101, 316, 1921 —
"savane de Bogota") is probably not separable. However, I have but a few
specimens for comparison.
4In spite of Simon's objection (Hist. Nat. Troch., p. 327, note 5), Reichenbach's
note (Aufz. Colib., 1854, p. 6) leaves no doubt that Agyrtria was proposed merely
as a substitute for Thaumatias Bonaparte. I do not see how Chionomesa Simon
can be separated from Agyrtrina Chubb.
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 395
The adult birds agree in coloration of tail and wholly white
under tail coverts with a series from various parts of Bahia (Itapicuru
and Rio do Peixe, near Queimadas; Macaco Secco, near Andarahy).
Specimens from central Brazil (Goyaz, western Minas Geraes, north-
ern Sao Paulo, Matto Grosso) and eastern Bolivia (Mojos), as a
rule, have the median rectrices more strongly washed with bronze
green, and the lateral ones more decidedly tipped with grayish,1
though the variation is slight and not quite constant. How far this
form extends to the north, I am unable to ascertain owing to lack
of material from the Para region. The few specimens seen by me
from the Tapajoz River appear to be intermediate between nigri-
cauda and fimbriata, the latter being the form found on the north
bank of the Amazon and thence ranging to Guiana and Venezuela.
302. Agyrtrina leucogaster leucogaster (Gmelin).
Trochilus leucogaster Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (1), p. 495, 1788 — based on Brisson,
Buffon, etc.;2 Cayenne (ex Brisson) designated as type locality (auct. Berlepsch,
Nov. Zool., 15, p 265, 1908).
Agyrtria leucogaster bahiae (not of Hartert) Reiser, pp. 63, 139 — coast of
Piauhy =Amaracao, delta of the Rio Parnahyba.
Maranhao: Tury-assu, two o" 0* ad., 9 ad., 9 imm., Oct. 3, 6,
10, 1923; Sao Luiz, 9 ad., 9 imm., Aug. 13, 1925. — Wing 52-53;
bill 20-22 mm.
Additional specimen.- — Piauhy: Amaracao, o71 ad., Sept. 14, 1903.
O. Reiser (Vienna Museum).
In dimensions, these birds agree with a series from French Guiana,
but have less green at the base of the lateral rectrices. In the latter
point, they approach A. leucogaster bahiae (Hartert),3 which, how-
ever, is larger, with a somewhat stouter, longer bill.4 The distinction
of the two races is somewhat questionable, but if they be maintained,
then the birds from the coast of Maranhao and Piauhy have to be
ranged with the typical form, restricting A. I. bahiae to eastern
Brazil, from Pernambuco to Bahia.
303. Agyrtrina versicolor nitidifrons (Gould).
Thaumatias nitidifrons Gould, P. Z. S. Lond., i860, p. 308 — locality unknown;
we suggest Para (type in British Museum examined).
'See Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 15, pp. 74-75, 1908; Simon, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat.
Paris, 18, pp. 500-501, 1912.
2The reference to Marcgrave possibly belongs to A. leucogaster bahiae.
3 Agyrtria leucogaster bahiae Hartert, Orn. Monatsber., 7, p. 140, 1899 — Bahia.
4Not smaller, as stated in the original description.
396 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
Agyrtria nitidifrons Reiser, pp. 63, 139 — Santa Philomena, Piauhy.
Goyaz: Santo Antonio (B6a Vista), lower Tocantins, 9 ad., Jan.
28, 1926.
Maranhao: Tranqueira, four d" d* ad., Sept. 3, 7, 8, 9, 1925;
Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba, three c? c? ad., 9 ad., July 18,
24, 31, 1925.
Piauhy: Deserto, 0" ad., Apr. 3, 1925; Arara, two d" d" ad., Jan.
31, Feb. 9, 1925.
Ceara: Varzea Formosa, rf1 ad., March 3, 1925.
"Iris and feet black, bill black, basal portion of lower mandible
pink or red."
c? cf. — Wing 49-531 tail 29-31; bill 15-17.
9 9 . — Wing 46,47; tail 27,28; bill 15,17.
Additional specimen. — Piauhy: Santa Philomena, 9 juv., July
16, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum).
This interesting series demonstrates complete intergradation with
A. v. versicolor (Vieillot),1 from southern and central Brazil. A good
many of the adult males, notably Nos. 161 2 (Deserto), 1475 (Arara),
1500 (Arara), and 1567 (Varzea Formosa), are indistinguishable
from Para specimens, having an extensive glittering bluish green
frontal shield, the throat largely spotted with the same color, and the
lateral rectrices crossed by a prominent subapical band of blackish.
In others, the frontal shield as well as the sides of the head and the
spotting on the throat are glittering golden green, with a hardly per-
ceptible bluish sheen, about the same shade as the crown of A.
milleri (Bourc). Finally, two males from Maranhao (Nos. 1885,
Tranqueira; No. 1675, Fazenda Inhuma) lack the compact frontal
shield, the entire crown being bronze green, with but a few glittering
golden green feathers interspersed, and closely resemble the southern
A. v. versicolor. The distinct subapical tail band holds in most cases,
though in two or three specimens from Maranhao it is barely sug-
gested and not more pronounced than in A. v. versicolor.
A. v. nitidifrons is obviously a northern representative of A. v.
versicolor, with a comparatively restricted range that extends from
Ceara through Piauhy and Maranhao west to the lower Tocantins,
Para.2
lTrochilus versicolor Vieillot, 1818 replaces Thaumatias affinis Gould, 1855.
See Simon and Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 1, 1908.
2In Brazil (north of the Amazon), Venezuela, and eastern Colombia another
near relative, .4. v. milleri (Bourc), with much whiter under parts takes its place.
A. milleri laglaizei Simon (Hist. Nat. Troch., pp. 113, 328, 1921 — San Fernando
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 397
304. Heliothrix auritus phainolaema Gould.
Heliothrix phainolaema Gould, P. Z. S. Lond., 23, p. 87, 1855 — "Rio Napo,"
errore (the type in the British Museum is marked "Para").
Maranhao: Tury-assu, cf juv., Oct. 25, 1923.
A Lower-Amazonian form ranging east into northern Maranhao.
About its characters consult Nov. Zool., 12, pp. 297-298, 1905.
From Bahia and Goyaz southwards, it is replaced by H. a.
auriculatus (Nordmann).1
305. Heliactin bilophum (Temminck).
Trochilus bilophus Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 3, pi. 18, fig. 3, Oct.,
1820 — "Br6sil" = Fazenda Valo, interior of Bahia, near frontier of Minas Geraes.2
Heliactin bilophum Reiser, pp. 65, 141 — Santo Antonio de Gilboez and Corri-
entes, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy.
Maranhao: Tranqueira, c? ad., Sept. 2, 1925.
A species of the central campo region, ranging from Matto Grosso,
northern Sao Paulo, and western Minas Geraes north to Maranhao
and Piauhy.
306. Anthoscenus longirostris longirostris (Audebert and Vieillot).
Trochilus longirostris Audebert and Vieillot, Ois. Dores, 1, livr. 10, p. 107,
pi. 59, 1801 — "Indes occidentales" =Trinidad (see Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nar.,
nouv. ed., 7, p. 366, 181 7).
Maranhao: Grajahu, two cf cf ad., Oct. 31, 1924; Tranqueira, cf,
9 ad., Aug. 22, Sept. 10, 1925.
The males are just assuming the glittering shield on the anterior
portion of the crown.
The present specimens extend the range of the species from the
lower Tocantins to Maranhao. The species is widely distributed in
South America, north of the Amazon.
de Apure, Venezuela), the type of which I have examined in the Simon Collection,
appears to me inseparable. On the other hand, A. nitidifrons meracula Simon
(1. c., pp. 114, 329), based on two specimens from the "Rio Napo" in the Paris
Museum, is probably a valid race, much more closely related to milleri, however,
than to nitidifrons. The locality is perhaps open to doubt.
1 Simon (Hist. Nat. Troch., pp. 214-215, 389) splits the east-Brazilian birds
into two races, H. a. auriculatus (Rio to Parana) and H. a. poucheti (Bahia, Goyaz,
and Upper Amazonia). I have not seen any adult males from either Bahia or
Goyaz, but those from Calama, Rio Madeira, and Peru, which Simon — apparently
without having seen them — refers to the northern form, are indistinguishable
from Rio specimens (topotypical auriculatus).
2See Wied, Reise Bras., 2, pp. 190, 343, 182 1.
398 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XII.
In southern Brazil, from Goyaz and Bahia to Sao Paulo, it is
apparently replaced by L. squamosus (Temm.).
307. Calliphlox amethystina (Boddaert).
Trochilus amethystinus Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 41, 1783 — based on Dauben-
ton, PI. Enl. 672, fig. 1, Cayenne.
Calliphlox amethystina Reiser, pp. 65, 141 — Santa Philomena, Piauhy and
opposite Barra do Galiota, Maranhao.
Maranhao: Tury-assu, o" ad., Oct. 3, 1923; Tranqueira, o71 ad.,
Sept. 8, 1925; Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba, cf juv., July 31,
1925.
I cannot make out any geographic races of this species whose
range comprises the greater part of South America, east of the Andes,
from Venezuela and Guiana south to Matto Grosso, Parana, and
Misiones.
Catharma orthura (Lesson), the type of which I have examined
in the American Museum of Natural History (Coll. Elliot), was
based on the young male, as is conclusively shown by a series
from San German de Upata, Venezuela, in the collection of the Car-
negie Museum. Two specimens (Nos. 34261, 34206) are just in the
process of molting from the "orthura" stage, with short, square,
white-tipped rectrices, into the adult plumage, with elongated, acu-
minate, lateral tail feathers.
[308. Chaetura andrei meridionalis Hellmayr.
Chaetura andrei meridionalis Hellmayr, Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 19, p. 63, 1907 —
"Santiago, Argentina" = Isca-Yacu, Prov. Santiago del Estero; Reiser, pp. 62,
136 — Lagoa do Purgatorio, Riacho d'Ardeia, and Santa Philomena, Piauhy.
Piauhy: Lagoa do Purgatorio, d* ad., May 10, 1903; Riacho
d' Ardeia, 9 ad., July 10, 1903; Santa Philomena, 9 ad., Aug. 14,
1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum).
Birds from Brazil appear to be inseparable from a series of Argen-
tina skins.
This Spine-tailed Swift ranges from southern Piauhy south to
Sao Paulo and Matto Grosso, Paraguay, and northern Argentina.]
[309. Streptoprocne biscutata (Sclater).
Chaetura biscutata Sclater, P. Z. S. Lond., 1865, p. 609, pi. 34 — type from
Ipanema, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Reiser, pp. 62, 136 — Burity and Lake Parnagua,
Piauhy.
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 399
Piauhy: Burity, near Parnagua, two cf cf ad., one 9 ad., June 4,
1903; Lake Parnagua, 9 ad., June 18, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna
Museum) .
Except for slightly shorter wings (190-195, against 198-208 mm.)
the Piauhy birds agree with others from Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo
(Ipanema), and Rio Grande do Sul (Taquara do Mundo Novo).
5. biscutata differs from the allied 5. z. zonaris (ten specimens
from Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo) by the white collar being widely
interrupted on the sides of the neck; pale brownish forehead; the
presence of a short pale brownish or whitish streak above the dusky
anteocular spot; and by having the throat and malar region whitish
or pale brownish, narrowly streaked with blackish brown. The tail
appears to be less emarginate.
This exceedingly rare Swift is only known to inhabit eastern
Brazil, from southern Piauhy to Rio Grande do Sul and, as in part of
this range it occurs together with 5. z. zonaris, there can be no ques-
tion about their specific distinctness.]
[310. Reinarda squamata (Cassin).
Cypselus squamatus Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 6, p. 369, 1853 — British
Guiana.
Claudia squamata Reiser, pp. 62, 136 — Burity, near Parnagua, and Riacho
d'Ardeia, near Santa Philomena, Piauhy.
Piauhy: Burity, near Parnagua, c? ad., June 23, 1903; Riacho
d'Ardeia, near Santa Philomena, o* ad., July 10, 1903. O. Reiser
(Vienna Museum).
The Vienna Academy Expedition found this Palm Swift breeding
at various localities in southern Piauhy. Its range extends from
Guiana and the banks of the Orinoco south to Bahia, Goyaz, and
western Minas Geraes, west to eastern Peru.]
[311. Panyptila cayennensis (Gmelin).
Hirundo cayennensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, (2), p. 1024, 1789 — based on
"Martinet a collier de Cayenne" Daubenton, PI. Enl. 725, fig. 2, Cayenne.
Panyptila cavennensis (sic) Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6,
p. 67, 1926 — Tury-assu, Maranhao.
The only record for our region is a specimen secured by Madame
Snethlage at Tury-assu. The Cayenne Swift ranges as far south as
Sao Paulo, Brazil.]
400 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
312. Nyctidromus albicollis albicollis (Gmelin).
Capritnulgus albicollis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 1030, 1789 — Cayenne.
Nyctidromus albicollis Reiser, pp. 62, 135 — Paniagua and Lagda Missao,
Piauhy.
Maranhao: Barra do Corda, o" imm., Aug. 18, 1924; Tranqueira,
0* ad., Sept. 11, 1925.
These birds, like others from Para, are doubtless referable to the
typical race and not to the much larger N. a. derbyanus which extends
at least as far north as western Minas Geraes, Goyaz, and Matto
Grosso. Not having seen any material from Pernambuco or Bahia,
I am unable to say where the ranges of the two forms meet.
313. Nyctipolus nigrescens (Cabanis).
Capritnulgus nigrescens Cabanis in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, p.
710, "1848" — lower Essequibo, British Guiana.
Maranhao: Tury-assu, 9 ad., Nov. 30, 1923.
Another Lower-Amazonian species whose range is shown by the
present record to extend to the forest region of northern Maranhao.
[314. Nyctipolus hirundinaceus hirundinaceus (Spix).
Caprimulgus hirundinaceus Spix, Av. Bras., 2, p. 2, pi. 3, fig. 1, 1825 — "in
sylvis fluminis Solimoens," errore; we substitute Feira de Sant' Anna, Bahia (type
in Munich Museum examined); Reiser, pp. 62, 135 — part, Serra near Parnagua
and Burity, near Parnagua, Piauhy.
Piauhy: Serra near Parnagua, cf imm., May 20, 1903; Burity,
near Parnagua, 9 imm., June 4, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum).
Thanks to the authorities of the Vienna and Munich Museums,
I have been enabled to directly compare the type and a good series
from Bahia and Piauhy with the material in Field Museum, and the
study of these twenty-five examples seems to indicate the existence
of two races.
At the outset it must be stated that the late C. B. Cory1 was
mistaken in assuming that typical hirundinaceus inhabits "southern
Brazil, Paraguay, N. Argentine." There is no record for any member
of this group from farther south than Bahia, and his suggestions as to
the probable origin of Spix's type from southern Brazil2 are wholly
unfounded.
'Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Zool. Ser., 13, Part 2, No. 1, p. 136, 191 7.
*L. c., 12, p. 5, 1917.
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 401
The type specimen, three birds from Rio do Peixe, near Queima-
das, Bahia,1 and four trade skins from Bahia agree among themselves
in dark coloration of upper parts, heavily barred abdomen, and in
having a number of distinct dusky bars on the longer under tail
coverts. The shafts of the quills in the white wing area are black
or dark brown, but never white. The white wing band itself is
rather restricted, the outermost primary never showing any white
on the outer web. In the type and three Bahia trade skins (one
male, two females), the outer web of the second primary is likewise
uniform black, while another Bahia skin (female), the three Rio do
Peixe specimens, and two from southern Piauhy (vicinity of Parna-
gua) have a white band on the outer as well as on the inner vane,
though considerably less extended on the former. On the third
primary, the white band generally crosses both webs, though it is
missing on the outer web in one male2 and one female trade skin
from Bahia. Spix's type and three of the Bahia trade skins are
rather darker on the belly than those from Rio do Peixe (C. h. crissalis),
but the difference is less than the variation shown in our series from
Ceara, and besides, the male from the Serra near Parnagua, Piauhy,
is quite as dark-bellied. A female from near Parnagua, while slightly
paler above, is more heavily barred on the abdomen and under tail
coverts than any other specimen examined. C. h. crissalis is thus
seen to be merely C. hirundinaceus redescribed.
Ten skins from Ceara (N. hirundinaceus cearae Cory)3 differ by
decidedly paler upper parts, with the buffy and grayish markings
more prominent; fewer and narrower blackish markings on the chest,
becoming obsolete on the lower belly; plain (unbarred) thighs and
under tail coverts; finally by the wider white wing band crossing
both webs even on the two outermost primaries,4 with the shafts of
the quills in the white areas either wholly or partly white.
Five specimens from Joazeiro, in northern Bahia, collected by
Reiser5 and E. Garbe,6 agree with the Ceara. series in coloration Jof
1Caprimulgus hirundinaceus crissalis Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Orn.
Ser., 1, p. 301, 1915.
*It is from this somewhat aberrant specimen (Vienna Museum, No. II.
1844.13.387) that the drawing of the wing in my review of Spix's types (Abhandl.
2. Kl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 637, 1906) was made.
»Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 4, 191 7 — Quixada, Ceara.
4Absent on the outer web of the first primary in one female only (No. 47177,
Jua) and replaced by an ochraceous buff spot in another female (No. 47179, Jua).
6Caprimulgus hirundinaceus Reiser, Denks. Math.-naturw. Kl. Ak. Wiss. Wien,
76, pp. 62, 135.
*Stenopsis longirostris (errore) Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 9, pp. 426, 465, 1914.
402 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
upper and under parts, but show a slight approach to N. h. hirundi-
naceus, of southern Bahia and Piauhy, by the lesser development of
the white wing band. This is as wide as in Ceara examples, with the
shafts in the white areas also white, but varies considerably in extent.
One male only (Piranga, near Joazeiro, March 10, 1903. O. Reiser,
No. 215. Vienna Museum) resembles specimens with the maximum
of white in the wing, having a white band across both webs of the
five outer primaries; in the four others (two males, two females) the
outer web of the outermost primary is devoid of white, as in the
Ceara female (No. 47177) with the least amount of white.
There are, therefore, two races:
(a) N. hirundinaceus hirundinaceus (Spix), ranging from the
vicinity of Bahia City across the state to southern Piauhy (neighbor-
hood of Parnagua).
(b) N. hirundinaceus cearae Cory, ranging from Ceara south to
Joazeiro, in extreme northern Bahia.
MEASUREMENTS
N. h. hirundinaceus
Males
Type of C. hirundinaceus
Bahia (trade skin)
Rio do Peixe, near Queimadas, Bahia (two)
Serra near Parnagua, Piauhy (one)
Females
Bahia trade skins (three)
Rio do Peixe, near Queimadas, Bahia (one)
Burity, near Parnagua, Piauhy (one)
N. hirundinaceus cearae
Males
Quixada and Jua, Ceara (six)
Joazeiro, Bahia (three)
Females
Quixada and Jua, Ceara (four)
Joazeiro, Bahia (two)
315. Nyctipolus hirundinaceus cearae Cory.
Nyctipolus hirundinaceus cearae Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Zool. Ser.,
12, p. 4, 1 91 7 — Quixada, Jua.
Ceara: Quixada, five cf cf ad., 9 ad., June, 19 13; Jua, near
Iguatu, cf ad., three 9 9 ad., July and August, 1913. R. H. Becker.
This form, as explained under the preceding heading, represents
the typical race in Ceara and the extreme northern section of Bahia.
Wing
125
130
122,123
120
Tail
94
93
88,89
92
124,126,129
125
121
90,92,93
91
88
112,117,118,
120,121,124
126,127,128
83,84,85,86,
87,91
90,92,94
121,122,126,
127
123,126
89,90,90,93
87,89]
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 403
316. Setopagis parvula parvula (Gould).
Caprimulgus parvulus Gould, P. Z. S. Lond., 5, p. 22, 1837 — no locality
specified; the type was obtained by Darwin near Santa Fe\ Rio Parana, Argentina;
Reiser, pp. 62, 135 — Parnagua and Pedrinha, Piauhy.
Maranhao: Tranqueira, <? ad., Aug. 26, 1925. — Wing 137; tail
100.
Ceara: Varzea Formosa, juv., Feb. 20, 1925.
I am unable to find any difference between specimens from various
parts of Brazil (Sao Paulo, Matto Grosso, Bahia, Maranhao, Rio
Madeira, Santarem) and four from Argentina, including two from
Ocampo, Santa Fe.
This Goatsucker ranges north to the Amazon and west to eastern
Peru. In the Santa Marta region of northern Colombia it is repre-
sented by 5. parvula heterura Todd, with darker under parts and
longer white tips to the rectrices.
[317. Hydropsalis torquata (Gmelin).
Caprimulgus torquatus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 1032, 1789 — based on
Brisson1 (ex Marcgrave's "Guiraquerea," Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 202), northeastern
Brazil.
Hydropsalis torquata Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 178, 1914 — Maranhao.
The Ringed Nighthawk, originally described by Marcgrave from
our region, is recorded by Madame Snethlage from Maranhao, with-
out specifying the locality. We have no material from north of Bahia.
Its range extends from the south bank of the lower Amazon,
south to Sao Paulo, and west to the Rio Madeira and eastern Matto
Grosso (Cuyaba, Chapada). The interrelations of H. torquata and
H. furcifer (Vieillot) require thorough investigation.]
318. Chordeiles acutipennis acutipennis (Hermann).
Caprimulgus acutipennis Hermann, Tab. Aff. Anim., p. 230, 1783 — based on
"L'Engoulevent acutipenne, de la Guyane" Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., 6, p. 547,
Cayenne.
Maranhao: Sao Bento, 9 ad., Sept. 6, 1923. — Wing 163; tail 97.
Widely distributed in eastern South America, from the Caribbean
coast south to Sao Paulo and Matto Grosso. Birds from south of
the Amazon perhaps average rather larger.
'Brisson quotes several other references, but his description is merely a trans-
lation of Marcgrave's account. Although the "Guiraquerea" is none too well
characterized, Lichtenstein (Abhandl. Ak. Wiss. Berlin, Phys. KL, for 1814-15, p.
164, pub. 1817), who had access to Marcgrave's original drawing, identified it
with the Ringed Nighthawk.
404 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII
[319. Nannochordeiles pusillus pusillus (Gould).
Chordeiles ? pusillus Gould, P. Z. S. Lond., 1861, p. 182 — "supposed to be
Bahia" (the type examined in the British Museum is a Bahia trade skin).
Nannochordeiles pusillus Reiser, pp. 62, 134 — Nazara, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy.
Piauhy: Nazara, Rio Parnahyba, <? ad., 9 ad., 9 imm., Aug.
12, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum).
Agreeing with specimens from Bahia.
This little Nighthawk ranges all over the interior of Brazil, from
Piauhy south to western Minas Geraes, Goyaz, and Matto Grosso.
North of the Amazon (on the Rio Branco), in British Guiana, and
Venezuela (banks of the Orinoco) it is replaced by a smaller form,
N. pusillus septentrionalis Hellmayr.]
[320. Nyctiprogne leucopyg a (Spix).
Caprimulgus leucopygus Spix, Av. Bras., 2, p. 3, pi. 3, fig. 2, 1825 — "ad litora
sylvestria fl. Amazonum" (type lost).
Nyctiprogne leucopyga Reiser, pp. 62, 134 — Nazara, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy.
Piauhy: Nazara, Rio Parnahyba, o71 ad., Aug. 12, 1903. O. Reiser
(Vienna Museum). — Wing 133; tail 90.
This specimen — the only one seen from the region — is identical
with others from Amazonia, French Guiana, and Venezuela (Orinoco
River) .
This nighthawk ranges south to western Matto Grosso, where an
adult female was taken by Natterer at Villa Bella (de Matto Grosso)
on November 22, 1826.]
321. Podager nacunda nacunda (Vieillot).
Caprimulgus nacunda Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 10, p. 240,
1817 — based on Azara, No. 312, Paraguay.
Podager nacunda Reiser, pp. 62, 134 — Ilha Sao Martin, Rio Parnahyba, and
environs of Parnagua, Piauhy.
Piauhy: Ibiapaba, (9) ad., Dec. 22, 1924. — Wing 239; tail 120.
Agreeing in size with specimens from Bahia (Sao Marcello, Rio
Preto) and Misiones. Two birds from Pard having similar measure-
ments (wing 242-250; tail 120), it would appear that the large form
ranges north to the south bank of the Amazon.
Birds from the Rio Branco and British Guiana are much smaller
and have been correctly separated as P. nacunda minor Cory.1
^ield Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 300, 1915 — B6a Vista, Rio Branco.
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 405
[322. Nyctibius griseus griseus (Gmelin).
Caprimulgus griseus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, (2), p. 1029, 1789 — based on
Buffon, Cayenne.
Nyctibius griseus Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 67,
1926 — Sao Bento, Maranhao.
Two specimens of this species, generally distributed in eastern
South America, were taken by Madame Snethlage at Sao Bento, in
northern Maranhao.]
323. Otus choliba crucigerus (Spix).
Strix crucigera Spix, Av. Bras., I, p. 22, pi. 9, 1824 — "juxta flumen Amazonum."
Maranhao: Sao Luiz, d" ad., Aug. 2, 1923.
As far as it is possible to judge from a single specimen, this bird
appears to belong to the Amazonian race rather than to 0. choliba
dectissata (Lichtenstein), of which Field Museum has several skins
from Santo Amaro and Sao Marcello, Rio Preto, Bahia. From the
latter, the Maranhao bird differs by somewhat darker, more buffy
under parts with heavier black markings, and more deeply colored
dorsal surface.
0. choliba crucigerus is widely distributed throughout the
Guianan-Amazonian forest region and ranges north to the Orinoco
Valley and the island of Trinidad. In the east, it probably does not
extend beyond the forest district of northern Maranhao. In the arid
littoral along the Caribbean coast of Venezuela and Colombia a
slightly paler form is found for which Cory's term 0. choliba
tnargaritae1 is available.
324. Speotyto cunicularia grallaria (Temminck).
Strix grallaria Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 25, pi. 146, Aug., 1822 —
"Bresil"; we suggest Faxina, Sao Paulo (ex Natterer) as type locality.2
Speotyto cunicularis (sic) (not Strix cunicularia Molina) Reiser (1), p 91, 1910 —
Santo Antonio de Gilboez, Piauhy.
*Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 298, 191 5— Margarita Island.
2Cory (Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 6, 1917) had proposed
"Minas Geraes" (ex Spix), believing Temminck's type to be lost. However, we
learn from Schlegel (Mus. Hist. Nat. Pays-Bas, Striges, p. 30, 1862) that the
original of plate 146 is still preserved in the Leiden Museum, and although he fails
to state the name of the collector or the exact locality in Brazil, his remark "indi-
vidu a plumage teint de roux par la poussiere des terres ferrugineuses des trous
souterrains qu' habite l'espece" makes it reasonably certain that it is one of the
specimens with stained plumage obtained by Natterer in the excavations of the
Anteaters near Faxina, in southern Sao Paulo (see Pelzeln, Orn. Bras.. 1, p. 9,
1868). Temminck, moreover, mentions the Vienna Museum as possessing the
species.
406 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
Speotyto cunicularia grallaria Reiser (2), p. 210, 1925 — same locality.
Maranhao: Codo, Cocos, d" ad., 9 ad., July 11, 1924; Fazenda
Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba, 9 ad., July 20, 1925.
These specimens agree perfectly with the original series of S. cunic-
ularia beckeri Cory,1 which I am, however, unable to satisfactorily
separate from birds taken in western Minas Geraes (Agua Suja,
near Bagagem), Sao Paulo, and Parana. The tarsal feathering, while
never so highly developed as in typical 5. c. cunicularia, of Chile,
Argentina, and Uruguay, varies a good deal in Brazilian individuals
regardless of locality, and so does the extent of the white forehead,
another character used by Cory* for the discrimination of two
forms in eastern Brazil. It is possible that birds from Bahia and
northwards are on the average slightly smaller in wing measure-
ments and more heavily marked underneath, but until the constancy
of these rather trifling divergencies has been proved by sufficient
series, I am not prepared to admit more than one form. The wing
measures in two adult males from Minas Geraes and Sao Paulo
(Ypiranga) 172 and 175, in four from Bahia and Maranhao from
160 to 168; in two adult females from Sao Paulo (Fazenda do Rio
Verde, Ypiranga) 180 and 184, in one from Parana (Curityba) 180,
in three from Bahia and Maranhao 173, 175, 176 mm.
5. cunicularia grallaria thus ranges over the dry interior districts
of eastern Brazil, from Maranhao and Piauhy through Minas Geraes
and Bahia south to Parana (Curityba).
While no representative of the Burrowing Owl is found in the
forested Amazon Valley,3 we meet in the savannahs of the upper Rio
Branco with the much smaller, paler 5. c. minor Cory,4 whose dis-
tinctness from 5. c. brachyptera Richmond, of Venezuela, has, how-
ever, still to be proved.
[325. Ciccaba huhula huhula (Daudin).
Strix huhula Daudin, Traite d'Orn., 2, p. 190, 1800 — based on Levaillant, Ois.
d'Afr., 1, pi. 41, Cayenne.
Syrnium huhula Reiser (1), p. 91, 1910 — Brejao, Piauhy.
Syrnium {Ciccaba) huhulum Reiser (2), p. 210, 1925 — Brejao.
*Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Orn. Ser., i, p. 299, 1915 — Sao Marcello, Rio
Preto, Bahia.
2Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 6, 191 7.
3The habitat "in campis .... Minas Geraes et Parae" apud Spix (Av. Bras.,
1, p. 21, 1824) is no doubt a pen-slip for "Bahiae."
4Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Zool. Ser., 13, Part 2, No. 1, p. 40, 1918 — Boa
Vista, Rio Branco, Brazil.
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 407
Reiser records a specimen, partly in downy plumage, from Brejao,
a village on the road between Santo Antonio de Gilboez and Santa
Philomena, in southern Piauhy.
This Owl ranges from Guiana through Amazonia and eastern
Brazil down to Sao Paulo.1]
326. Glaucidium brasilianum brasilianum (Gmelin).
Strix brasiliana Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (1), p. 289, 1788 — based on "Cabure"
(Brisson ex) Marcgrave, Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 212, northeastern Brazil; we suggest
Ceara.
Glaucidium brasilianum Reiser, pp. 91, 210 — Matinha and Santa Philomena,
Piauhy.
Maranhao: Mangunca Island, 9 ad., Feb. 27, 1924.
Piauhy: Ibiapaba, d" ad., Dec. 22, 1924; Arara, 9 ad., Feb. 15,
1925.
Additional specimens. — Piauhy: Matinha, base of Serra de Santa
Philomena, c? ad., July 8, 1903; Santa Philomena, 9 ad., July 17,
1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum). — Ceara: Jua, near Iguatu, 9
ad., Aug. 29, 1913; Quixada, cf ad., 9 ad., June 17, 18, 1913. R. H.
Becker.
The Piauhy specimens agree with those from Ceara which we
may consider as topotypes of G. b. brasilianum. The female from
Mangunca Island, — in the rufous "phase," — on account of its large
size and very boldy streaked under parts, must likewise be referred
here, and it is probable that the range of typical brasilianum extends
north to Para and the south bank of the Amazon, while G. b. phalac-
noides (Daudin) would seem to be confined to Guiana, Trinidad,
and northern Venezuela. Birds from southern Brazil {Strix ferru-
ginea Wied)2 and Paraguay {Strix ferox Vieillot)3 appear to be in-
separable from brasilianum.
327. Colaptes4 campestris chrysosternus (Swainson).
Picus chrysosternus Swainson, Mem. Wernerian Nat. Hist. Soc., 3, p. 289,
1 82 1 — "in the dry and arid tracts of table-land in the Sertem [sic] or inland
country of the Province of Bahia."
'Madame Snethlage (Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 47), in her
paper on birds collected in Ceara, without specifying the locality, mentions "Asio
mexicanus (Gm.)." This may possibly refer to Rhinoptynx clamator (Vieillot).
2Reise Brasil., 1, p. 105, 1820— Macah<§, state of Rio de Janeiro.
3Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 7, p. 22, 1817 — based on "Cabure" Azara,
No. 49, Paraguay.
4About the limits of this genus, see Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p.
224, 1926.
4o8 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
Soroplex campestris cearae Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Zool. Ser., 13,
Part 2, No. 2, p. 414, 1919 — Quixada, Ceara.
Maranhao: Codo, Cocos, d1 ad., June 16, 1924.
Additional specimens. — Ceara: Quixada, o" ad., 9 juv. (molting),
June 22, 25, 1913. R. H. Becker; unspecified, o* ad., Berlepsch
collection.
Comparison of a good series of this Flicker from various parts of
its range seems to indicate the existence of two fairly distinguishable
subspecies. Birds from the interior of Bahia (Barra and Rio Grande),
Ceara, and Maranhao may be separated from southern examples by
wider, more whitish bands on the dorsal surface and more decidedly
yellowish under parts, with the dusky markings on the breast re-
duced to narrow arrow-shaped spots, leaving the middle of the lower
abdomen almost immaculate.
These characters, while well pronounced in three skins from
Ceara and a couple of adults from Fazenda da Serra, Rio Grande,
northwestern Bahia, in the Vienna Museum, are, however, not quite
constant, since another male from Barra do Rio Grande, Bahia, and
our bird from Cocos, Maranhao, both above and below, closely ap-
proach typical campestris, from southern Brazil and Paraguay.
The smaller size insisted upon by the late C. B. Cory does not
exist and is due to the fact that in both specimens from Ceara the
longest (fourth) primary is not fully grown, and the tail is in the
process of molting.
Young birds are immediately recognizable by the much larger
(broader as well as longer) first primary and the distinct white apical
spot to the fourth, fifth and sixth primaries.
According to the material at hand, C. c. chrysostemus is restricted
in its range to northeastern Brazil, from Bahia north to Ceara and
Maranhao,1 while C. c. campestris inhabits Paraguay and southern
Brazil, north to about 15 s. latitude. Specimens from Goyaz City
and Agua Suja, near Bagagem, Minas Geraes are indistinguishable
from others taken at Villa Conception, Paraguay and a series from
Sao Paulo.
328. Piculus2 chrysochloros chrysochloros (Vieillot).
Picus chrysochloros Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 26, p. 98, 18 18 —
based on Azara, No. 256, Paraguay.
'The specimens from Monte Alegre, north bank of the lower Amazon, recorded
by Madame Snethlage (Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 244, 1914) as C. campestris, are
probably also referable to it.
2 Piculus Spix replaces Chloronerpes. See Oberholser, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.,
36, p. 201, 1923.
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 409
Chlor oner pes chrysochlorus brasiliensis Reiser (i), p. 60, 19 10 — Parnagua and
Fazenda da Mata, trail to Santo Antonio de Gilboez, Piauhy.
Chloronerpes chrysochlorus Reiser (2), p. 128, 1925 — same localities.
Piauhy: Arara, 9 ad., Feb. 13, 1925. — "Iris white, feet grayish
olive, bill black, lower mandible dark gray."
Additional specimens. — Piauhy: Parnagua, o71 ad., 9 ad., May
16, June 1, 1903; Fazenda da Mata, trail from Parnagua to Santo
Antonio de Gilboez, 0" ad., June 25, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Mu-
seum).— Ceara: Jua, near Iguatu, cf ad., Sept. 3, 19 13. R. H.
Becker.
In the light of additional material, the distinction claimed to
exist between P. c. chrysochloros and P. c. braziliensis1 cannot be
maintained, and I now agree with Hesse2 that there is but one form
of this Woodpecker in the interior of Brazil, ranging from Piauhy
and Ceara south to Bahia and west to Matto Grosso, Paraguay, and
northern Argentina. Birds from Rio de Janeiro, however, are much
larger and constitute a well-marked race which, as pointed out by
Hesse,3 is obviously entitled to the name P. c. polyzonus (Valen-
ciennes),4 although I failed to discover the type among the Wood-
peckers in the Paris Museum.
MEASUREMENTS
P. c. chrysochloros
Adult males
Rio Pilcomayo, Paraguay (one)
Fraile, Jujuy (one)
Oran, Salta (one)
Miranda, Matto Grosso (one)
Cuyaba, Matto Grosso (one)
Bahia (two)
Piauhy (two)
Jua, Ceara (one)
Type of P. macrocephalus Spix
Adult females
Rio Pilcomayo, Paraguay (one)
Ledesma, Jujuy (one)
Cuyaba, Matto Grosso Cone)
Bahia (one)
Piauhy (two)
P. c. polyzonus
Male adult. Rio de Janeiro
Female adult, Rio de Janeiro
Female adult, Cantagallo, Rio
^ee Hellmayr, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 605, 1906, and
Nov. Zool., 17, p. 282, 1910.
2Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berlin, 6, pp. 238-244, 1912.
3Loc. cit., p. 239.
*Picus polyzonus Valenciennes, Diet. Sci. Nat., (£d. Levrault),40, p. 170, 1826 —
Brazil, coll. Auguste de Saint-Hilaire.
Wing
Tail
Bill
125K
82
22K
124
87
21K
127
82
24
120
86
21K
115
74
22
121,124
72,75
24.25
118,121
76,76
24.25
115
80
21
125
79
25
126
82
23
124^
83
23
117
77
21
122
79
24K
122,125
77^,78
24.24
153
87
31
152
80
32
150
—
31^
410 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
[329. Piculus chrysochloros paraensis (Snethlage).
Chloronerpes paraensis Snethlage, Ornith. Monatsber., 15, p. 163, 1907 — Muru-
tucu, near Para (type examined); idem, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6,
p. 65, 1926 — Miritiba, Maranhao.
Two specimens of this Woodpecker, hitherto known to inhabit
the south bank of the Amazon from Para to the Rio Madeira, are
recorded by Madame Snethlage from Miritiba, northern Maranhao,
thereby extending its range considerably to the east. This well-
marked form, whose affinities and characters we have fully discussed
in another connection,1 obviously represents the foregoing race in
the forested coast region of the state.]
[330. Piculus flavigula magnus (Cherrie and Reichenberger).
Odoronerpes flavigula magnus Cherrie and Reichenberger, Amer. Mus. Novit.,
27, p. 4, 1 92 1 — Monte Christo, Matto Grosso (type examined).
Chloronerpes flavigula (not of Boddaert) Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de
Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 65, 1926 — Tury-assu, Maranhao.
We have seen no material from Maranhao, whence Madame
Snethlage records two examples secured at Tury-assu. Birds from
the Para region, which no doubt belong to the same form, are refer-
able to the large southern form, ranging along the south bank of the
Amazon west to the Rio Madeira and northern Matto Grosso.]
331. Chrysoptilus melanochloros2 nattereri (Malherbe).
"Picus nattereri ou Chrysoptilus (Swains.) nattereri" (sic) Malherbe, Mem.
Soc. Roy. Sci. Liege, 2, p. 66, April, 1845 — Brazil, coll. Natterer, =Cuyaba, Matto
Grosso.
Chrysoptilus melanochloros juae Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Zool. Ser.,
13, Part 2, No. 2, pp. 441, 444, 1919 — Jua, near Iguatu, Ceara.
Maranhao: Codo, Cocos, cf ad., June 17, 1924; Barra do Corda,
9 ad., Sept. 23, 1924; Sao Francisco, Rio Parnahyba (opposite Ama-
rante), cf ad., July 1, 1925.
Piauhy: Ibiapaba, 9 ad., Dec. 27, 1924.
Additional specimens. — Ceara : Jua, near Iguatu, three cf cf , two
9 9 ad., Aug. 1, 12, 14, 20, 27, 1913; Quixada, 9 ad., June 27, 1913.
R. H. Becker.
'Nov. Zool., 17, pp. 381, 382, 1910.
2I have elsewhere (Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay., 12, p. 154, 1915) stated my reasons
for adopting Picus melanochloros Gmelin as the earliest specific name for this
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 411
Wing (male) 128-135, (female) 125-134, once 138; tail 86-102;
bill 25-30.
I am quite unable to separate these specimens from a series of
skins from Matto Grosso, Goyaz, and eastern Bolivia (Buenavista,
dept. Santa Cruz). The Ceara birds are perhaps less spotted on the
posterior under parts, but individual variation is unusually great,
and two from Bolivia have even fewer spots on the abdomen.
I am now even a little doubtful whether Cm. flavilumbis (Sun-
devall),1 from Bahia, can be maintained. Specimens from near
Andarahy, Joazeiro, and the Rio Preto are, I admit, more greenish
(less yellowish) above, and their under parts appear to be more
coarsely spotted on a duller yellowish ground color. However, a
series from western Minas Geraes (Rio das Velhas, near Lag6a
Santa; Agua Suja, near Bagagem; Rio Jordao, near Araguary) and
two examples from northern Sao Paulo (Franca and Bebedouro)
which, on geographical grounds, we would expect to belong to
natter eri, agree with the Bahia form rather than with that of central
Brazil.
In view of the extraordinary individual and seasonal variation,
to which the plumage of this Woodpecker is subject, far more mate-
rial than is at present available in museums will be required for
the satisfactory definition of its geographical races.
332. Chrysoptilus melanochloros mariae Hargitt.
Chrysoptilus mariae Hargitt, Ibis, (6), 1, p. 59, 1889 — "Chamicuros, Peru."
Maranhao: Mangunca Island, c? ad., March 8, 1924. — Wing 125;
tail 86; bill 27.
Easily distinguished from the preceding race by stouter bill,
deeper yellow upper parts, and much more buffy yellow ventral sur-
face, with the black spots much smaller and restricted to the breast
and inner sides of the body. It agrees with a specimen from Marajo
except for having the throat just as heavily streaked as in C. m. nat-
tereri. In another connection,2 I have dwelt at length on its char-
group of Woodpeckers. Picus icteromelas Vieillot (Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv.
ed., 26, p. 84, 1818 — "Bresil") apparently also refers to the large intensely colored
form of southeastern Brazil (Espirito Santo to Rio Grande do Sul), as may be
concluded from the description of the throat, which fits it particularly well.
1 Picus flavilumbis Sundevall, Consp. Picin., p. 74, 1866 — Bahia. — Chrysopicus
chrysomelas Malherbe (Monog. Picides, 2, p. 189, pi. 89, figs. 1, 2, 1862 —
"Bresil, Guyane ou Colombie") cannot be identified with certainty without exam-
ination of the type, probably in the Turati Collection at Milan.
2Abhandl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., Math.-phys. Kl.. 26, No. 2, p. 135, 1912.
412 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
acters, pointing out at the same time that the type locality was
open to doubt. Within recent years, C. m. mariae had been found
only on the island of Maraj6, and the present record extends its
range to northern Maranhao.
333. Leuconerpes candidus (Otto).
Picus candidus Otto, Buffon's Naturg. Vogel, 23, p. 191, 1796 — based on "Le
Pic noir et blanc, de Cayenne" Holandre, Abr£ge d'Hist. Nat., 3, p. 404, 1790,
Cayenne.
Melanerpes candidus Reiser, pp. 60, 128 — Lake Parnagua, Piauhy.
Maranhao: Barra do Corda, cf ad., Sept. 18, 1924; Sao Francisco
(opposite Amarante), Rio Parnahyba, cf ad., June 3, 1925.
The Black-and- White Woodpecker is widely diffused in the campo
region of Brazil, Paraguay, and northern Argentina. I have no topo-
typical material, but the birds from Maranhao and other parts of
Brazil agree with two from Itacoatiara, on the lower Amazon.
334. Veniliornis affinis ruficeps (Spix).
Picus ruficeps Spix, Av. Bras., 1, p. 63, pi. 56, fig. 2 (cf), 3(9), 1824 — "in
sylvis flum. Amazonum"; we suggest Para (types in Munich Museum examined).
Veniliornis ruficeps Reiser (1), p. 100 — Maranhao.
Veniliornis ruficeps haematostigma (not of Malherbe) Reiser (2), p. 130 —
Miritiba, Maranhao.
Maranhao: Tury-assu, d* ad., d" imm., 9 ad., Oct. 5, 29, 1923;
Rosario, 9 ad., May 9, 1924; Barra do Corda, d" imm., Sept. 23,
1924.
Additional specimens. — Maranhao: Sao Luiz, 0* ad., three 9 9
ad., May 17, June 2, 17, July 3, 1905 (Sophia Museum); Miritiba,
two cf cf ad., two 9 9 ad., F. Schwanda (Vienna and Munich
Museums).
The series agree with specimens from Para and the Tapajoz River.
This is a Lower-Amazonian form, ranging from the lower Rio Ma-
deira (Borba) east to Maranhao. In the state of Bahia it is repre-
sented by the nearly allied V. affinis affinis (Swainson),1 which
differs solely by the larger (more spot-like) pale markings, with very
little, if any, red suffusion, on the smaller upper wing coverts.
Other related forms are found in Upper Amazonia.
1Picus ajfinis Swainson (Zool. Illust., 2, pi. 78, 1822 — part, descr. of male and
habitat Bahia) replaces Mesopicus selysii Malherbe (Monogr. Picid., 2, p. 67, pi. 62,
1862 — Bresil). When lately in England, I examined Swainson's type in the Cam-
bridge (Eng.) Museum and found it identical with Bahia specimens. The female,
described by Swainson, however, proves to be referable to V. maculifrons.
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 413
335. Veniliornis passerinus transfluvialis subsp. no v.
Veniliornis olivinus (not Picus olivinus Malherbe) Reiser (1), p. 60, 1910 —
Palmeirinhas, Parnagua, Burity, and Lagda Missao, Piauhy; idem (2), p. 129,
1925 — vicinity of Parnagua.
Maranhao: Barra do Corda, o71 juv., Sept. 17, 1924; Fazenda In-
huma, Alto Parnahyba, 9 ad., July 28, 1925; Codo, Cocos, 9 ad.,
June 16, 1924.
Additional specimens. — Piauhy: Lagoa, Missao, near Parnagua,
cf ad., May 29, 1903; Burity, near Parnagua, cf ad., June 17, 1903;
Parnagua, 9 ad., May 14, 1903; Palmeirinhas, south frontier range,
cf ad., May 10, 1903. 0. Reiser (Vienna Museum).
Type from Macaco Secco, near Andarahy, state of Bahia, Brazil,
in Field Museum of Natural History, No. 47431. Adult male.
November 6, 19 13. R. H. Becker.
Adult. — Nearest to V. passerinus olivinus (Malherbe),1 of Matto
Grosso and Paraguay, and agreeing in the restriction of the red to
the posterior half of the pileum in the adult male ; but back and rump
narrowly barred and spotted with pale yellow; light markings on
upper wing coverts generally larger; throat whiter, less variegated
with dusky; dark barring on under parts much wider, more regular,
and extending unmodified up to the foreneck. Similar also to V.
passerinus taenionotus (Reichenbach), but larger; upper parts much
duller, less golden, with the red, in the adult male, restricted to the
posterior pileum, and dark barring below, though of equal width,
decidedly deeper in tone, less tinged with olivaceous. Wing (male)
88-92, (female) 85-91; tail 51-60; bill 18-21.
Range. — Eastern Brazil, from Maranhao and southern Piauhy
south to Bahia, Minas Geraes, and (?) northern Sao Paulo.
Material. — Maranhao 3 (as specified above) ; Piauhy 4 (as speci-
fied above); Bahia, Macaco Secco, near Andarahy 4; Goyaz, Goyaz
City 5, Fazenda Esperanca 1, Rio Araguaya 2; Minas Geraes, Rio
das Velhas, near Lagoa Santa 1, Agua Suja, near Bagagem 4.
This form is to a certain extent intermediate between V. p. olivi-
nus of Matto Grosso, and V. p. taenionotus, of northern Bahia and
neighboring states. While agreeing with the former in the restricted
red cap of the male and the dull yellowish olive tone of the upper
parts, it resembles the latter in the wide barring of the ventral sur-
xPicus olivinus Malherbe, M6m. Soc. Roy. Sci. Liege, 2, p. 67, April, 1845 —
Brazil; type in Vienna Museum from Cuyaba, Matto Grosso.
414 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
face and the presence of distinct, though small, pale markings on
back and rump.
The distribution of V. p. transfluvialis in northern Brazil is rather
interesting. The adult female from Fazenda Inhuma, on the upper
Parnahyba, as well as four adults, including three males, from the
vicinity of Parnagua, in southern Piauhy are inseparable from Minas
Geraes and south Bahia specimens, though they average perhaps
slightly yellower above. A single female from Codo, Cocos, in eastern
Maranhao is similar in size and coloration of under parts; but in the
bright golden olive hue of the back it closely matches V. p. taenio-
notus, which is found on the right bank of the lower Parnahyba,
from Therezina downwards.
336. Veniliornis passerinus taenionotus (Reichenbach).
Chlor oner pes taenionotus Reichenbach, Handb. Spez. Orn., Scans., p. 354, pi.
625, figs. 4164-65, 1854 — interior of Brazil.
Veniliornis taenionotus Reiser (1), p. 60, 1910 — Therezina, below Uniao, and
Caicara, lower Parnahyba, Piauhy; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 249, 1914 —
part, Amaracao, Piauhy; Reiser (2), p. 129, 1925 — lower Parnahyba.
Veniliornis taenionotus cearae Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Orn. Ser., 1, p.
306, 1 91 5 — Serra de Baturit6, Ceara.
Piauhy: Ibiapaba, c? ad., Jan. 13, 1925.
Ceara: Varzea Formosa, 9 ad., March 3, 1925.
Additional specimens. — Piauhy: Caicara, c? ad., Sept. 9, 1903;
below Uniao, cf juv., Aug. 25, 1903; Therezina, 9 ad., Aug. 18, 1903.
O. Reiser (Vienna Museum). — Ceara: Jua, near Iguatu, cf ad.,
July 30, 1 9 13; Serra de Baturite, c? ad., two 9 9 ad., July 14, 15,
18, 1913. R. H. Becker.
On comparing this series with eighteen Bahia trade skins and
two adult males from the banks of the Rio Sao Francisco (Joazeiro ;
Solidade, near Carnahyba) in northern Bahia, I fail to see how they
can be split into two races. Bahia specimens possibly have the brown-
ish frontal band on average wider and the back slightly paler, but
this does not hold good in the majority of cases. It is well to remem-
ber that Cory, when describing V. t. cearae, was not acquainted with
V. taenionotus, The examples identified as such turn out to belong
to an undescribed form for which we proposed the name V. p. trans-
fluvialis.
V. p. taenionotus, which is certainly but the southern representa-
tive of V. p. passerinus, from Guiana and the north bank of the
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 415
lower Amazon, replaces the preceding form east of the lower Rio
Parnahyba, and ranges south to the Sao Francisco River in northern
Bahia, where O. Reiser obtained two adult males at Joazeiro and
Solidade respectively. While females are only distinguishable by
smaller size and brighter golden olive upper parts, the male of this
form can easily be told from V. p. trans fluvialis by having the entire
pileum red, with the exception of a narrow frontal band (about 4
to 8 mm. wide).
MEASUREMENTS OF ADULT MALES
V. p. olivinus
Rio Negro and Bernalcue, Paraguay (two)
Cuyaba, Matto Grosso (two)
Engenho do Gama, Matto Grosso (one)
Chapada, Matto Grosso (one)
Urucum, Matto Grosso Cone)
Piraputanga, Matto Grosso (one)
V. p. transfluvialis
Agua Suja, near Bagagem, Minas Geraes (two)
Rio das Velhas, Minas Geraes (one)
Macaco Secco, near Andarahy, Bahia (three)
Goyaz (five)
Near Parnagua, Piauhy (three)
V. p. taenionotus
Bahia trade skins (fourteen)
Joazeiro, Bahia (one>
Solidade, Bahia (one)
Caicara, lower Parnahyba, Piauhy (one)
Ibiapaba, Piauhy (one)
Jua, Ceara (two)
337. Celeus flavescens ochraceus (Spix).
Picus ochraceus Spix, Av. Bras., 1, p. 59, pi. 51, fig. 1, 1824 — "in sylvis Ama-
zonum" (type in Munich Museum examined).
Celeus ochraceus Reiser, pp. 60, 130 — Lagda Missao and Piranha, Lake Parna-
gua, Piauhy.
Maranhao: Sao Bento, 9 ad., Sept. 6, 1923; Rosario, 9 ad.,
May 10, 1924; Grajahu, 9 ad., Oct. 10, 1924; Fazenda Inhuma,
Alto Parnahyba, cf ad., Aug. 1, 1925.
Piauhy: Deserto, cf ad., Apr. 2, 1925.
Additional specimens. — Maranhao: Boa Vista,1 cf1 ad., Nov. 3,
Erroneously given as B6a Vista, "Rio Branco" by C. B. Cory in Field Mus.
Nat. Hist. Pub., Zool. Ser., 13, Part 2, No. 2, p. 448, 1919.
Wing
Tail
96,97
57K.58
90,91
53.55K
89
56
95
58
95
57
93
58
91,92
59.59
92
—
88,91,91
55.59.6o
89,89,91,91,
52,56,58,59
93
60
89,90,90
51,53.54
81,82,82,82,
50,51,51,51
84,84,84,86,
52,52,52,52
87,87,87,88,
53,53.54.55
88,88
57,58
85K
48
84
5i
82 y2
50
83
52
80,86
52,55
416 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
1906; Miritiba, d" ad., June 13, 1907. F. Schwanda (Munich Mu-
seum).— Piauhy: Lagoa Missao, o71 9 ad., May 28, 29, 1903; Piranha,
Lake Parnagua, cf ad., May 29, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum).
— Ceara: locality not specified, 9 ad., (Coll. H. von Berlepsch).
The series agrees well with the type and two other specimens
from the lower Amazon (Obidos; above the mouth of the Tapaj6z).
Some examples have the feathers of the breast and abdomen more
or less edged, and sometimes also centrally spotted, with rusty,
these markings being particularly well developed in the type, a fe-
male from Sao Bento, and a male from Missao, near Parnagua,
Piauhy. Shape and extent of the blackish brown markings on the
back vary a great deal, and certain individuals closely approach C.
f. inter cedens Hellmayr,1 of southern Bahia and Goyaz, although the
latter is much blacker and more regularly banded above, and much
less ochraceous throughout.
The range of C. f. ochraceus extends from the banks of the lower
Amazon (Obidos, Monte Alegre, Santarem) east through Maranhao,
Piauhy, and Ceara to Pernambuco, whence there is an adult male
obtained on July 25, 1903, by A. Robert at Sao Lourenco, in the
Tring Museum, and south to northwestern Bahia, where O. Reiser
secured a male on April 24, 1903, at Cantinho, on the Rio Preto,
which I have examined in the Vienna Museum.
Farther south, in the coast region of Bahia, at Santo Amaro, on
the Ilheos and Belmonte, however, we meet with C. f. intercedens
which ranges across to southern Goyaz, while in southern Brazil,
north to Minas Geraes and Rio de Janeiro the much larger, long-
crested C. f. flavescens is found.
338. Celeus jumana jumana (Spix).
Picus jumana Spix, Av. Bras., 1, p. 57, pi. 47, 1824 — "in sylvis flum. Amazo-
num" (types in Munich Museum examined).
Maranhao: Tury-assu, Alto de Alegria, 9 ad., Nov. 10, 1923.
An Amazonian species which ranges east into the forest districts
of northern Maranhao. Represented in eastern Peru and eastern
Ecuador by C. jumana citreopygius Scl. and Salv., chiefly distin-
guishable by having the basal portion of the inner webs of the remiges
plain buff without blackish crossbars. The relations of these two
races to the group of C. elegans, from Guiana and northern Lower
Amazonia, require careful investigation.
xNov. Zool., 15, p. 82, 1908 — Fazenda Esperanca, Goyaz.
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 417
339. Crocomorphus flavus tectricialis Hellmayr.
Crocomorphus flavus tectricialis Hellmayr, Anz. Orn. Ges. Bay., No. 6, p. 46,
1922 — B6a Vista, Maranhao.
Crocomorphus flavus (not Picus flavus Muller) Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8,
p. 253, 1914 — part, Maranhao; Reiser (1), p. 100, 1910 — Maranhao; idem (2),
p. 131, 1925 — Miritiba and Sao Luiz, Maranhao, and east of Santa Philomena,
Piauhy.
Maranhao: Tury-assu, cf ad., Oct. 15, 1923. — "Iris red, feet gray,
bill yellow."
Additional specimens. — Maranhao: Sao Luiz, d" ad., two 9 9
ad., June 16, Nov. 3, 1905; B6a Vista, 9 ad., Nov. 12, 1906; Miritiba,
o71 ad., 9 ad., Dec. 18, 1907, Feb. 3, 1908. F. Schwanda (Vienna
and Sophia Museums).
By slightly yellower plumage and cinnamomeous edges to the
primaries and outer secondaries, this bird diverges a little from the
original series in the direction of C. f inornatus Cherrie, the Amazo-
nian representative of this group. It agrees, however, with the speci-
mens from Sao Luiz do Maranhao and farther east in having the
tertials entirely, and the upper wing coverts largely tipped with
buffy whitish. Two examples have larger blackish brown spots at
the base of the interscapulars and faint suggestions of similar mark-
ings on the chest, thus indicating an approach to C. f. subflavus
(Sclater and Salvin), of Bahia.
This Woodpecker represents one of the few instances in which
the Maranhao form is different from that found near Para. Although
recorded only from Maranhao and Piauhy, its range doubtless ex-
tends into Ceara and neighboring states, where it may be expected
to intergrade with the little known, but strongly marked Bahian
race.
340. Scapaneus melanoleucos cearae Cory.
Scapaneus melanoleucos1 cearae Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Orn. Ser.,
1, p. 306, 1 91 6 — Jua, near Iguatu, Ceara.
Campephilus melanoleucus Reiser (2), p. 131, 1925 — Castelliano, Rio Parna-
hyba, Piauhy.
Ceara: Jua, near Iguatu, d" ad., 0" juv., 9 ad., Aug. 12, 24, 25,
1913. R. H. Becker.
xThe type of Picus melanoleucos Gmelin (Syst. Nat., 1, (1), p. 426, 1788 —
based on "Buff-crested Woodpecker" Latham, Gen. Syn. Birds, 1, (2), p. 558,
pi. 25, 1782, Surinam), which I have carefully examined in the Vienna Museum,
is a female with discolored crest. Gmelin's description, in several points, is in-
accurate.
418 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
A very questionable race, the validity of which cannot be decided
with the material at hand. It was separated from 5. m. melanoleucos
on account of its smaller size, but the describer overlooked the fact
that birds from southern Brazil and Paraguay, for which the name
Picus albirostris Vieillot1 is available, are not quite the same as those
found north of the Amazon, and it appears extremely doubtful
whether a third, still smaller form, peculiar to northeastern Brazil,
can be discriminated.
In specimens from Guiana, Venezuela, and Amazonia (5. m.
melanoleucos) the length of the wing ranges from 185 to 195; in those
from Paraguay (Villa Concepcion) and southern Brazil (Minas
Geraes, Goyaz, Matto Grosso, Sao Paulo), which eventually may
have to be called S. m. albirostris, the same measurement runs from
178 to 186; and in five adults from Ceara and Bahia (Solidade;
Macaco Secco, near Andarahy) it varies from 160 to 180 mm.
These figures show that the differences are insignificant for so large
a bird, and require corroboration by the examination of a larger
series.
[341. Scapaneus trachelopyrus (Malherbe).
Megapicus trachelopyrus (Bonaparte MS.) Malherbe, Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat.
Moselle, 8eme cahier, 1856-57, p. 1, 1857 — Peru.
Campophilus rubricollis (not Picus rubricollis Boddaert) Reiser (1), p. 100,
191 o — Maranhao.
Campephilus trachelopyrus Reiser (2), p. 131, 1925 — Miritiba.
The only specimen seen from this region is an adult female se-
cured by F. Schwanda on November 12, 1907, at Miritiba, in the
Vienna Museum. It agrees with skins from Para.
This is again an Amazonian species (probably subspecifically
related to the Guianan C. rubricollis), whose range extends east into
the forest district of northern Maranhao.]
342. Picumnus pygmaeus (Lichtenstein).
Picus pygmaeus Lichtenstein, Verz. Dubl. Berliner Mus., p. 12, 1823 — Brazil.
Picumnus pygmaeus Reiser, pp. 61, 131 — Parnagua and Piranha, Piauhy.
Maranhao: Codo, Cocos, 9 ad., July 8, 1924.
The single specimen is similarly marked, but much paler below
than two from Macaco Secco, near Andarahy, Bahia, and may be
separable subspecifically.
Wouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed\, 26, p. 69, 1818 — based on Azara, No. 249,
Paraguay.
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 419
This Piculet has been recorded only from the states of Bahia,
Piauhy, and Maranhao.
343. Picumnus guttifer Sundevall.
Picumnus guttifer Sundevall, Consp. Picin., p. 101, 1866 — Goyaz (type in
Paris Museum examined).
Maranhao: Tranqueira, d" ad., o" juv., Sept. 1, 11, 1925.
The adult male agrees with others from Chapada (Matto Grosso)
and Goyaz (wing 58; tail 35; bill 14).
P. guttifer ranges all over the highlands of central Brazil, south
to western Minas Geraes and northern Sao Paulo, and west to Matto
Grosso. Though it had been taken at various localities in Goyaz,
the present record extends its area to southern Maranhao.
About the variation of this species, see Nov. Zool., 15, pp. 83-84,
1908.
P. jelskii Tacz., of eastern Peru (Junin to Urubamba) and
P. spilogaster Sund., of British Guiana, are closely allied to, and
apparently geographical representatives of, P. guttifer. I am not
acquainted with P. pallidus Snethlage,1 from Para, stated to be
intermediate between P. sagittatus ( = guttifer) and P. spilogaster
344. Picumnus exilis alegriae subsp. nov.
Maranhao: Tury-assu, two 0" o* ad., three 9 9 ad., Oct. 13, 15,
29, Dec. 6, 10, 1923; Tury-assu, Alto de Alegria, 0* ad., two 9 9
ad., Nov. 17, 19, 1923.
Type from Tury-assu, Alto de Alegria, state of Maranhao, Brazil,
in Field Museum of Natural History. No. 63941. Adult male.
November 17, 1923. Collected by H. Snethlage.
Adults. — Most nearly allied to P. exilis buffonii Lafresnaye,2 of
French and Dutch Guiana, and having the back marked in the
same manner with numerous, very distinct yellowish-white and
blackish spots; but ground color of upper parts much duller and less
yellowish, buffy citrine rather than citrine; tips to anterior crown
^ourn. Orn., 72, p. 449, 1924 — Flor do Prado, near Quatipuru, Para. — Al-
though included by H. Snethlage in the list of northeast-Brazilian birds (Journ.
Orn., 76, pp. 525, 703, 1928), it is not represented in his collection.
2Picumnus buffonii Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 8, pp. 6, 9, 1845 — based on "Le
tres-petit Pic de Cayenne" Buffon [ = Daubenton], PI. Enl. 786, fig. 1, Cayenne. —
Fifteen specimens from French Guiana, two from Surinam, and two from the Rio
Branco (Serra da Lua, near B6a Vista) examined.
420 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
in adult male decidedly paler and more orange (varying from cad-
mium orange to orange instead of from flame scarlet to orange
chrome) ; ventral surface much less yellowish, being either white or
very faintly tinged with pale naphthalene yellow.
Wing 47-50; tail 25-27; bill 10-11.
Range. — Only known from the forested coast region in north-
western Maranhao, northern Brazil.
Remarks. — This new Piculet, in spite of its habitat, is more
closely related to the Guianan race than to P. e. exilis (Lichten-
stein),1 from Bahia, which is immediately recognizable by its much
brighter aniline yellow back, without distinct white spots, and mus-
tard yellow under parts. By the whitish ventral surface, P. e. ale-
griae rather approaches P. e. undulatus Hargitt, from British Guiana
and Venezuela (Orinoco-Caura basin), but is much duller, less green-
ish as well as more heavily spotted above, while the tips to the
feathers of the anterior crown are orange rather than scarlet.
From faunal affinities it may be expected that the range of P. e.
alegriae will be found to extend into the neighboring Para district,
although so far no representative of the P. exilis group has been
recorded from the south bank of the Amazon. P. bujjoni amazonicus
Snethlage,2 from the north bank of the lower Amazon, appears to be
inseparable from P. e. bujfonii, as far as I can judge from two speci-
mens, including the type;3 but regardless of its status, the name
cannot be retained, being preoccupied by P. amazonicus Snethlage
1906.4
[345. Picumnus limae Snethlage.
Picumnus limae Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 72, p. 448, 1924 — Serra do Castello,
Ceara.
This is obviously a distinct species of peculiar coloration. Madame
Snethlage believes it to be nearly allied to P. leucogaster Pelzeln,
1Picus exilis Lichtenstein (Verz. Dubl. Berliner Mus., p. n, 1823 — "eprovincia
San Paulo," errore, = Bahia) appears to be the earliest available name for the
yellow Brazilian Piculet, which, as yet, has been recorded only from the southern
coast districts in the state of Bahia. Motacilla tninuta Linnaeus (Syst. Nat., 10th
ed., 1, p. 189, 1758 — "in Indiis"), described as having the "dorsum alaeque supra
grisea," can hardly be reconciled with its characters.
2Ornith. Monatsber., 22, p. 39, 1914 — Santo Antonio da Cachoeira, Rio Jary,
northern Para.
*The description of the female is erroneous. An adult specimen of that sex
from the type locality in the Berlin Museum agrees with other species in having
the pileum black, spotted with white.
4Ornith. Monatsber., 14, p. 60, 1906 — Marajo and Monte Alegre.
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 421
from the Rio Branco and Orinoco. It was discovered by F. Lima in
the Serra do Castello, in southern Ceara.]
[346. Streptoceryle torquata torquata (Linnaeus).
Alcedo torquata Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 180, 1766 — based on
Brisson, Mexico.
Ceryle torquata Reiser, pp. 61, 132 — above Sao Estevao, Rio Parnahyba, and
Lake Parnagua, Piauhy.
The Vienna Academy Expedition met with this kingfisher at
various localities in Piauhy. The discrimination of more than two
South American races appears impracticable.]
347. Chloroceryle amazona (Latham).
Alcedo amazona Latham, Ind. Orn., 1, p. 257, 1790 — Cayenne.
Ceryle amazona Reiser, pp. 61, 133 — Parnagua and coast of Piauhy.
Piauhy: Ibiapaba, o* ad., Jan. 17, 1925.
Generally distributed in tropical America.
348. Chloroceryle inda (Linnaeus).
Alcedo inda Linnaeus, Syst., Nat. 12th ed., 1, p. 179, 1766 — based on Edwards,
Glean. Nat. Hist., 3, p. 262, pi. 335, Cayenne.
Ceryle inda Reiser, pp. 61, 133 — Amaracao, Piauhy.
Goyaz: Santo Antonio (Boa Vista), d" ad., Jan. 25, 1926.
Generally distributed in tropical America.
349. Chloroceryle americana americana (Gmelin).
Alcedo americana Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (1), p. 451, 1788 — based on Daubenton
(PI. Enl. 591, figs. 1, 2), Brisson, etc., Cayenne.
Ceryle americana Reiser, pp. 61, 133 — Rio Taquarussu, Piauhy.
Maranhao: Mangunga Island, 9 ad., March 21, 1924; Rosario,
two cf cf ad., May 8, 27, 1924; Tranqueira, 9 ad., Aug. 28, 1925.
Piauhy: Ibiapaba, cf ad., Jan. 6, 1925.
Additional specimens. — Piauhy: Rio Taquarussu, 0* ad., 9 ad.,
July 10, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum). — Ceara: Quixada, 9
ad., June 25, 1913. R. H. Becker.
Birds from northeastern Brazil south to Bahia appear to me in-
separable from a Guianan series.
422 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
The several races lately discriminated rest on rather slender
characters. C. a. viridis (Vieillot), of southern Brazil, Paraguay, and
northern Argentina, averages somewhat larger, with the green of the
upper parts lighter and the green pectoral band in the females
slightly narrower, while C. a. croteta Wetmore,1 from Tobago (and
Trinidad?) may be distinguished by its stouter, larger bill and plain
(or very nearly unspotted) under tail coverts. On the Pacific coast,
this Kingfisher is represented in Peru by C. a. cabanisi (Tschudi),
and in western Colombia and western Ecuador by C. a. hellmayri
Laubmann.2
350. Trogonurus variegatus variegatus (Spix).
Trogon variegatus Spix, Av. Bras., 1, p. 49, pi. 38a, 1824 — Brazil (type in
Munich Museum examined); Reiser, pp. 61, 132 — Lag6a Missao, Olho d'Agua,
and Pedrinha, Piauhy.
Maranhao: Codo, Cocos, c? ad., June 25, 1924; Barra do Corda,
d" imm., Sept. 24, 1924; Tranqueira, 9 ad., Aug. 25, 1925.
Goyaz: Philadelphia, lower Tocantins, 9 ad. (in extremely worn
breeding plumage), Dec. 14, 1925.
Ceara: Varzea Formosa, d* ad., March 1, 1925.
The males agree with others from Bahia and Rio, having the
head and throat mainly purple, a distinct whitish chest band, the
rump and upper tail coverts glossed with bluish, and the white bars
on the lateral rectrices about half or two-thirds as wide as the black
interspaces. An adult male from the Rio Araguaya, near Leopoldina,
Goyaz, is likewise a typical example of T. v. variegatus, whose range
would thus appear to comprise the eastern half of Brazil, from the
Para district south to Rio de Janeiro.
In northern Argentina and eastern Bolivia (Santa Cruz, etc.),3
the typical form is replaced by T. v. behni (Gould),4 easily distin-
guishable by bluish green (instead of purple) crown and throat, less
bluish rump and central tail feathers, shorter white tips and narrower
white bands on lateral rectrices, as well as much larger size.
In Amazonia, from the sources of the Beni River in northern
Bolivia north to southeastern Colombia and east to the Tapajoz,
\Journ. Wash. Ac. Sci., 12, p. 325, Aug., 1922 — Tobago; — C. a. insularum
Laubmann, Anz. Orn. Ges. Bay., No. 7, p. 52, Nov., 1922 — Tobago.
2Anz. Orn. Ges. Bay., No. 7, p. 50, 1922 — Noanama, Chocd, Colombia.
3Judging from F. M. Chapman's remarks (in Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 71,
1921), also in Matto Grosso whence I have no material.
*Trogon behni Gould, Monog. Trog., 2nd ed., pi. 20, 1875 — Bolivia (Bridges).
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 423
T. v. bolivianus (Grant) takes its place. In size, purple head, and
decidedly bluish green rump and tail, this form reverts to the charac-
ters of T. v. variegatus, but differs by lacking the distinct whitish
pectoral band, and by having much narrower white crossbars (which
are only one-third or one-fourth the width of the black interspaces)
and shorter white tips to the lateral rectrices. A specimen from
Cuembi, Rio Putumayo, Colombia is less bluish on the rump, while
one from Goyana, Rio Tapaj6z, can be exactly matched by examples
from Marcapata, Peru.
MEASUREMENTS OF ADULT MALES
T. v. variegatus Wing Tail
"Brazil" (the type)
Bahia (two)
Maranhao (two)
Rio Araguaya, Goyaz (one)
Rio de Janeiro (two)
T. v. behni
Santa Cruz, Bolivia (four)
Oran, Salta (one)
Ledesma, Jujuy (one)
T. v. bolivianus
Marcapata, Peru (three)
Cuembi, Rio Putumayo, Colombia
(one)
Goyana, Rio Tapaj6z, Brazil (one)
[351. Trogon strigilatus strigilatus Linnaeus.
Trogon strigilatus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 167, 1766 — based on
Trogon cayanensis cinereus Brisson, Orn., 4, p. 165, pi. 16, fig. 1, Cayenne.
Trogon viridis Reiser, pp. 100, 132 — Anil, near Sao Luiz, and Miritiba, Maran-
hao.
The late Ferdinand Schwanda, as recorded by Reiser, forwarded
three specimens to the Vienna Museum, a male taken at Anil on
June 5, 1905, and male and female secured at Miritiba, on Jan. 21,
1908 and Dec. 16, 1907, respectively.
Dr. Snethlage did not meet with this species, which is widely
dispersed throughout eastern South America, from Venezuela and
Guiana to southern Brazil.]
352. Momotus momota parensis Sharpe.
Momotus parensis Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 17, p. 320, 1892 — Para.
Momotus brasiliensis (not of Latham) Reiser (1), p. 61, 1910 — Santa Maria,
on the road from Santo Antonio de Gilboez to Santa Philomena (spec, examined).
123
128
121,122
130,132
120,126
125,135
127
134
125,125
127,128
131.131.132,132
142,144,148,151
I36
I40
134
147
122,124,127
I30,I32
129
134
121
124 (worn)
424 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
Afomotus momota parensis Reiser (2), p. 132, 1925 — Santa Maria, Piauhy and
opposite Boca de Galiota, Rio Parnahyba, Maranhao.
Maranhao: Tury-assu, o" ad., 9 ad., Oct. 30, Dec. 7, 1923;
Rosario, d* ad., April 29, 1924; Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba,
o" ad., July 25, 1925; Tranqueira, three o" o*, two 9 9 ad., Aug.
27, 29, Sept. 8, 1925.
Additional specimens. — Maranhao: Miritiba, five o" d\ one 9
ad., F. Schwanda (Munich Museum). — Piauhy: Santa Maria, road
from Santo Antonio de Gilboez to Santa Philomena, d" ad., July 5,
1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum).
The series from the north coast (Tury-assu, Rosario, Miritiba)
agrees in every respect with nine skins from the Para district.
The Inhuma bird and one male from Tranqueira (No. 1879) are
likewise similar. Four other specimens from the last-named locality
and the male obtained by Reiser at Santa Maria, Piauhy have
more chestnut on the neck. One of the males (No. 1805) is partic-
ularly conspicuous by having a complete chestnut collar around
the hind neck, and corresponds to the description of M. m. cametensis
Snethlage,1 of which unfortunately no material is available for com-
parison. The Piauhy bird and three from Tranqueira are more
strongly suffused with tawny underneath than the rest of the series.
There is also much individual variation in the shade of the green of
the upper parts.
For the present, I do not see how the Motmots of the interior of
Maranhao and Piauhy can be separated, and I refer the whole series
to M. m. parensis, whose range apparently extends from the right
bank of the Tocantins through eastern Para and Maranhao east to
the Rio Parnahyba. From the Tapaj6z westwards to the Purus and
south to Goyaz, northern Sao Paulo, and Matto Grosso, it is repre-
sented by M. m. simplex Chapman,2 without any, or with very
little chestnut on the nape.3
[353. Galbula albirostris cyanicollis Cassin.
Galbula cyanicollis Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 5, p. 154, pi. 7, 1852 — -
Para; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 66, 1926 — Tury-assu,
Maranhao.
'Ornith. Monatsber., 20, p. 155, 1912 — Cameta, Rio Tocantins.
2Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 48, p. 44, 1923 — Santar£m, Rio Tapajdz.
3Specimens examined. — Itaituba, Tapajdz 1 ; Rio Araguaya, Goyaz 3 ; Fazenda
Esperanca, Goyaz 1; Guardamor, Goyaz 2; Chapada, Matto Grosso 1; Villa
Maria, Matto Grosso 1 ; Calama, Rio Madeira 1 ; Ponto Alegre, Rio Purus 3; Bom
Lugar, Rio Purus 1; Cachoeira, Rio Purus 1.
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 425
Madame Snethlage's record of a specimen from Tury-assu. ex-
tends the range of this Jacamar, known to inhabit the south bank of
the Amazon, from Para to northern Maranhao.]
354. Galbula rufoviridis Cabanis.
Galbula rufoviridis Cabanis in Ersch and Gruber, Allg. Encycl. Wiss. und
Kunste, 1st sect., 52, p. 308, 1851 — Brazil; Reiser, (2), p. 123, 1925 — Rio Parna-
hyba, Piauhy.
Maranhao: Rosario, 9 ad., Apr. 29, 1924; Codo, Cocos, o" ad.,
9 ad., June 19, 20, 1924; Barra do Corda, o" ad., Aug. 19, 1924;
Sao Francisco, opposite Amarante, Rio Parnahyba, 9 ad., July 4,
1925.
Ceara: Varzea Formosa, cf ad., Feb. 26, 1925.
Additional specimens. — Piauhy: Parnagua, 9 ad., June 3, 1903;
Santa Philomena, cf ad., o71 imm., July 18, 1903. P. Wachsmund
(Tring Museum). — Maranhao: Miritiba, two cfo71, two 9 9 ad.,
F. Schwanda (Munich Museum).
Identical with specimens from Bahia (Santo Amaro; Sao Marcello,
Rio Preto), Minas Geraes (Rio das Velhas, near Lag6a Santa) and
Matto Grosso (Descalvados, Urucum de Corumba).
This species is widely distributed in Brazil, ranging from Marajo
and the south bank of the Amazon south to Sao Paulo and Matto
Grosso, west to the Rio Madeira and into eastern Bolivia.
355. Brachygalba lugubris lugubris (Swainson).
Galbula lugubris Swainson, Anim. Menag., p. 329, Dec., 1837 — "Conocou"
[=Cuano or Canuku] Mountains of Demerara (type in British Museum ex-
amined).
Maranhao: Tury-assu, d* ad., three 9 9 ad., Oct. 3, 10, 13, 1923;
Rosario, cf ad., May 17, 1924; Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba,
9 ad., July 25, 1925.
Goyaz: Certeza, c? imm., Sept. 26, 1925.
I have no adults from north of the Amazon for comparison, but
the immature Certeza bird agrees in every particular with specimens
in corresponding plumage from the Serra da Lua, on the upper Rio
Branco, Brazil.
The present record extends the range of the species from the
lower Amazon to the Rio Parnahyba. Outside the Guianas and
426 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
eastern Venezuela (Caura Valley), it has been found at various
places in northern Brazil: on the Rio Acara, south of Belem; at
Baiao, on the Rio Tocantins; north of the Amazon, at Monte Alegre
and on the banks of the Rio Maecuru, and finally on the Rio Branco.
Farther south in Goyaz, on the Rio Araguaya, as well as in west-
ern Minas Geraes (Santo Domingo; Rio Jordao, near Araguary),
northern Sao Paulo, and Matto Grosso, it is replaced by B. lugubris
melanosterna Sclater,1 which stretches west into eastern Bolivia (Gua-
rayos) and reaches the northern extremity of its range on the Rio
Curua, a westerly tributary of the Iriri joining the Xingu, where
Madame Snethlage secured a single female on August 16, 1909, at
Malocca de Manuelsinho. This southern form is principally dis-
tinguished by the wholly or partly pale-colored lower mandible.
356. Notharchus tectus tectus (Boddaert).
Bucco tectus Boddaert, Tabl. PL Enl., p. 43, 1783 — based on Daubenton, PI.
Enl. 688, fig. 2, Cayenne; Reiser, pp. 100, 123 — Primeira Cruz, Maranhao.
Maranhao: Mangunca Island, 9 ad., March 22, 1924. — Wing 78;
tail 60; bill 24.
Additional specimen. — Maranhao: Primeira Cruz, o* ad., May
1, 1906. F. Schwanda (Vienna Museum). — Wing 78; tail 65.
Together with two females from Para, these specimens are some-
what larger than skins from Surinam and Manaos, but I have not
been able to examine a sufficient series.
N. t. tectus is one of those Guianan species whose range stretches
through Lower Amazonia to the northern coast district of Maranhao.2
I am not acquainted with its Upper-Amazonian representative N. t.
picatus (Sclater).
357. Nystalus maculatus maculatus (Gmelin).
Alcedo maculata Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (1), p. 451, 1788 — based on "Le Martin-
pescheur (sic) tachete' du Br£sil" Brisson, Orn., 4, p. 524, ex "Matuitui" Marc-
grave, Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 217, northeastern Brazil; we suggest Ceara.
Bucco maculatus Reiser, pp. 58, 123 — Therezina, Piauhy.
Nystalus maculatus nuchalis Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Zool. Ser.,
13, Part 2, No. 2, p. 398, 1919 — Jua, near Iguatu, Ceara.
1P. Z. S. Lond., 23, p. 15, 1855 — Goyaz.
2The specimen in the British Museum, said to be from "Pernambuco," is, of
course, wrongly labeled.
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 427
Maranhao: Barra do Corda, o71 ad., Aug. 11, 1924; Codo, Cocos,
c? ad., three 9 9 ad., June 14, 19, 21, 28, 1924.
Piauhy: Ibiapaba, 9 ad., Dec. 15, 1924; Arara, 9 ad., Jan. 22,
1925.
Additional specimens. — Maranhao: Miritiba, 9 ad., Oct. 12,
1907. F. Schwanda (Munich Museum). — Piauhy: Therezina, d" ad.,
Aug. 17, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum). — Ceara: Jua, near
Iguatu, two cf d\ one 9 ad., Aug. 7, 8, 1913; Quixada, three cFcT,
three 9 9 , June and July, 1913; Serra de Baturite, 9 ad., July 18,
19 13. R. H. Becker.
Comparison with a series of twenty specimens from Bahia and
Pernambuco fails to reveal any difference between birds from the
various states of northeastern Brazil. The alleged characters of
N. m. nuchalis are merely seasonal, the Ceara series being in perfect
plumage, while the few Bahia specimens available at that time for
comparison happened to be more or less worn. Furthermore, it is
practically certain that Marcgrave's "Matuitui," the basis of Alcedo
maculata, refers to the bird for which Cory provided the term
nuchalis.
Two specimens from Marajo (Pacoval) and three from Santarem
are not distinguishable from the general run of Bahia birds either.
N. m. maculatus is restricted to northeastern Brazil, south to
Bahia, ranging north to Marajo and west to the Tapajoz (Santarem).
Near the sources of the Rio Araguaya, in southern Goyaz, it is
represented by N. m. parvirostris (Hellmayr),1 with shorter tail and
much smaller bill, and in Matto Grosso by N. m. pallidigula Cherrie
and Reichenberger,2 with paler, ochraceous rather than tawny fore-
neck, and striped instead of spotted chest and sides.
358. Nystalus chacuru (Vieillot).
Bucco chacuru Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. £d., 3, p. 239, 1816 —
based on Azara, No. 261, Paraguay; Reiser, pp. 58, 124 — Santo Antonio de Gilboez
and Corrientes, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy.
Maranhao: Codo, Cocos, two o71 o71 ad., June 11, July 10, 1924;
Ponto (Canella), d" ad., Aug. 31, 1924.
Goyaz: Philadelphia, lower Tocantins, d" ad., Nov. 28, 1925.
lBucco maculatus parvirostris Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 86, 1908.
2Amer. Mus. Novit., 58, p. 6, 1923 — Urucum, de Corumba.
428 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
Apparently not different from south-Brazilian and Paraguayan
specimens. Bolivian and Peruvian birds average larger and are per-
haps not quite so rufous above.
N. chacuru is widely distributed in Brazil, its range extending
from the interior of Maranhao and Piauhy south to Matto Grosso
and Parana^ An inhabitant of the campo or open country, it is ab-
sent from the greater part of the Amazonian region, having been
found only in a few isolated spots, such as Humaytha, on the upper
Rio Madeira, Brazil, and near Moyobamba and in the Valley of
Santa Ana, Peru.1
359. Malacoptila striata2 minor Sassi.
Malacoptila torquata minor Sassi, Journ. Orn., 59, p. 181, 191 1 — Miritiba,
Maranhao (type in Vienna Museum examined) ; Reiser (2), p. 124, 1925 — Miritiba.
Malaeoptila (sic) torquata (not Bucco torquatus Hahn) Reiser (1), p. 100 —
Maranhao.
Maranhao: Barra do Corda, (cf) ad., Sept. 3, 1924. — Wing 90;
bill 24.
Additional specimens. — Maranhao: Miritiba, two cTcf, one 9,
May 16, June 1, Aug. 8, 1907. F. Schwanda (Vienna Museum).
This northern form differs from M. s. striata, of southern Brazil,
by decidedly smaller size (wing of male 83-90, against 92-99; of female
86, against 94-96 mm.), shorter and slenderer bill, less blackish
ground color of head and upper back, with the central streaks much
wider and brighter ochraceous buff, and much more extensive as
well as much brighter ochraceous tawny pectoral area. The original
series from Miritiba, besides, has the middle of the abdomen pure
white, but the present example, in this respect, hardly differs from
typical striata.
M. s. minor is yet only known from Maranhao, while M. s. striata
inhabits southern Brazil, from southern Bahia (Caravellas) and
Minas Geraes to Santa Catherina.
Recently separated by Sztolcman (Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 5, p. 214,
1926 — type from Santa Ana) on account of their larger bills.
1 Bucco torquatus Hahn (Vogel aus Asien, etc., Lief. 13, pi. 5, 1822 — Brazil)
being invalidated by Bucco torquatus Dumont (Diet. Sci. Nat., 4, p. 56, 1805),
Bucco striatus Spix (Av. Bras., i,p. 52, pi. 40, fig. 2, 1824 — "in syl vis Rio de Janeiro,
Bahia") becomes the specific name of the Banded Soft-wing. I cannot agree with
my friend Reiser (1. c, p. 124) in referring Spix's account to the northern form
(M. s. minor). While admitting that the plate is somewhat ambiguous, certain
sentences in the description clearly point to the large southern race, and, in the
absence of the type, the localities "Rio de Janeiro" and "Bahia" have more weight
than the drawing of a notoriously inexperienced artist.
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 429
[360. Monasa morphoeus morphoeus (Hahn).
Bucco morphoeus Hahn, Vogel aus Asien, etc., Lief. 14, pi. 2, 1823 — Brazil.
Bucco albifrons sive leucops Spix, Av. Bras., 1, p. 53, 1824 — Piauhy.
Neither the Vienna Academy Expedition nor Dr. Snethlage met
with this species, whose claims to be included in the fauna of Piauhy
rest on Spix's record. As, however, specimens from the Para district
agree with others from Bahia and Rio de Janeiro, its occurrence in
the intervening region can hardly be doubted.]
361. Monasa nigrifrons (Spix).
Bucco nigrifrons Spix, Av. Bras., 1, p. 53, pi. 41, fig. 2, 1824 — Rio Solimoes.
Monacha nigrifrons Reiser, pp. 58, 124 — Bomfim above Nova York, Rio
Parnahyba, Piauhy.
Maranhao: Tury-assu, 9 ad., Oct. 10, 1923; Sao Bento, o71 ad.,
Sept. 10, 1923; Codo, Cocos, cf ad., June 25, 1924; Tranqueira, 9
ad., Sept. 3, 1925.
I am unable to separate this series and Lower-Amazonian speci-
mens from others taken in eastern Peru. The length of the wing,
regardless of sex, varies in birds from Maranhao from 122 to 132, in
those from Peru from 119 to 128 mm. The largest specimen is a
female from the city of Goyaz, with a wing of 136 mm., thus closely
approaching the measurements given by Ihering and Ihering1 for
their supposed southern race M. n. itapurana, from Itapura, northern
Sao Paulo. An adult male from Rio Jordao, near Araguary, western
Minas Geraes. in the same general region, however, measures only
131 mm. and casts strong doubts on its validity.
M. nigrifrons is widely distributed in Brazil, south of the Amazon,
and in Peru, where it crosses the Maranon, ranging north into
eastern Ecuador and east to the Rio Negro.
362. Chelidoptera tenebrosa tenebrosa (Pallas).
Cuculus tenebrosus Pallas, Neue Nord. Beytr., 3, p. 2, pi. 1, fig. I, 1782 —
Surinam.
Chelidoptera tenebrosa Reiser, pp. 58, 124 — Fazenda Riachoelo (west of Santo
Antonio de Gilboez), Riacho d'Ardeia, Santa Philomena, and below Colonia Flori-
ano, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy.
Maranhao: Tury-assu, o71 ad., Oct. 23, 1923; Rosario, o71 ad.,
two 9 9 ad., May 9, 16, 19, 1924.
Additional specimens. — Maranhao: Miritiba, two 9 9 ad., F.
Schwanda (Munich Museum).
'Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 413, 1907.
43° Field Museum op Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
In dimensions and restriction of the rufous abdominal area, these
birds as well as two from the Rio Preto, n. w. Bahia, in the Vienna
Museum agree with a large series of typical tenebrosa from the
Guianas and Rio Branco. Specimens from Goyaz (Goyaz City and
Leopoldina, Rio Araguaya) are slightly larger and sometimes a little
paler on the abdomen, though still markedly darker than C. t. brasil-
iensis, of southeastern Brazil.
C. t. tenebrosa thus appears to range south to northern Goyaz
and northwestern Bahia (Rio Preto), without appreciable change.
Birds from western Minas Geraes (Rio das Velhas, near Lagoa
Santa), however, belong to the larger southern form C. t. braziliensis
with much more extensive as well as paler, ochraceous buff rather
than tawny abdominal area, whose distribution extends from Sao
Paulo along the coast north to Bahia and perhaps even to Pernam-
buco.
363. Ramphastos toco Muller.
Ramphastos toco P. L. S. Muller, Natursyst., Suppl. p. 82, 1776 — based on
Daubenton, PL Enl. 82, Cayenne; Reiser, pp. 58, 121 — Parnagua and Rio Parna-
hyba, Piauhy.
Maranhao: Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba, two 0" cf ad., July
19, 20, 1925.
A third specimen from Maranhao, secured by F. Schwanda near
Miritiba, I have examined in the Munich Museum.
Generally distributed in eastern South America from Guiana to
southern Brazil and northern Argentina.
[364. Ramphastos monilis Muller.
Ramphastos monilis P. L. S. Muller, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 83, 1776 — based on
Daubenton, PL Enl. 262, Cayenne; Reiser (2), p. 122, 1925 — Miritiba, Maranhao.
Rhamphastus erythrorhynchus Reiser (1), p. 100, 1910 — Maranhao.
An adult male taken by F. Schwanda at Miritiba, on Feb. 5, 1908,
in the Vienna Museum is the only definite record of this Guianan
and Lower- Amazonian Toucan from Maranhao.]
365. Ramphastos ariel Vigors.
Ramphastos ariel Vigors, Zool. Journ., 2, No. 8, p. 466, pi. 15, 1826 — Rio de
Janeiro; Reiser (2), p. 122, 1925 — Miritiba, Maranhao.
Maranhao: Tury-assu, Alto de Alegria, o71 ad., Nov. 21, 1923.
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 431
Additional specimen. — Maranhao: Miritiba, 9 ad., Dec. 15,
1907. F. Schwanda (Munich Museum).
An east-Brazilian species, ranging from the south bank of the
lower Amazon to Santa Catharina, although records are lacking for
its occurrence in either Ceara or Piauhy.
366. Ramphastos theresae Reiser.
Rhamphastus theresae Reiser, Anz. Ak. Wiss. Wien, 42, No. 18, p. 321, 1905 —
upper Parnahyba, Piauhy (type in Vienna Museum examined); Reiser, pp. 58,
122 — Ponta da Serra, near Santa Philomena, and Sao Miguel, near Remanso de
Coco, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy.
Maranhao: Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba, 9 ad., Aug. 6,
1925. — Wing 190; tail 170; bill 115. — "Iris and feet blue, bill black,
pale basal band yellow, bare skin round the eye blue."
Additional specimens. — Piauhy, Alto Parnahyba: Sao Miguel,
9 ad., July 29, 1903 (type); Ponta da Serra, 9 ad., July 10, 1903.
O. Reiser (Vienna Museum).
This specimen differs from the types by decidedly longer bill and
by lacking the small pale blue spot at the base of the culmen.
R. theresae is nearly related to R. ariel, but may be distinguished,
in addition to its smaller bill, by pale greenish yellow (instead of red)
upper tail coverts; by the light cadmium (instead of deep orange)
throat and foreneck, passing into empire yellow on the chin and
into martius yellow on the cheeks and lateral border of the throat;
and by having but a restricted band across the chest instead of the
entire breast red.
R. theresae is as yet known only from the upper Parnahyba in
Piauhy and Maranhao. Together with R. ariel and R. vitellinus it
forms a natural section in the genus Ramphastos, and it is quite
probable that further researches will show these three Toucans to be
geographical races of a single systematic unit.
367. Pteroglossus aracari aracari (Linnaeus).
Ramphastos aracari Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 104, 1758 — based on
"Aracari" Marcgrave, Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 217, northeastern Brazil.
Pteroglossus aracari Reiser (1), p. 58, 1910 — opposite Matto Bom, Rio Parna-
hyba, Maranhao; idem (2), p. 122, 1925 — Matto Bom, Primeira Cruz, Bda Vista,
and Miritiba, Maranhao.
Maranhao: Tury-assu, 9 ad., Oct. 31, 1923; Tranqueira, cf*ad.,
Sept. 1, 1925.
432 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
Seven more specimens from various places in the coast region of
Maranhao (Primeira Cruz, B6a Vista, Miritiba), collected by the
late F. Schwanda, and an adult male from opposite Matto Bom,
Rio Parnahyba, taken on July 28, 1903 by Wachsmund, have been
examined in the Museums at Vienna and Munich.
P. a. aracari is widely distributed throughout eastern Brazil from
Marajo and the south bank of the Amazon south at least to Bahia.
North of the Amazon it is replaced by P. a. atricollis (Muller).1
[368. Pteroglossus bitorquatus bitorquatus Vigors.
Pteroglossus bitorquatus Vigors, Zool. Journ., 2, p. 481, 1826 — no locality given;
Reiser, pp. 100, 122 — Miritiba, Maranhao.
Maranhao: Miritiba, 9 ad., cf juv., May 10, 19, 1907. F.
Schwanda (Vienna Museum).
This beautiful Toucan is peculiar to eastern Para, east of the
Tocantins, and the adjoining section of northern Maranhao. Other
races are found on the lower Amazon and Rio Madeira.]
369. Pteroglossus inscriptus inscriptus Swainson.
Pteroglossus inscriptus Swainson, Zool. 111., 2, pi. 90, 1821 — "from the interior
of Guayana," errore; Reiser, pp. 100, 123 — Maranhao.
Maranhao: Tury-assu, 9 ad., Oct. 6, 1923; Sao Bento, 9 ad.,
Sept. 5, 1923.
Additional specimens. — Maranhao: Miritiba, o71 ad., three 9 9
ad., May 23, June 17, Aug. 8, 1907. F. Schwanda (Munich Museum).
This Lower-Amazonian Toucan ranges east to Pernambuco,
whence there is as adult female in the Tring Museum, secured by A.
Robert at Sao Lourenco on August 13, 1903. Along the Rio Madeira
and in western Matto Grosso it gradually merges into the Upper-
Amazonian P. i. humboldti Wagler.*
370. Coccyzus euleri (Cabanis).
Coccygus euleri Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 21, p. 72, 1873 — Cantagallo, state of Rio
de Janeiro (type in Berlin Museum examined).
lRamphastos atricollis P. L. S. Muller (Natursyst., Suppl., p. 83, 1776) is ex-
clusively based on Daubenton's PI. Enl. 166. Although this indifferent plate
bears the legend "Toucan vert, du Br6sil," it is quite evident from Buffon's text
(Hist. Nat. Ois., 7, p. 126) that his description refers to the Guianan bird, while
the locality "Br£sil" was taken from Marcgrave's "Aracari," considered to be
identical. See also Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 102, 1902; Berlepsch,
1. C, 15, p. 281, 1908. — P. roraimae Brab. and Chubb (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8),
10, p. 261, 1912) is thus a pure synonym of P. a. atricollis.
*See Hellmayr, Abhandl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., Math.-phys. Kl., 26, No. 2, pp. 69-70,
1912.
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 433
(?) Coccyzus americanus Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6,
p. 66, 1926 — Sao Ben to, Maranhao.
Maranhao: Rosario, 9 ad., May 6, 1924. — Wing 138; tail 146;
bill 25. — "Iris brown, feet gray, bill black, lower mandible and edge
at base of maxilla yellow."
Except for slightly larger size, this bird agrees with the type of
Coccyzus Undent Allen,1 from Santarem, in the Museum of Compara-
tive Zoology, Cambridge.
In another place2 I have at length discussed the characters and
range of this rare Cuckoo. Since then, additional specimens have
been listed from Ciudad Bolivar and Caicara, Rio Orinoco, Vene-
zuela,3 and Supenaam River, British Guiana,4 and the present ex-
ample adds another locality to the previous records.
Its range is now known to extend from Dutch and British Guiana
and the banks of the Orinoco south to Matto Grosso (Chapada) and
Sao Paulo (Paciencia).
Mr. Ridgway5 believes the type of Coccyzus julieni Lawrence6
to be a young bird of the present species, which he regards as a race
of the Yellow-billed Cuckoo ; but in view of certain discrepancies
in the description and the widely separated habitat, I rather hesitate
to accept this association without further evidence. Lawrence's
type, taken on October 20, might, of course, have been a straggler
from South America, though Mr. Ridgway suggests the possibility
that the so-called C. americanus breeding in the West Indies may be
julieni. A series of Cuckoos, obtained by Geo. K. Cherrie in Santo
Domingo in the first week of May, some of them marked "breeding,"
in the collection of Field Museum, are, however, all C. a. americanus,
with an extensive rufous area on the wings.
371. Coccyzus melacoryphus Vieillot.
Coccyzus melacoryphus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 8, p. 271,
1 81 7 — based on Azara, No. 267, Paraguay.
'Bull. Essex Inst., 8, p. 81, 1876. — Dr. Allen's description is somewhat mis-
leading, since the type shows just a faint grayish shade on throat and foreneck,
no more than is noticeable in other specimens.
2Nov. Zool., 20, pp. 252-253, 1913.
3Cherrie, Sci. Bull. Brookl. Mus., 2, p. 311, 1916.
4Chubb, Birds Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 438, 1916.
BBull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, p. 19, 1916.
8Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y.f 8, pp. 42, 98, 1864 — Sombrero Island, Lesser
Antilles.
434 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
Coccyzus melanocoryphus Reiser, pp. 59, 125 — Lag6a Missao and Burity, near
Parnagua, Piauhy.
Ceara: Varzea Formosa, cf ad., March 4, 1925.
Additional specimens. — Ceara: Quixada, two cfcf, three 9 9,
June 26, 1913. R. H. Becker.
Generally distributed in South America.
372. Piaya cayana subsp.
Piaya cayana (not Cuculus cayanus Linnaeus) Reiser (2), p. 125, 1925 — part,
Boa Vista, Maranhao.
Maranhao: Tury-assu, 0" ad., adult (unsexed), Dec. 4, 12, 1923.
Additional specimens. — Maranhao: Sao Luiz, 9 imm., June 10,
1905 (Sophia Museum); B6a Vista, d" ad., Feb. 5, 1907 (Vienna
Museum); Miritiba, 9 ad., F. Schwanda (Munich Museum).
Birds from the coast of Maranhao and the adjoining Para dis-
trict cannot be united with any known form, and obviously consti-
tute a recognizable race, which I am, however, unwilling to name
before its range can be more accurately denned. In another com-
munication1 I identified it with P. cayana pallescens of Cabanis and
Heine,2 but upon examination of the type in the Heine Collection,
this name proves to be referable to the Bahian form.
The twelve specimens from Maranhao, Para, and Marajo stand
just between P. c. -pallescens, of Bahia and Piauhy, and P. c. obscura
Snethlage, of Amazonia (Rio Madeira to eastern Peru), combining
the deep auburn upper parts of the latter with the pale (neutral)
gray ventral surface of the former. The westward extension of its
range cannot be determined owing to lack of material from Lower
Amazonia. Two specimens from Borba, Rio Madeira appear to
belong with P. c. obscura.
[373. Piaya cayana pallescens (Cabanis and Heine).
Pyrrhococcyx pallescens Cabanis and Heine, Mus. Hein., 4, (1), p. 86, 1862 —
Northern Brazil = Bahia (type examined).
Piaya cayana (not Cuculus cayanus Linnaeus) Reiser, pp. 59, 125 — Parnagua
and Santa Philomena, Piauhy.
Piauhy: Paranagua, cf ad., May 16, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna
Museum).
•Abhandl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., Math.-phys. Kl., 26, No. 2, p. 71, 1912.
2 Pyrrhococcyx pallescens Cabanis and Heine, Mus. Hein., 4, (1), p. 86, 1862 —
"Northern Brazil."
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 435
The only specimen from Piauhy resembles birds from Bahia
(Santo Amaro; Macaco Secco, near Andarahy; Fazenda Tab6a and
Sao Marcello, Rio Preto), some of which were directly compared
and found identical with the type of P. pallescens in the Heine
Collection.
In addition to its shorter tail, this form is easily distinguished
from the South Brazilian P. c. macroura by much brighter and clearer
rufous (hazel or kaiser brown) upper, and much paler grayish
under parts, without any black on thighs, vent, or tail coverts.
Its range appears to be restricted to the states of Bahia, Piauhy,
and Pernambuco, in central eastern Brazil.
Farther south, from Minas Geraes, Espirito Santo, and Rio de
Janeiro down to Rio Grande do Sul, the long-tailed, deeply colored
P. c. macroura Gambel takes its place.]
374. Piaya cayana cearae Cory.
Piaya cayana cearae Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 304,
1 91 5 — Jua, near Iguatu, Ceara.
Ceara: Jua, near Iguatu, two cf 0", two 9 9 ad., July 30, Aug.
11, 20, Sept. 1, 1913; Quixada, 9 ad., June 27, 1913. R. H. Becker.
This seems to be a valid form. Though nearly related to, it may
be separated from, P. c. pallescens by decidedly paler, more whitish
under parts, the difference being particularly pronounced on the
thighs and crissum; the strongly rufescent tinge on the under sur-
face of the lateral rec trices; slightly lighter rufous upper parts, etc.
It is known only from Ceara.
1-375. Tapera naevia naevia (Linnaeus).
Cuculus naevius Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 170, 1766 — based on
Brisson, Orn., 4, p. 128, Cayenne.
Diploplerus naevius Reiser, pp. 59, 126 — Burity, Pe" do Morro, and Queimadas,
Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy.
The distinction of a southern form T. naevia chochi1 seems to me
more than problematical. In measuring a large number of specimens
from various localities, I find so much individual variation in size
that I fail to see how dimensions can be used as a criterion for the
maintenance of two races in South America. It is, however, possible
that southern birds average slightly browner above, although there
is much seasonal change in this respect.]
^ee Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 50, 1918.
436 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XII.
376. Neomorphus geoffroyi (Temminck).
Coccyzus geoffroyi Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 2, pi. 7, 1820 — no
locality given, nab. subst. Bahia, Brazil (auct. Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 12, p. 298,
1905)-
Maranhao: Tury-assu, o" ad., two 9 9 ad., Oct. 15, 25, Dec. 12,
1923. — "Iris yellow and red, feet pale gray, bill greenish yellow,
black at base."
This beautiful Cuckoo has a rather wide distribution in Brazil
south of the Amazon, ranging from Para to Espirito Santo, west to
the Rio Madeira. The Maranhao examples agree with others from
Amazonia (Para region and Rio Madeira). I have seen no material
from southern Brazil.1
Represented by nearly allied species (or races) in Upper Amazonia.
[377. Dromococcyx phasianellus (Spix).
Macropus phasianellus Spix, Av. Bras., 1, p. 53, pi. 42, 1824 — Tonantins,
Rio Solimoes, Brazil.
Dromococcyx phasianellus Reiser, pp. 59, 126 — Parnagua and below Uniao,
Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy.
Piauhy: Parnagua, 9 ad., June 13, 1903; two c^d", one 9 ad.,
below Uniao, Rio Parnahyba, Aug. 25, 26, 1903. O. Reiser
(Vienna Museum).
Widely distributed throughout Central and South America south
to Sao Paulo and Matto Grosso.]
378. Guira guira (Gmelin).
Cuculus Guira Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (1), p. 414, 1788 — based on Brisson (ex
Marcgrave), northeastern Brazil.
Guira guira Reiser, pp. 59, 127 — Pedrinha, Lake Parnagua, Piauhy.
Maranhao: Tury-assii, 9 ad., Nov. 29, 1923; Mangunca Island,
9 ad., Feb. 27, 1924; Sao Luiz, o71 ad., July 26, 1923.
Additional specimens. — Ceara: Jua, near Iguatu, three c? d\ July
31, Aug. 18, 1913; Quixada, two cf d\ two 9 9 , June 16, 19, 25, 1913.
R. H. Becker.
The Guira Cuckoo ranges all over eastern Brazil, from the islands
of Mara jo and Mexiana south to Matto Grosso and Rio Grande do
Sul, extending into Paraguay, Uruguay, and Argentina.
'Birds from Espirito Santo have recently been described by Madame Snethlage
as Neomorphus dulcis (Orn. Monatsber.,35, p. 80, 1927), and while they appear to
be subspecifically different from the Amazonian representative, the type in the
Leiden Museum should be examined to make sure of the proper application of
Temminck's name.
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 437
379. Crotophaga major Gmelin.
Crotophaga major Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (1), p. 363, 1788 — based on Brisson
and Buffon, Cayenne; Reiser, pp. 59, 126 — Ilha Grande, Lake Parnagua, Piauhy.
Maranhao: Tury-assu, c? ad., Oct. 30, 1923; Mangunca Island,
c? ad., Feb. 29, 1924.
Generally distributed in South America.
380. Crotophaga ani Linnaeus.
Crotophaga ani Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 105, 1758 — based on Browne
and Sloane (Jamaica), and Marcgrave (northeastern Brazil); Reiser, (2), p. 127,
1925 — Miritiba, Maranhao.
Crotophaga sulcirostris (?) (not of Swainson) Reiser (1), p. 100 — Maranhao.
Maranhao: Sao Bento, cf ad., Sept. 13, 1923; Mangunca Island,
o* ad., March 22, 1924.
Widely diffused in the West Indies and in Central and South
America.
[381. Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus (Latham).
Psittacus hyacinthinus Latham, Ind. Orn., 1, p. 84, 1790 — no locality indicated,
= Brazil.
Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus Reiser (1), p. 56, 191 o — Xingu, near Santa Maria,
on the road from Santo Antonio de Gilboez to Santa Philomena, Piauhy; idem (2),
p. 112, 1925 — upper Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy.
The Vienna Academy Expedition met with the Blue Macaw at
numerous localities along the Rio Parnahyba. The last flocks were
seen at Sao Miguel and Sao Estevao. Two specimens from the Alto
Parnahyba in the Tring Museum examined.
A. hyacinthinus is peculiar to the interior of Brazil, from the
Amazon south to Sao Paulo and Matto Grosso.]
[382. Ara ararauna (Linnaeus).
Psittacus ararauna Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 96, 1758 — "in America
meridionale" ; we accepted Pernambuco (ex Marcgrave )as type locality.1
Ara ararauna Reiser, pp. 56, 114 — Lag6a Saco, Brejao, and Riacho d'Ardeia,
Piauhy.
Specimens of this Macaw were obtained by the Vienna Academy
Expedition in southern Piauhy. The species is widely distributed in
tropical South America.]
xSee Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 577, 1906.
438 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
[383. Ara chloroptera Gray.
Ara chloropterus Gray, List. Birds Brit. Mus., 3, Psittaci, p. 26, 1859 — based
on Macrocercus macao Vieillot, etc., type from British Guiana.
Ara chloroptera Reiser, pp. 56, 115 — Parnagua and Riacho da Varzea Grande,
near Santo Antonio de Gilboez, Piauhy.
Not met with by Dr. Snethlage. The Vienna Academy Expedition
secured several examples of this widespread species in southern
Piauhy.]
[384. Ara maracana (Vieillot).
Macrocercus maracana Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 2, p. 260,
1 8 16 — based on Azara, No. 274, Paraguay and La Plata River.
Ara maracana Reiser, pp. 56, 116 — Parnagua, Piauhy.
The Vienna Academy Expedition secured several examples on
the shores of Lake Parnagua, Piauhy.
This Macaw is a native of Paraguay and eastern Brazil, ranging
as far north as the island of Marajo.]
[385. Orthopsittaca manilata (Boddaert).
Psittacus manilatus Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 52, 1783 — based on Daubenton,
PI. Enl. 864, Cayenne.
Ara macavuanna Reiser, pp. 56, 116 — Santa Maria, on the trail from Santo
Antonio de Gilboez to Santa Philomena, Piauhy.
We have no specimens from Piauhy, but two from Sao Marcello,
Rio Preto, in the neighboring state of Bahia.
0. manilata is generally distributed in northern South America,
from Guiana south to Peru, Matto Grosso, and Bahia.]
[386. Cyanopsitta spixii (Wagler).
Sittace spixii Wagler, Abhandl. Ak. Wiss. Munchen, 1, p. 675, 1832 — "in
Brasilia, versus flumen Amazonum," errore (the type examined in the Munich
Museum was obtained on the banks of the Sao Francisco River near Joazeiro,
state of Bahia).
Cyanopsittacus spixi Reiser (2), p. 114, 1925 — Lake Parnagua, Piauhy.
A few examples of Spix's Macaw, one of the greatest rarities
among South American Parrots, were observed by Otmar Reiser in
June 1903 in the vicinity of Parnagua, Piauhy. This is the only
record since its discovery by Spix more than one hundred years ago.
Dr. Snethlage unfortunately did not meet with the species.]
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 439
387. Diopsittaca nobilis cumanensis (Lichtenstein).
Psittacus cumanensis Lichtenstein, Verz. Dubl. Berliner Mus., p. 6, 1823 —
Brazil.1
Ara nobilis (not Psittacus nobilis Linnaeus) Reiser, pp. 57, 117 — Pedrinha
(Lake Parnagua), Santa Philomena, and junction of the Rio Sucuriu, Rio Parna-
hyba, Piauhy.
Maranhao: Tury-assu, two 9 9 ad., 9 imm., Nov. 27, Dec. 20,
21, 1923; Rosario, 9 ad., May 16, 1924; Codo, Cocos, 9 ad., June
13, 1924.
Goyaz: Philadelphia, lower Tocantins, cf ad., Nov. 30, 1925.
Additional specimen. — Maranhao: Miritiba, cf imm., March 9,
1909. F. Schwanda.
This species is widely distributed in Brazil south of the Amazon
Valley, ranging from Para (Cajetuba), Maranhao and northern
Goyaz to Sao Paulo and extending west into Matto Grosso. North
of the Amazon, on the Rio Branco as well as in Guiana and eastern
Venezuela (Caura Valley) it is replaced by the smaller, partly
black-billed D. n. nobilis (Linnaeus).
[388. Thectocercus acuticaudatus haemorrhous (Spix).
Aratinga haemorrhous Spix, Av. Bras., 1, p. 29, pi. 13, 1824 — "in Campo Alegre
Bahiae" (types in Munich Museum examined).
Conurus haemorrhous Reiser (1), p. 57, 1910 — Parnagua, Piauhy.
Aratinga (Conurus) haemorrhous Reiser (2), p. 119, 1925 — Parnagua.
1Psittacus cumanensis Lichtenstein is evidently the earliest available name for
the southern form of this Macaw with pale upper, and blackish lower mandible. The
characters "rostro validiore mandibula nigra, genis nudis immaculatis, fronte
cyanea" are just the points of distinction from '"Psittacus guianensis Gmelin"
[= Aratinga leucophthalma (Muller)], with which Lichtenstein compared his sup-
posed novelty. The specific name apparently was derived from the Bay of Cuman,
Maranhao, which we suggest as type locality.
Psittacus nobilis Linnaeus (Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 97, 1758), universally
accepted for the southern race, obviously refers to Psittacara hahni Souance' (Rev.
Mag. Zool., (2), 8, p. 58, 1856— "Colombie"). It is true Linnaeus merely gives
"America meridionalis" as its habitat, and the short diagnosis might apply to
either form. However, on turning to his first reference (Mus. Ad. Frid., 2, Prodr.
p. 13, 1764), we find there a more complete description of the bird; and while
nothing is said about the coloration of the bill, the statement "Habitat Surinami"
clearly indicates the northern form. It might be argued that, no mention being
made of the bluish forecrown, the description would seem to correspond even
better with Aratinga leucophthalma, likewise found in Guiana. This species, how-
ever, has only a limited bare space round the eye, while Linnaeus, for his Psittacus
nobilis, uses the same expression ("genis nudis") as he does in the case of Psittacus
[ = Ara] sever us. Under these circumstances, I do not see how we can well avoid
calling the Guianan bird Diopsittaca nobilis nobilis (Linnaeus) 1758, of which
Psittacara hahni Souance 1856 becomes a synonym.
44° Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
Piauhy: Parnagua, 9 ad., May 25, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna
Museum).
Except for possessing a few brownish red feathers in the middle
of the abdomen — no doubt, an individual variation — this bird was
found to agree with others from the Sao Francisco River, Bahia.
This Paroquet merely differs from T. a. acuticaudatus by lacking
the blue on the sides of the head and throat and by its pale (instead of
blackish) mandible, and is clearly but subspecifically distinct. It
has been recorded from various localities in Bahia and from southern
Piauhy, but may have a more extensive range, since the validity of
Conurus neoxenus Cory,1 from Venezuela, is extremely doubtful.
Birds from Urucum de Corumba, Matto Grosso, in coloration, are
somewhat intermediate between acuticaudatus and haemorrhous, but
agree with the former in the blackish lower mandible.]
[389. Aratinga guarouba (Gmelin).
Psittacus guarouba Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (1), p. 320, 1788 — based on (Brisson
ex) Marcgrave, Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 207: "Quiiubatui," northeastern Brazil.
Conurus guarouba Hellmayr, Abhandl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., Math.-phys. Kl., 26,
No. 2, p. 73, 1912 — Serra do Pirocaua, Maranhao.
Maranhao: Serra do Pirocaua, d" ad., Dec. 27, 1909. F. Lima
(Munich Museum).
This striking species has of late been recorded only from the south
bank of the lower Amazon (Xingu to Para) and Maranhao, but
doubtless ranges farther east, since it was first described by Marc-
grave, who did not extend his researches beyond the western limits
of Ceara.]
390. Aratinga jandaya (Gmelin).
Psittacus jandaya Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (i), p. 319, 1788 — based on (Brisson
ex) Marcgrave, Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 206: "Jendaya," northeastern Brazil.
Aratinga chrysocephalus Spix, A v. Bras., 1, p. 30, pi. 14, 1824 — Piauhy (types
in Munich Museum examined).
Conurus jendaya Reiser (1), p. 57, 1910 — Fazenda do Saco, Santa Maria, and
Ponta da Serra, near Santa Philomena, Piauhy.
Aratinga (Conurus) jendaya Reiser (2), p. 117, 1925 — Piauhy.
Maranhao: Tury-assu, cf ad., 9 ad., Oct. 10, 18, 1923; Grajahii,
c? ad., Oct. 28, 1924; Tranqueira, two o71 o71 ad., 9 imm., Sept. 9,
Oct. 12, 1925.
1FieId Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 243, 1909 — Margarita Island,
Venezuela.
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 441
Additional specimens. — Maranhao: Primeira Cruz, o" ad., July
10, 1906 (Field Museum); Miritiba, cf ad., 9 ad., 1907. F. Schwan-
da (Munich Museum). — Ceara (unspecified), one adult (Berlepsch
Collection). — Piauhy (unspecified), three adults. J. B. Spix (Munich
Museum).
The immature differs only by smaller bill, duller throat, and by
having the crown streaked with green.
This Paroquet is peculiar to northeastern Brazil (states of Maran-
hao, Piauhy, and Ceara),1 and does not even occur at Para.
A. a. auricapilla (Kuhl), of Bahia, which we have from Macaco
Secco, near Andarahy, and A. a. aurifrons (Spix), of southern Brazil,
are probably geographic races of A. jandaya.2
391. Aratinga leucophthalma leucophthalma (Miiller).
Psittacus leucophthalmus P. L. S. Miiller, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 75, 1776 —
based on Daubenton, PI. Enl. 407, Cayenne.
Conurus leucophthalmus Reiser (1), p. 57, 1910 — Burity, Lag6a Missao, and
Cachoeira, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy.
Aratinga {Conurus) leucophthalmus Reiser (2), p. 118, 1925 — same localities.
Maranhao: Tury-assu, 9 ad., Dec. 4, 1923; Tranqueira, cf ad.,
Sept. 11, 1925.
Additional material examined since the publication of my notes3
seems to indicate that there is no ground for recognizing a southern
race (C. propinquus Sclater), the alleged difference in size proving
to be nonexistent. The range of A. I. leucophthalma thus extends
from Guiana through the greater part of Amazonia down to northern
Argentina, Paraguay, and southern Brazil. On the other hand, A. I.
callogenys (Salvadori), of eastern Ecuador, is evidently separable,
as shown by Chapman,4 although immature and female examples
are hardly distinguishable from the typical bird.
392. Aratinga cactorum caixana Spix.
Aratinga caixana Spix, Av., Bras., 1, p. 34, pi. 19, fig. 1, 1824 — no locality
indicated; we suggest Caxias, Piauhy (type in Munich Museum examined).
Aratinga cactorum perpallida Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Zool. Ser., 13,
Part 2, No. 1, p. 59, 1918 — Jua, Ceara.
1Its occurrence in Pernambuco is open to doubt.
2See Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., 22, No. 3, pp. 581-583, 1906.
3Nov. Zool., 14, p. 85, 1907.
4Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 55, p. 258, 1926.
442 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
Conurus cactorum (not of Kuhl) Reiser (i), p. 57, 1910 — part, island near
Sambaiba, Rio Sao Francisco and Fazenda da Serra, Rio Grande, Bahia; Olho
d'Agua, near Parnagua, Piauhy.
Conurus (Aratinga) cactorum Reiser (2), p. 118, 1925 — part, near Sambaiba,
Rio Grande, and Piauhy.
Piauhy: Ibiapaba, two 0*0" ad., four 9 9 ad., Dec. 14, 16, 26,
1924, Jan. 13, 1925.
Additional specimens. — Ceara: Jua, near Iguatii, cf ad., Aug.
7, 1 9 13. R. H. Becker (type of A. c. per pallida Cory). — Brazil
(unspecified), unsexed adult (type of A. caixana Spix) (Munich
Museum).
In my revision of Spix's types1 1 remarked on the paler coloration,
particularly below, of the original example of A. caixana and other
specimens of this Paroquet from the Rio Grande, in northwestern
Bahia, when compared with the types of A. flaviventer Spix2 and an
adult from Solidade, south of Joazeiro, but owing to lack of sufficient
material I was in doubt as to the significance of this variation. The
series now forwarded by Dr. Snethlage clearly demonstrates the
existence of two races, although their ranges can at present only
approximately be circumscribed.
Psittacus cactorum Kuhl3 was based on specimens in Wied's col-
lection, obtained, as we learn from the account of his travels,4 at
Vareda, Rio Pardo and near Os Possoes, in southeastern Bahia.
Birds from Rio do Peixe, near Queimadas, Bahia, in Field Museum
substantially agree with Kuhl's and Wied's description, having the
throat and chest tawny olive and the middle of the belly decidedly
orange (deep chrome or cadmium yellow). The two typical ex-
amples of A. flaviventer Spix as well as an adult male taken by O.
Reiser at Solidade, south of Joazeiro, in northern Bahia are similar.
Spix gives Contendas (in northern Minas Geraes), Joazeiro, and
Piauhy as localities for A. flaviventer, but as the latter state is
tenanted by another form it follows that his types must have come
from either Contendas or Joazeiro.
The series from Piauhy, the specimen from Ceara (type of A. c.
per pallida), and two adults from the northwestern section of Bahia
(9 ad., Sambaiba, near Barra, April 2, 1903; o* ad., near Fazenda
JAbhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., 22, No. 3, pp. 583-584, 1906.
2Av. Bras., 1, p. 33, pi. 18, 1824 — "prope Contendas ac Joazeiro, et in Piauhy."
8Consp. Psitt., p. 82, 1820.
*Reise Brasil., 2, pp. 168, 231, 1821.
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 443
da Serra, Rio Grande, April 11, 1903; O. Reiser), together with one
from Pernambuco, collected by W. Swainson, in the Vienna Museum,
are markedly paler, with the green of the upper parts lighter, the
throat and chest buffy citrine or olive lake, and the center of the
abdomen less orange, nearest to light cadmium. The original speci-
men of A. caixana, a. cage-bird with clipped wing- and tail-feathers,1
apart from a few xanthochroistic feathers on the wings, is practically
identical with the type of A. c. per pallida, due allowance being made
for its faded condition. While Spix fails to mention any locality,
the specific term may have been intended as the latinized form of
Caxias, a city in eastern Maranhao, visited by the Bavarian Ex-
pedition to Brazil.
A. c. caixana thus seems to range from Maranhao and Piauhy
east to Pernambuco, encroaching on the northwestern section of
Bahia (Rio Grande district), while south of the Rio Sao Francisco
its place is taken by the darker, brown-chested A. c. cactorum (Kuhl).
393. Aratinga2 aurea aurea (Gmelin).
Psittacus aureus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (1), p. 329, 1788 — based on (Brisson
ex) Edwards, Glean. Nat. Hist., 5, pi. 235 — "supposed to be a native of Brazil."
Conurus aureus Reiser (1), p. 57, 1910 — Lake Parnagua, Piauhy; idem (2),
p. 119, 1925 — Lake Parnagua and Riacho Novo, Piauhy.
Maranhao: Grajahu, 9 ad., Oct. 18, 1924; Tranqueira, 9 ad.,
Sept. 5, 1925; Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba, 9 ad., July 25,
1925; Codo, Cocos, three d" 0" ad., June 28, July 5, 10, 1924.
Piauhy: Deserto 0" ad., April 8, 1925.
Goyaz: Philadelphia, lower Tocantins, two 9 9 ad., Nov. 23,
1925.
Additional specimens. — Maranhao: Miritiba, o" 9 ad., F.
Schwanda. (Munich Museum).
Agreeing with specimens from other parts of Brazil (Santarem,
Rio Preto, Bahia, etc.). Certain individuals from southern Matto
Grosso (Piraputanga), in size, closely approach the recently sep-
arated Paraguayan form A. aurea major.3
JThe plate in Spix's work is utterly unrecognizable, the plump stout figure
giving the impression of some species of Amazona rather than of a Paroquet.
Fortunately, the type permits the proper identification of the species.
2The genus Eupsittula appears to be inseparable from Aratinga.
3Eupsittula aurea major Cherrie and Reichenberger, Amer. Mus. Novit., 58,
p. 3, 1923 — Puerto Pinasco, Paraguay (type examined).
444 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
A. a. aurea is distributed over the greater part of Brazil, from the
north bank of the lower Amazon south to Sao Paulo and Matto
Grosso, and west to the Rio Madeira. It is probably conspecific
with A. aeruginosa (Linnaeus) and allies.
394. Pyrrhura leucotis griseipectus Salvadori.
Pyrrhura griseipectus Salvadori, Ibis, (7), 6, p. 672, 1900 — locality unknown
(type in Turin Museum examined).
Ceara: Serra de Baturite, five cfcf, one 9 ad., one unsexed
adult, July 12, 15, 18, 22, 1913. R. H. Becker.
I believe these are the first specimens taken in a wild state.
Compared with nine skins of true P. I. leucotis (Kuhl) from Bahia
and Rio de Janeiro, the series merely differs by more purely white
auriculars, with hardly any trace of brownish edges, and by having
the lower throat and chest mouse gray or dusky gray instead of
greenish. The feathers of these parts are, however, similarly marked,
having a broad buffy or whitish subterminal band, followed by a
narrow dusky apical margin. The bill is, on average, slightly larger.
The type, a cage-bird of unknown origin, and an adult female in
the Para Museum (No. 5608), brought from Ceara, which had like-
wise been kept in captivity, are somewhat larger (wing 125, against
112-117; tail 135, against 117-125 in the Serra de Baturite series),
but agree in coloration.
P. I. griseipectus is recorded only from Ceara, where it obviously
replaces P. I. leucotis, the latter being restricted to the littoral of
eastern Brazil, from Bahia south to Rio de Janeiro. A third race of
this group, P. I. emma Salvadori, inhabits the Caribbean coast of
Venezuela, from Sucre to Caracas.
395. Pyrrhura picta amazonum Hellmayr.
Pyrrhura picta amzonum Hellmayr, Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 19, p. 8, 1906 — Obidos,
lower Amazon.
Goyaz: Santo Antonio (Boa Vista), lower Tocantins, o" ad., Jan.
27, 1926.
A very worn specimen, with a few fresh feathers just emerging
from the sheaths here and there, extends the recorded range from
the lower Amazon to northern Goyaz, though Madame Snethlage
had already listed the same form from Arumatheua, lower down on
the Tocantins.
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 445
I am still in doubt whether the representatives of this Paroquet
found along the banks of the Rio Madeira are really separable from
P. p. amazonum, as has been intimated by Madame Snethlage.1
Regardless of locality there is much variation in size as well as in
the intensity and shape of the dusky markings on the anterior under
parts.
[396. Pyrrhura perlata2 lepida (Wagler).
Sittace lepida Wagler, Abhandl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., Math.-phys. Kl., 1, p. 642,
1832 — "Brasilia versus flumen Amazonum."
Pyrrhura perlata lepida Neumann, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay., 17, p. 429, 1927 —
Guimaraes, Maranhao.
Neumann refers a single female, obtained on November 14, 1902
at Guimaraes and preserved in the Senckenbergian Museum at
Frankfort, to P. p. lepida whose range would seem to extend from
the vicinity of Belem east to the Bay of Cuman in northern
Maranhao.]
[397. Pyrrhura perlata coerulescens Neumann.
Pyrrhura perlata coerulescens Neumann, Orn. Monatsber., 35, p. 89, 1927 —
Miritiba, Maranhao; idem, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay., 17, p. 430, 1927 — Miritiba.
xBol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 499, 1914.
2Prof. Neumann (Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay., 17, pp. 428-431, 1927), in his recent
review, has proposed to split P. perlata into four races; and after examining twenty-
five skins of this group, including Spix's types, I am bound to concur with his
conclusions. I must, however, demur to the statement that the male type of
Aratinga perlata Spix is no longer in existence. While admitting that Spix's char-
acterization of the male, in certain respects, does not too well agree with the example
marked as "male" in the Munich Collection, the author — as he did in other cases —
apparently drew up the description not from the actual specimen, but rather from
the plate on which the reddish frontal edge, not mentioned in the diagnosis, is indeed
lacking. On the other hand, the yellowish green genal patch, the bluish "barba
maxillaris," and the coloration of the tail ("apice subcaerulescens") exactly fit the
"male" bird in the Munich Museum. The dark green prepectoral feathers, shown
by the "male" type, had been glued on, as pointed out by Wagler (1. c, p. 643):
"Jugulo speciminis ab eo falso mare speciei sequentis descripto plumae virescenti-
fuscae avis alienae erant." They have since been removed, and the breast conse-
quently exhibits a bare spot in the middle. Moreover, Spix expressly states that he
secured but two specimens. These were listed as early as i860 in Siebold's hand-
written Catalogue, and there is no reason to suppose that there were ever more
than two Spixian specimens of this Paroquet in the Munich Collection.
Wagler's description of 5. lepida was evidently taken from the Berlin Museum
example, and when referring Spix's female to S. chlorogenys, he probably did
so without having his own type (of S. lepida) for direct comparison.
The tails in Spix's types are by no means worn, as erroneously stated in my
review; they are, on the contrary, in the process of molting and about half-
grown. In both specimens, the wings are clipped.
They differ from both P. p. lepida (Para region) and P. p. coerulescens (Miritiba)
by entirely pyrite yellow genal patch; a very distinct kaiser brown frontal edge;
and exceedingly pale (dingy light pinkish buff) foreneck and chest with narrow,
dusky, apical edges. Whether they represent a constant form or merely a cage-
variety remains to be established by future researches.
446 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
Pyrrhura perlata (not Aratinga perlata Spix) Reiser, pp. ioo, 120 — Miritiba.
Maranhao: Miritiba, five 0" o71 ad., four 9 9 ad., May 6, Sept.
15, 19, Oct. 2, Dec. 12, 1907. F. Schwanda (Munich and Tring
Museum).
Compared with ten specimens from the Para region (Santa
Antonio do Prata, Benevides, Igarap6-assu, Peixe-Boi), this series
differs by its much larger and bicolored (yellowish green or light
green anteriorly, decidedly bluish posteriorly) genal patch, and
more bluish foreneck and chest, with narrower and paler (dingy
whitish or dull buffy brownish instead of ochreous brown) apical
edges. Judging from the material on hand, this appears to be a
valid race, although it affords the only instance of an Amazonian
species being represented by two geographic forms in the western
and eastern sections of the forest region of northern Maranhao.
P. p. coerulescens is known only from the type locality.1]
398. Forpus2 passerinus flavissimus subsp. nov.
Psittacula passerina (not Psittacus passerinus Linnaeus) Reiser (1), p. 57, 1910
— part, No. 1284, Queimadas, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy.
Psittacula passerina vivida (not of Ridgway) Reiser (2), p. 120, 1925 — Rio
Parnahyba, Piauhy.
Maranhao: Tury-assu, o71 ad., Nov. 30, 1923; Sao Bento, o71 ad.,
9 ad., Sept. 8, 1923; Grajahu, 9 ad., Oct. 28, 1924; Codo, Cocos,
three o71 o71 ad., two 9 9 ad., June 18, 1924.
Piauhy: Ibiapaba, three o71 o71 ad., Jan. 6, 16, 1925.
Additional specimens. — Ceara: Jua, near Iguatu, six o71 o71 ad.,
9 ad., July 30, Aug. 10, 14, 28, Sept. 2, 1913. R. H. Becker.
Type from Tury-assu, Maranhao, Brazil in Field Museum of
Natural History. No. 62909. Adult male. November 30, 1923.
H. Snethlage.
Characters. — Most nearly related to F. passerinus vividus (Ridgw.),
from Bahia and southward, but green of upper parts decidedly
lighter and more yellowish; forehead, cheeks, and upper throat suf-
LMiranda Ribeiro (Rev. Mus. Paul., 12, (2), p. 34, 1920), obviously by mistake,
includes Maranhao in the range of Pyrrhura rhodogaster (Sclater). This fine
species, probably a western representative of the P. perlata group, is known only
from certain southerly tributaries of the Amazon (Jamauchim; Rio Madeira;
Rio Jauni, Matto Grosso).
2For the change of the generic name Psittacula to Forpus Boie (Journ. Orn.,
6, p- 363, 1858), see Mathews, Birds Australia, 6, p. 169, 1917. As Boie did not
specify any genotype, we formally designate as such Psittacus passerinus Linnaeus,
one of the original species.
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 447
fused with lemon yellow or wholly yellow; blue of rump and wings
lighter, cobalt rather than smalt blue; under parts more yellowish
green.
C? ad. — Wing 81-86; tail 39-44; bill (from frontal edge of cere to
tip) 12-14.
9 ad. — Wing 78-84; tail 38-44; bill 12-14.
Range. — Northeastern Brazil, in states of Maranhao, Piauhy,
and Ceara.
This is the form to which Mr. Ridgway1 had once restricted Lin-
naeus's term passerinus,2 and which he afterwards3 united with the
Bolivian P. p. flavescens Salvadori. Comparison with a fine series of
sixteen examples from Bolivia, kindly lent by Mr. W. E. Clyde Todd,
of the Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, however, shows the Brazilian
birds to be separable by the decidedly deeper, cobalt rather than
spectrum blue tone of the rump and wing-area in the male sex and
by the greater extent of yellow on forehead and cheeks.
The characters of this form appear to be most highly developed
in birds from the coast of Maranhao, and none of the other examples
approaches the type which has the whole forehead as far back as the
eye as well as lores, cheeks, and upper throat bright lemon chrome,
abruptly defined from the light green of the crown. In the male
from Sao Bento and others from Ceara and Cocos (Codo), the fore-
head and cheeks are distinctly lemon yellow, though less extensively
than in the type; while those from Ibiapaba (Piauhy) and one from
Cocos have hardly more yellow than certain specimens of F. p.vividus
from Bahia. However, their general coloration is lighter, more yel-
lowish green, and the blue portions of the male plumage are not so
dark.
The range of this yellowish northern form is not likely to extend
east much beyond Ceara, since an adult male from Maceio, Alagoas,
in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, clearly belongs
with P. p. vivida. Its occurrence near Para, as recorded by
Ridgway, requires confirmation by authentic specimens.
^roc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, p. 538, Aug., 1888.
2As shown by Berlepsch (Nov. Zool., 15, p. 285, 1908), Psittacus passerinus
Linnaeus (Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 103, 1758; Mus. Ad. Frid., 2, Prodr., p. 16,
1764 — hab. ign.) clearly refers, however, to the green-rumped bird afterwards
described as Agapornis guianensis Swainson (Anim. Menag., p. 320, Dec, 1837 —
Demerara, British Guiana.)
3Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, p. 189, 1916.
448 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
There can be little doubt that all the Passerine Parrots of eastern
South America are merely races of a single specific unit, the Lower-
Amazonian F. deliciosus being just intermediate between the green-
rumped group (passerinus, viridissimus, cyanophanes) and the blue-
rumped group (crassirostris, flavescens, flavissimus, vividus) .
399. Brotogeris tuipara (Gmelin).
Psittacus tuipara Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, (1), p. 348, 1788 — based on (Brisson
ex) Marcgrave's "Tuipara," Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 206, northeastern Brazil.
"Brotogerys notata Scl. (=tuipara Gm.)" (sic) Reiser (1), p. 100, 1910 —
Maranhao.
Brotogerys tuipara Reiser (2), p. 121, 1925 — Miritiba, Maranhao.
Maranhao: Rosario, four cf cf ad., April 24, May 5, 1924.
Besides, I have examined eight specimens from Miritiba, secured
by F. Schwanda, in the collections at Vienna and Munich.
The series agrees with another from the Para region.
This Paroquet, apparently a representative of B. chrysopterus
(Linnaeus), of the Guianas and the north bank of the lower Amazon,
replaces it south of that river,1 ranging from the Tapajoz to Para
and through the forested coast belt at least to northeastern Maran-
hao. Farther west, on the Rio Madeira, another allied form, B.
chrysosema Sclater, is found.
400. Brotogeris chiriri (Vieillot).
Psittacus chiriri Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 25, p. 359, 18 17 —
based on Azara, No. 283, Paraguay.
"Brotogerys xanthoptera (Spix) = chiriri (Vieill.?)" (sic) Reiser (2), p. 120,
1925 — Riacho Fresco, Piauhy.
Maranhao: Tury-assu, 9 ad., Dec. 4, 1923; Grajahu, two 9 9
ad., Oct. 17, 1924; Barra do Corda, 9 ad., Aug. 16, 1924; Codo,
Cocos, two cf d" ad., June 29, July 4, 1924.
Goyaz: Philadelphia, 9 ad., Dec. 16, 1925.
In addition, I have seen several examples, taken by F. Schwanda
at Miritiba, Maranhao, in the collection of the Munich Museum.
The series agrees perfectly with specimens from Bahia (Sao
Marcello, Rio Preto), Minas Geraes (near Lagda Santa), and Matto
Grosso.
1Snethlage's record from "Monte Alegre" (in Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 139, 1914)
is obviously inaccurate.
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 449
This species, widely distributed in the interior of Brazil, Bolivia,
Paraguay, and northern Argentina, reaches the northern limit of
its range in the state of Maranhao. Even the bird from Tury-assu
fails to show the slightest approach to B. virescens (Gmelin), with
which we already meet at Para, whence it extends all through the
Amazon Valley to northeastern Peru.1
401. Amazona amazonica amazonica (Linnaeus).
Psittacus amazonicus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 147, 1766 — based on
Brisson, Frisch, etc.; Amazon River (ex Brisson) accepted as type locality.2
Chrysotis amazonica Reiser (1), p. 56, 1910 — Santa Philomena, Piauhy.
Amazona (Chrysotis) amazonica Reiser (2), p. 109, 1925 — Rio Parnahyba,
Piauhy.
Maranhao: Mangunca Island, o" ad., 9 ad., Feb. 25, 1924.
Widely diffused in South America east of the Andes, south to
Matto Grosso and Parana.3
[402. Amazona aestiva aestiva (Linnaeus).
Psittacus aestivus Linnaeus, Syst, Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 101, 1758 — "America";
southern Brazil accepted as type locality.4
Chrysotis aestiva Reiser (1), p. 56, 1910 — Parnagua and Santa Maria, Piauhy.
Amazona (Chrysotis) aestiva Reiser (2), p. 110, 1925 — Chapada da Varzea
Grande, foot of Serra de Santa Philomena, and Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy.
The range of this Parrot, which was collected at various locali-
ties by members of the Vienna Academy Expedition, comprises
eastern Brazil, from Piauhy and Pernambuco south to Rio Grande
do Sul. In Bolivia, northern Argentina, and Paraguay it is replaced
by A. aestiva xanthopteryx (Berlepsch),5 of which I have examined a
large series.]
[403. Amazona xanthops (Spix).
Psittacus xanthops Spix, Av. Bras., 1, p. 39, pi. 26, 1824 — interior of Minas
Geraes (type in Munich Museum examined).
^ee Hellmayr, Abhandl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., Math.-phys. Kl., 26, No. 2, pp.
137-138, 1912.
2See Hellmayr, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 594, 1906.
3 Amazona amazonica tobagensis Cory (Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Zool. Ser.,
13, Part 2, No. 1, p. 83, 1918 — Tobago) differs only by reason of rather larger
size and slightly paler coloration.
4See Hellmayr, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 593, 1906.
^Chrysotis aestiva xanthopteryx Berlepsch, Orn. Monatsber., 4, p. 173, 1896 —
Bueyes, eastern Bolivia.
45© Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
Chrysotis xanthops Reiser (i), p. 56, 1910 — Parnagua, Piauhy.
Amazona (Chrysotis) xanthops Reiser (2), p. Ill, 1925 — Parnagua.
Piauhy. Parnagua, three o* d\ two 9 9, May, 1903. O. Reiser
(Vienna Museum).
The Vienna Academy Expedition found the Yellow-faced Parrot
in great numbers in the neighborhood of Parnagua, in southern
Piauhy. This locality marks the northern limit of its recorded range,
which extends over the table-land of Brazil south to northern Sao
Paulo (Itapura) and west to Matto Grosso. Field Museum has speci-
mens secured by R. H. Becker at Sao Marcello, Rio Preto, Bahia.]
404. Pionus menstruus menstruus (Linnaeus).
Psittacus menstruus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 148, 1766 — based on
Edwards (hab. ign.) and Brisson: "Guiane" = Cayenne.
Maranhao: Tury-assu, 9 ad., Oct. 12, 1923.
A species of wide distribution in eastern South America, very
common in Amazonia and also found in eastern Brazil.1
[405. Pionus maximiliani maximiliani (Kuhl).
Psittacus maximiliani Kuhl, Consp. Psitt., p. 72, 1820 — Brazil.2
Psittacus flavirostris Spix, Av. Bras., 1, p. 42, pi. 31, fig. 2, 1824 — Piauhy (type
in Munich Museum examined).
Pionus maximiliani Reiser (1), p. 56, 1910 — Timbo, near Parnagua, Piauhy;
idem (2), p. in, 1925 — Riacho Fresco, Timbd and Burity, Piauhy.
Piauhy: Timbo, near Parnagua, 9 ad., June 9, 1903. O. Reiser
(Vienna Museum).
This specimen agrees with others from Bahia and Rio de Janeiro,
while birds from Sao Paulo and Rio Grande do Sul are somewhat
larger. The range of P. m. maximiliani can hardly be denned at
present, as much uncertainty exists with respect to the distinctness
of the supposed western races (siy Souance; bridgesi Boucard; lacerus
Heine).3]
406. Pionus fuscus (Muller).
Psittacus fuscus P. L. S. Muller, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 78, 1776 — based on
Edwards, Glean. Nat. Hist., 3, pi. 315, and Daubenton, PI. Enl. 408, Cayenne.
Maranhao: Tury-assu, Alto de Alegria, 9 ad., Nov. 7, 1923.
!See Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, p. 237, 1832.
2We learn from Wied (Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, p. 246, 1832) that the species
was sent to Kuhl for description, and venture to suggest as type locality Vicosa,
on the Rio Peruhype, south of Caravellas, Bahia.
aSee Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 192, 1926.
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 451
A species of Guiana and Lower Amazonia, whose range extends
east into the forested section of northern Maranhao.1
[407. Sarcoramphus2 papa (Linnaeus).
Vultur papa Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 86, 1758 — based on Edwards
and Albin: "in India occidentali"; hab. subst. Surinam, auct. Berlepsch 1908.
Cathartes papa Reiser (1), p. 88, 1910 — Barra do Museo, Rio Parnahyba,
Piauhy.
Gypagus papa Reiser (2), p. 197, 1925 — Piauhy.
The King Vulture was observed by Reiser and his companions
at several localities in Piauhy.]
[408. Coragyps3 urubu foetens (Lichtenstein).
Cathartes foetens Lichtenstein, Verz. Ausgest. Saug. und Vogel, p. 30, 1818 —
based on Azara's "Iribu," Paraguay.
Catharista atrata Reiser (2), p. 198, 1925 — Parnagua and Rio Parnahyba,
Piauhy.
Recorded by Reiser from Piauhy.]
[409. Cathartes4 aura ruficollis Spix.
Carthartes ruficollis Spix, Av. Bras., 1, p. 2, 1824 — interior of Bahia and Piauhy
(type lost).
No specimen from northeastern Brazil is available. I have,
however, examined an adult male from Joazeiro, Bahia, which agrees
perfectly with Spix's description, showing that his C. ruficollis belongs
to the red-headed species.
See also Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, pp. 86-91, 1926, where an
excellent review of the various species and races is given by A.
Wetmore.]
410. Polyborus plancus brasiliensis (Gmelin).
Falco brasiliensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (1), p. 262, 1788 — based on (Brisson
ex) Marcgrave's "Caracara," Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 211, northeastern Brazil; hab.
subst. Pernambuco.6
1Deroptyus accipitrinus fuscifrons Hellmayr, found on the south bank of the
lower Amazon from the Tapaj6z to Para, probably ranges into Maranhao. In
fact, the British Museum has a specimen said to have been sent from this state
by R. Wendeborn.
2 Sarcoramphus Dum6ril, Zool. Anal., p. 32, 1806 — type by subs, desig. (Vigors,
Zool. Journ., 2, p. 381, 1825) Vultur papa Linnaeus.
'Coragyps Geoff roy Saint-Hilaire in Le Maout, Hist. Nat. Ois., p. 66, 1853 —
type by monotypy Vultur urubu Vieillot.
*Cathartes Illiger, type by subs, desig. (Vigors, 1825) Vultur aura Linnaeus.
BSee Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 97, 1926, note 79.
452 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
Polyborus tharus (not of Molina) Reiser, pp. 88, 199 — Parnagua, Piauhy.
Piauhy: Ibiapaba, 9 imm., Dec. 28, 1924. — Wing 380.
The northern form of the Caracara ranges from northern Para-
guay throughout Brazil as far north as the Amazon and the island
of Maraj6.
411. Milvago chimachima chimachima (Vieillot).
Polyborus chimachima Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 5, p. 259,
1816 — based on Azara, No. 6, Paraguay.
Milvago chimachima Reiser, pp. 88, 200 — Parnagua and coast of Piauhy.
Maranhao: Barra do Corda, 9 juv., Sept. 10, 1924; Fazenda
Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba, 9 ad., July 22, 1925; Tranqueira, two
d^cf ad., Aug. 31, Sept. 5, 1925.
Additional specimen. — Piauhy: Delta of the Rio Parnahyba, cf
ad., Sept. 17, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum).
I am quite unable to distinguish these birds from a series taken
in Paraguay, northern Argentina, and eastern Brazil (Sao Paulo,
Bahia). The adults sent by Dr. Snethlage are in perfectly fresh con-
dition and have the under parts as deeply buff as others from more
southern localities, while the male from Piauhy, in worn bleached
plumage, is almost white underneath, suggesting that this difference,
which induced T. E. Penard1 to revive Gymnops strigilatus Spix2 as
a valid form, is seasonal rather than geographical.
412. Ibycter ater (Vieillot).
Daptrius ater Vieillot, Analyse Nouv. Orn. E16m., p. 68, 1816 — "le Bresil."
Maranhao: Tury-assu, 9 ad., Dec. 14, 1923.
An Amazonian species ranging, like so many others, into the
forest belt of northern Maranhao.
413. Ibycter americanus americanus (Boddaert).
Falco americanus Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl. p. 25, 1783 — based on "Le petit
Aigle, d'Amerique" Daubenton, PI. Enl. 417, Cayenne.
Gymnops aquilinus Spix, Av. Bras., 1, p. 11, 1824 — Piauhy.
Ibiceter (sic) americanus Reiser (1), p. 88, 1910 — Santa Philomena, Piauhy
and junction of Barroca do Maranhao, Rio Parnahyba, Maranhao.
Ibicter americanus Reiser (2), p. 199, 1925 — Rio Parnahyba.
^roc. New Engl. Zool. CI., 8, p. 36, 1923.
2Av. Bras., 1, p. 10, pi. 4a, 1824 — Rio Xingu, Brazil.
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 453
Maranhao: Grajahu, 9 ad., Oct. 8, 1924; Fazenda Inhuma, Alto
Parnahyba, o71 ad., July 18, 1925.
These specimens are absolutely identical with others from British
Guiana, Venezuela, and Para, the wing measurement of the male
(345 mm.) being about the same as in three from the Demerara River
(330 to 345 mm.). The female is a little larger, having a wing of
365 mm.
H. Kirke Swann,1 following Pelzeln, proposes to separate, on
account of larger size, a southeast Brazilian race, but he is quite
wrong in applying to it Latham's name formosus. If really dis-
tinguishable, which I have no means of ascertaining, the southern
birds will have to be rebaptized, since Falco formosus Latham2 is
merely a new name for Falco aquilinus Gmelin,3 based on Buffon's
and Daubenton's "Petit Aigle, d'Am£rique," from Cayenne, hence
a pure synonym of Falco americanus Boddaert. The range of this
doubtfully separable form must be restricted to southern Brazil.
Birds from Maranhao, which Swann refers to his I. a. formosus, are,
as shown above, not distinguishable from typical americanus.
[414. Herpetotheres cachinnans queribundus Bangs and Penard.
Herpetotheres cachinnans queribundus Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool., 63, p. 23, 1919 — Pernambuco, Brazil.
Herpetotheres cachinnans (not Falco cachinnans Linnaeus) Reiser, pp. 89, 201 —
Lake Parnagua, Serra da Prata, B6a Vista, near Brejao, and Remanso de Coco,
Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy.
Recorded by Reiser from various localities in Piauhy.
This pale form of the Laughing Falcon ranges all over Brazil
from the Amazon south to Paraguay and northern Argentina.]
[415. Micrastur semitorquatus semitorquatus (Vieillot).
Sparvius semitorquatus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 10, p. 322,
181 7 — based on Azara, No. 29, Paraguay.4
Micrastur melanoleucus Reiser (2), p. 202, 1925 — Miritiba, Maranhao.
As recorded by Reiser (1. c. ),the late F. Schwanda secured an
adult female near Miritiba, Maranhao, on Feb. 4, 1909, which is
now preserved in the Vienna Museum.]
^onogr. Birds Prey, Part 2, p. 78, 1925.
2Ind. Orn., 1, p. 38, 1790.
8Syst. Nat., 1, (1), p. 280, 1788.
*See Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 99, 1926.
454 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
[416. Micrastur ruficollis ruficollis (Vieillot).
Sparvius ruficollis Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 10, p. 322, 1817 —
'TAmerique meridionale" (the type examined in the Paris Museum is marked
"Br^sil").
Micrastur ruficollis Reiser, pp. 89, 202 — Lagda Missao, near Parnagua, Piauhy.
A single female, obtained by the Vienna Academy Expedition at
the Lag6a Missao, near Parnagua, in southern Piauhy, constitutes
the most northerly record of the rufous-necked Harrier-hawk, whose
range extends throughout eastern and central Brazil south to Para-
guay and northern Argentina. Farther north and west, in Amazonia
and Guiana it is replaced by M. r. gilvicollis (Vieillot), with which it
intergrades in the Para region, where, along with typical examples
of gilvicollis, certain individuals with a slight rufescent wash on the
foreneck and inner secondaries are found.1]
417. Cerchneis sparveria australis (Ridgway).
Tinnunculus sparverius var. australis Ridgway, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. for
Dec., 1870, p. 149, 1871 — new name for Falco gracilis (not of Lesson) Swainson,
Anim. Menag., p. 281, Dec, 1837, "in the province of Bahia."
Cerchneis sparveria australis Reiser (2), p. 207, 1925 — Burity, near Parnagua
and Santo Antonio de Gilboez, Piauhy.
Maranhao: Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba, 0* ad., July 27,
1925.
Goyaz: Philadelphia, lower Tocantins, two d" o* ad., Nov. 24,
Dec. 19, 1925.
The specimens are perfectly identical with others from Bahia
(Sao Marcello, Rio Preto) and Matto Grosso. Only one of the Phila-
delphia birds has a distinct rufous patch on the crown.
In view of the great individual variation in this form, I strongly
doubt the distinctness of C. s. cearae Cory,2 although the type (and
only known specimen) is decidedly paler above, with an unusual
amount of rufous on the crown, and less spotted below than any
other example seen by me.
1 Micrastur jugular is Gurney (List Diurn. Birds of Prey, p. 118, 1884) has no
taxonomic standing. It was based partly on specimens (in the plumbeous phase)
of M. ruficollis, partly on atypical individuals of M. r. zonothorax and M. r. inter-
stes. H. Kirke Swann (Monogr. Birds Prey, Part 3, p. 152, 1925) is quite confused
about it, and obviously did not understand the various plumages of these Hawks.
Mr. W. L. Sclater, on the other hand, has presented (Ibis, 1918, pp. 343-347) an
admirable treatise of the genus, and I fully agree with his arrangement. See also
my remarks in Nov. Zool., 28, pp. 179-180, 1921.
2Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 318, note*, 1915 — Quixada, Ceara.
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 455
C. s. australis ranges over the greater part of the Brazilian table-
land. In Argentina and neighboring countries it completely inter-
grades with C. s. cinnamomina (Sws.).
[418. Falco fusco-caerulescens fusco-caerulescens Vieillot.
Falco fusco-caerulescens Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., II, p. 90,
1817 — based on Azara, No. 40, Paraguay; Reiser, pp. 91, 207 — Burity, near Parna-
gua, and below Nova Villa, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy.
This wide-ranging species was recorded by Reiser from near
Parnagua and the lower Parnahyba.]
419. Falco rufigularis rufigularis Daudin.
Falco rufigularis Daudin, Traits d'Orn., 2, p. 131, 1800 — based on Latham,
C ayenne.
Falco albigularis (not of Daudin?)1 Reiser, pp. 91, 208 — Riacho Fresco, Pe-
drinha, and Piranha, Lake Parnagua, Piauhy.
Piauhy: Ibiapaba, 9 ad., Dec. 15, 1924.
Goyaz: Philadelphia, lower Tocantins, cf ad., Nov. 28, 1925.
Not different from Guianan examples. We are unable to dis-
criminate any geographic races of this little Falcon, excepting the
Bolivian F. r. pax Chubb,1 which seems to be separable.
[420. Falco deiroleucus Temminck.
Falco deiroleucus Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 59, pi. 348, 1825 — "dans
l'ile Saint-Francois, partie meridionale du Br£sil"=Sao Francisco Island, Santa
Catharina (type in Paris Museum examined); Reiser (i), p. 91 1910 — Burity,
near Parnagua, Piauhy.
Falco aurantius (not of Gmelin)3 Reiser (2), p. 208, 1925 — Burity, Piauhy.
Piauhy: Burity, near Parnagua, 9 ad., June 17, 1903. P.
Wachsmund (Vienna Museum).
This beautiful Falcon, a close ally of Falco peregrinus, is widely
distributed in Central and South America, but nowhere common.]
421. Rostrhamus sociabilis sociabilis (Vieillot).
Herpetotheres sociabilis Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 18, p. 318,
1 81 7 — based on Azara, No. 16, Corrientes and La Plata River.
Rostrhamus leucopygus Reiser, pp. 90, 206 — Ilha do Mai and Parnagua, Piauhy.
xFalco albigularis Daudin seems of doubtful applicability. See also Berlepsch
and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 115, 1902.
'Falco albigularis pax Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 39, p. 22, 1918 — Charuplaya,
Bolivia.
3I am unable to recognize the above species in Falco aurantius Gmelin (Syst.
Nat., 1, (1), p. 283, 1788 — based on Latham, Gen. Syn. Birds, 1, p. 105, No. 91,
Surinam) and prefer Temminck's later designation, accompanied by an unmis-
takable description.
456 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
Maranhao: Sao Bento, juv., Aug. 27, 1923.
The Everglade Kite is widely dispersed in South America, ranging
as far south as Uruguay and northern Argentina.1
[422. Chondrohierax2 uncinatus (Temminck).
Falco uncinatus Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 18, pis. 103, 104 (adults),
115 (juv.), 1822 — "depuis les environs de Rio-Janeiro jusque vers le nord du
Br£sil, et dans toute la Guiane."
Leptodon uncinatus Reiser, pp. 100, 206 — Miritiba, Maranhao.
The late F. Schwanda forwarded to the Vienna Museum an adult
male and a female, both taken at Miritiba, Maranhao on Dec. 27,
1907, and April 13, 1909, respectively.
Widely distributed in Central and South America.]
[423. Odontriorchis3 palliatus palliatus (Temminck).
Falco palliatus (Wied MS.) Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 23, pi. 204,
1823 — "Bresil et Guiane"; we accept Rio Peruhype, near Vicosa, southern Bahia
(ex Wied) as type locality.4
Leptodon cayennensis Reiser, pp. 90, 206 — Pedrinha, Burity, and Santa Philo-
mena, Piauhy.
Piauhy: Burity, near Parnagua, d* ad., June 14, 1903. O. Reiser
(Vienna Museum).
This specimen as well as another from the Rio Acara in the Para
region are indistinguishable from birds taken in Sao Paulo, which
induces me to believe that 0. forbesi Swann,5 based on a single
example from Pernambuco, is not a valid form.
lI take this opportunity of recording an additional specimen of the rare Heli-
colestes hamatus (Temra.) in collection of Field Museum. It is an adult male in
perfect plumage and was secured by the late M. P. Anderson on October 11, 1913,
at Lagunas. lower Huallaga, Peru. Rostrhamus taeniurus Cabanis (Journ. Orn.,
2, p. LXXX, 1854 — Para) is the immature stage, the type in the Berlin Museum
agreeing exactly with the description as given by Bangs and Penard (Bull. Mus.
Comp. Zool., 62, p. 38, 1918).
2 Chondrohierax Lesson (Echo du Monde Savant, 10, No. 3, p. 61, Jan., 1843 —
type by monotypy Daedalion erythrofrons Lesson = Falco uncinatus Temminck)
has priority over Regzrhinus Kaup 1845.
3Odontriorchis Kaup 1844 replaces Leptodon Sundevall 1836, the latter name
being preoccupied by Leptodon Rafinesque 1820 (see Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., 35, p. 621, note b, 1908).
4Swann's suggestion, "Matto Grosso" (Syn. Accip., 2nd ed., p. 158, 1922), is
untenable. We know from Wied's own statement (Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (1),
p. 152, 1 830) that the only specimen he obtained during his travels was forwarded
to Temminck who figured it in the "Planches coloriees," and, furthermore, we
learn from Schlegel (Mus. Hist. Nat. Pays-Bas, Pernes, p. 10, No. 7) that it still is
preserved in the Leiden Museum.
5Syn. Accip., 2nd ed., p. 159, 1922.
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 457
0. p. palliatus inhabits the greater part of eastern South America,
from southern Brazil north to Trinidad and Venezuela, extending
west into northern Colombia, while a very slightly differentiated
race takes its place in Central America.]
424. Gampsonyx swainsonii swainsonii Vigors.
Gampsonyx swainsonii Vigors, Zool. Journ., 2, p. 69, 1825 — ten miles w. s. w.
of Bay of San Salvador, Bahia; Reiser, pp. 91, 207 — Serra de Santa Philomena,
Piauhy.
Maranhao: Sao Francisco, opposite Amarante, Rio Parnahyba,
cf ad., July 1, 1925.
Additional specimen. — Ceara: Jua, near Iguatu, 9 ad., Aug.
28, 1903. R. H. Becker.
Similar to Bahia skins. I am extremely doubtful whether any of
the recently proposed races can be maintained, there being much
individual variation, both in size and coloration. It appears, how-
ever, that in birds from north of the Amazon the rufous of the flanks
is generally more intense, and encroaches on the sides of the breast,
while those from west of the Andes and Central America are some-
what larger. All of these are at best average characters, and much
more comprehensive material than is at present available will be
required to define any possible local races and their ranges.
425. Harpagus bidentatus bidentatus (Latham).
Falco bidentatus Latham, Ind. Orn., 1, p. 38, 1790 — Cayenne.
Maranhao: Tury-assii, 9 ad., Nov. 12, 1923.
This specimen is in the stage with plain rufous under parts and
only a few whitish bars on the lower abdomen. It extends the range
of the species from Amazonia to northern Maranhao.
426. Ictinia plumbea (Gmelin).
Falco plutnbeus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (1), p. 283, 1788 — based on Latham,
Cayenne; Spix, Av. Bras., 1, p. 12, 1824 — Piauhy.
Maranhao: Tranqueira, adult (unsexed), Sept. 5, 1925.
The Plumbeous Kite has a wide distribution in Central and South
America.
427. Geranospiza caerulescens gracilis (Temminck).
Falco gracilis Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 16, pi. 91, 1821 — "les
parties orientales du Brdsil."
Geranospizias gracilis Reiser, pp. 89, 202 — Parnagua, Piauhy.
458 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
Piauhy: Parnagua, cf ad., June 4, 1903. P. Wachsmund (Field
Museum).
Besides, I have examined in the Munich Museum an adult female
secured by the late F. Schwanda at Miritiba, Maranhao, and in the
Berlepsch Collection an unsexed adult from an unspecified locality
in Ceara. They agree with others from Bahia (Lamarao), Matto
Grosso (Cuyaba, Barra do Jauru), and Corrientes.
In another connection1 I have discussed its range, which extends
from Maranhao and Piauhy2 south throughout Brazil to eastern
Bolivia, Paraguay, and northern Argentina. North of the Amazon
it is represented by G. c. caerulescens, while other allied races are
found in western Ecuador and Central America.
428. Accipiter pileatus (Temminck).
Falco pileatus (Wied MS.) Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 35, pi. 205,
1823 — "on doit la connaissance de cette espece au prince de Neuwied qui l'a rap-
portee de ces voyages au Bresil," =Ilha Cachoeirinha, Rio Belmonte, Bahia.8
Accipiter pileatus Reiser, pp. 89, 202 — Os Umbus and Parnagua, Piauhy.
Maranhao: Tranqueira, d" ad., Sept. 13, 1925. — Wing 208; tail
165-
Piauhy: Ibiapaba, (o71) juv., Dec. 25, 1924. — Wing 202; tail 170.
The adult male agrees with others from Bahia (Villa Nova) and
Sao Paulo, and the young bird shows the heavy blackish brown
markings underneath, characteristic of the juvenile plumage of A.
pileatus.
This Sparrow Hawk inhabits eastern Brazil, from the interior
districts of Maranhao and Piauhy south to Rio Grande do Sul and
Matto Grosso, including Paraguay and Corrientes. It appears to be
the southern representative of A. bicolor (Vieillot), of Guiana, Vene-
zuela, etc., which ranges as far south as Para, whence there is an
adult male, obtained by Prof. J. B. Steere at Bemfica, on July 25,
in the Tring Museum. In adult plumage, this form differs from A.
pileatus in its whitish instead of rufous under wing coverts, while
young birds are immediately recognizable by their (unspotted)
plain buff under parts. A bird in juvenile plumage, taken by the
late Ferdinand Schwanda at Primeira Cruz, coast of Maranhao,
'Nov. Zool., 28, pp. 177-178, 1921.
2Possibly birds from the island of Marajo, which we have not seen, also belong
to this form.
3See Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (1), p. Ill, 1830.
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 459
on June 20, 1906 (Museu Paulista, No. 6681), is intermediate be-
tween A. pileatus and A. bicolor, suggesting their intergradation.
Whether such is really the case, remains to be proved by additional
material from northern Maranhao.
[429. Accipiter superciliosus superciliosus (Linnaeus).
Falco superciliosus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., I, p. 128, 1766 — Surinam
(descr. juv.).
Accipiter tinus Reiser, pp. 89, 203 — Parnagua, PiauhyandMiritiba, Maranhao.
Reiser obtained an adult male near Parnagua, Piauhy, on May
30, 1903, and F. Schwanda forwarded to the Vienna Museum an
immature female, taken at Miritiba, Maranhao, on October 6, 1907.
This diminutive Sparrow Hawk is widely diffused in South
America, east of the Andes, ranging south to Sao Paulo, Brazil.
In Panama and Colombia (Santa Marta region and Pacific coast)
it is replaced by A. s. fontanieri Bonaparte.1]
[430. Heterospizias meridionalis meridionalis (Latham).
Falco meridionalis Latham, Ind. Orn., 1, p. 36, 1790 — Cayenne.
Heterospizias meridionalis Reiser, pp. 90, 204 — Lag&a Saco (road from Par-
nagua to Santo Antonio de Gilboez) and Santo Antonio de Gilboez, Piauhy.
Recorded by Reiser from various localities in Piauhy. We have
no material from this state, but birds from the Rio Preto, Bahia,
agree with others from British Guiana, the Rio Branco, etc.
The Red-winged Hawk has a wide distribution in South America,
ranging from Panama south to Rio Grande do Sul and neighboring
countries. A supposedly larger race has been described from western
Argentina.2]
[431. Asturina nitida nitida (Latham).
Falco nitidus Latham, Ind. Orn., 1, p. 41, 1790 — Cayenne.
Asturina nitida Reiser, pp. 90, 203 — Pedrinha (Lake Parnagua), Lag&a do
Fundu (road from Parnagua to Santo Antonio de Gilboez), and below Sao Miguel,
Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy.
1 Accipiter fontanieri Bonaparte (Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 5, p. 578, 1853 — locality
not stated) has priority over Accipiter superciliosus exitiosus Bangs and Penard
(Proc. New Engl. Zool. CI., 7, p. 45, 1920 — Santa Marta). The type, which I have
recently examined in the Paris Museum, is in the rufous (immature) plumage, and
was obtained by Fontanier at Santa Cruz, in the Santa Marta region.
2 Heterospizias meridionalis australis Swann, Auk, 38, p. 359, 1921 — Laguna
de Malima, Tucuman; see Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 114, 1926.
460 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
The Vienna Academy Expedition secured several examples of the
Shining Buzzard-Hawk, which is generally distributed over tropical
South America, from Panama to southern Brazil.]
432. Rupornis magnirostris natter eri (Sclater and Salvin).
Asturina nattereri Sclater and Salvin, P. Z. S. Lond., 1869, p. 132 — vicinity of
Bahia, Brazil.
Rupornis nattereri Reiser (1), p. 89, 1910 — Ilha Sao Martin, Rio Parnahyba,
Piauhy.
Rupornis magnirostris nattereri Reiser (2), p. 203, 1925 — Fazenda Enseada
(north of Parnagua) and Ilha Sao Martin, Piauhy.
Falco magnirostris (not of Gmelin) Spix, Av. Bras., 1, p. 18, 1824 — Piauhy.
Maranhao: Tury-assu, 9 ad., Dec. 29, 1923; Sao Bento, d* ad.,
Sept. 4, 1923.
Piauhy: Ibiapaba, 9 juv., Jan. 10, 1925.
Additional specimens. — Maranhao: Sao Luiz, o" ad., July 15,
1905 (Sophia Museum); Primeira Cruz, cf ad., 9 ad., Aug. 8, Dec.
18, 1905; Tapera, 9 ad., Nov. 10, 1905; Miritiba, o* ad., three 9 9
ad., 9 juv., Feb. 15, April i, 26, Sept. 17, Oct. 4, 1907. F. Schwanda
(Munich Museum). — Piauhy: Ilha Sao Martin, Rio Parnahyba, 9
juv., Aug. 22, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum). — Ceara: Jua,
near Iguatu, two d" c? ad., July 30, Aug. 2, 1913. R. H. Becker
(Field Museum).
Compared with eight specimens from various parts of Bahia, this
series is decidedly referable to nattereri, though there is an average
difference in the coloration of the adults. The throat is generally
darker, less streaked with white, and the tawny of the chest slightly
duller and more variegated with grayish, while the upper parts are
a shade more grayish, thus suggesting a slight approach to the char-
acters of R. m. magnirostris which we already find in the Para region.
Certain examples, however, are absolutely indistinguishable from
topotypes of nattereri.
R. m. nattereri appears to be restricted to northeastern Brazil,
ranging from Maranhao and Ceara south to Bahia. In additon to
those listed above, specimens have been examined from the following
localities in the state of Bahia: City of Bahia (3), Serra de Solidade,
near Carnahyba (1), Barra (1), Fazenda da Serra, Rio Grande (1),
and Lag6a do Boqueirao, Rio Grande (1).
Farther south, at least as far north as Espirito Santo and Minas
Geraes, and extending down to Rio Grande do Sul, Matto Grosso,
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 461
and Misiones, it is represented by a considerably larger form, with
much darker brown upper parts and mainly dark brown throat.
This race, of which not less than forty-one specimens covering its
entire range have been examined, is evidently entitled to the name
R. magnirostris magniplumis (Bertoni),1 based on a single adult
from Monda-ih, in southeastern Paraguay, close to the Misiones
boundary line. An adult female from Santa Ana, Misiones, is almost
an exact duplicate of another from Victoria, Espirito Santo. Birds
from Rio Grande do Sul form the transition to R. m. gularis (Schle-
gel),1 of Uruguay, Entre Rios, and Buenos Aires.8
I expect to discuss the various races of this Hawk on another
occasion.
[433. Busarellus nigricollis nigricollis (Latham).
Falco nigricollis Latham, Ind. Orn., 1, p. 35, 1790 — Cayenne.
Busarellus nigricollis Reiser, pp. 90, 205 — Pedrinha, Lake Parnagua, and
Lag6a Missao, Piauhy.
The Black-collared Hawk, widely diffused in Central America and
northern South America, was recorded by Reiser from southern
Piauhy. We have no material from this region.]
[434. Buteogallus aequinoctialis (Gmelin).
Falco aequinoctialis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (1), p. 265, 1788 — based on Latham,
Cayenne.
Buteogallus aequinoctialis Reiser (1), p. 90, 1910 — coast of Piauhy; idem (2),
p. 205, 1925 — Igarassii Channel near city of Parnahyba, Ilha Grande, and
Amaracao, Piauhy, and Miritiba, Maranhao.
"Ibiceter (sic) spec." Reiser (1), p. 100, 1910 — Maranhao (spec, examined).
Maranhao: Miritiba, 9 juv., Sept. 12, 1907 (Vienna Museum);
Boa Vista, 0* juv., April 2, 1907. F. Schwanda (Museu Paulista).
Reiser found the Equinoctial Buzzard common in the coast region
of Piauhy. The two specimens from Maranhao, both in juvenile
plumage, were likewise taken in the forested coast belt.
lPotamolegus superciliaris magniplumis Bertoni, An. Cient.^Parag., 1, p. 159,
1901.
2Asturina gularis Schlegel, Mus. Hist. Nat. Pays-Bas, Asturinae, p. 4, 1862 —
Buenos Aires (type in Leiden Museum examined).
zAsturina pucherani J. and E. Verreaux (Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 7, p. 350, 1855),
based on a young bird of unknown locality, can be determined only by reexamina-
tion of the type in the Norwich Museum.
462 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
This species is restricted to the swampy woods along the Atlantic
coast of South America, from the Orinoco delta (Pedernales) south
to Parnagua, in the Brazilian state of Parana.1]
[435. Morphnus2 urubitinga urubitinga (Gmelin).
Falco urubitinga Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (1), p. 265, 1788 — based on "Urubi-
tinga" (Brisson ex) Marcgrave, northeastern Brazil.
Urubutinga urubutinga Reiser (1), p. 90, 1910 — Pe do Morro and Lag6a do
Limoeiro, near Parnagua, Piauhy.
Urubitinga3 urubitinga Reiser (2), p. 204, 1925 — Piauhy.
Recorded by Reiser from various places in Piauhy.
The Brazilian Eagle is generally distributed in South America,
from Colombia to Argentina.]
[436. Leucopternis albicollis (Latham).
Falco albicollis Latham, Ind. Orn., 1, p. 36, 1790 — Cayenne.
Leucopternis albicollis Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p.
68, 1926 — Tury-assu, Maranhao.
A specimen was secured by Madame Snethlage at Tury-assu.
This Hawk is rather widely diffused throughout Guiana, Ama-
zonia, and Trinidad.]
437. Columba4 picazuro Temminck.
Columba picazuro Temminck, Hist. Nat. Pig. et Gall., 1, pp. ill, 449, 1813 —
based on Azara, No. 317, Paraguay; Reiser, pp. 86, 188 — Parnagua, Burity, Oro,
and Bomfim, above Nova York, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy.
Piauhy: Ibiapaba, c? ad., Jan. 16, 1925 (Conover Coll., No. 3212).
On comparing twenty specimens of this Pigeon from Bolivia
(Buena vista), Argentina (Rio Colorado, Tucuman; Santa Ana, Mi-
siones; Los Ingleses, Ajo, Buenos Aires) and Uruguay, I find so
much individual variation in intensity of coloration both above and
!There is no reliable authority for its occurrence either in Colombia or Paraguay,
sometimes included in its range.
2 Morphnus Dumont 1816 (type by subs, desig., Gray, 1840, Falco urubitinga
Gmelin) replaces Urubitinga Lafresnaye 1842 (See Opinion 62 of the International
Commission on Zoological Nomenclature; Smithson. Inst. Pub., No. 2256, p. 147,
1914).
3The generic name is erroneously credited to Gmelin 1788.
4I do not see any practical advantage in splitting this genus into a number of
more or less poorly denned groups, such as Picazuros, Notioenas, Lepidoenas,
Chloroenas, etc.
Brazilian Birds— Hellmayr. 463
below that the distinction of the proposed southern race C. p. ven-
turiana Hartert1 becomes very questionable.
As far as color is concerned, the Ibiapaba bird, except in having
a very slightly paler crown, is exactly duplicated by an adult male
from Rio Colorado, Tucuman and another from Buenavista, Bolivia;
but it is smaller than any other specimen seen by us.
Pending the receipt of a topotypical series from Paraguay, it
may provisionally stand under Temminck's term.
This Pigeon is extensively distributed in the Catinga region of
Brazil, having been taken at various localities between Piauhy and
Parahyba in the north and Matto Grosso and Rio Grande do Sul
in the extreme south, and, furthermore, ranges into Uruguay, north-
ern Argentina, and eastern Bolivia.
[438. Columba speciosa Gmelin.
Columba speciosa Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 783, 1789 — based on Buffon and
Daubenton, PL Enl. 213, Cayenne; Reiser, pp. 100, 188 — Miritiba, Maranhao;
Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 61, 1914 — Guimaraes, Maranhao.
The late F. Schwanda shot a male at Miritrba, on October 1,
1907, which is now in the collection of the Vienna Museum, and
Madame Snethlage records skins from Guimaraes, likewise in the
coast region.
The Trocal Pigeon is generally distributed throughout Central
and South America, ranging as far south as Matto Grosso and Santa
Catharina.]
[439. Columba purpureotincta Ridgway.
Columba purpureotincta Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, "1887," p. 594,
note, Sept., 1888- — Demerara, British Guiana; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de
Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 68, 1926 — Tury-assu, Maranhao.
Madame Snethlage records a specimen of this Amazonian Pigeon
from Tury-assu, northern Maranhao, which marks the eastern limit
of its range.]
440. Columba rufina sylvestris Vieillot.
Columba sylvestris Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 26, p. 366, 181 8 —
based on Azara, No. 319, Paraguay.
Columba rufina silvestris Reiser (2), p. 189, 1925 — opposite junction of Barroca
do Maranhao, Barra do Galiota, below Queimadas, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy.
^ov. Zool., 16, p. 260, 1909 — Mocovi, Prov. Santa Fe, Argentina.
464 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
Maranhao: Tranqueira, two 0" o" ad., 9 imm., Aug. 18, 30,
Sept. s, 1925 (Conover Collection).
These specimens as well as two from the vicinity of Para agree
with a series from Bahia, Sao Paulo, and Paraguay (Villa Rica),
though in the birds from Bahia northwards the tail is possibly not
quite so pronouncedly bicolor as in those from more southern local-
ities. The divergency is, however, at best an average character,
many northern examples being absolutely indistinguishable from
Paraguayan topotypes.
C. rufina syhestris ranges from northern Argentina, Rio Grande
do Sul, and Paraguay north to the south bank of the Amazon.
North of the River and on the islands of Marajo and Mexiana
it is replaced by an allied race with nearly uniform grayish brown
tail or but a slight suggestion of a darker subterminal band. The
late C. B. Cory1 named it Columba rufina andersoni from a single
adult male taken by M. P. Anderson on March 8, 1913, in the Serra
da Lua, near Boa Vista, on the Rio Branco, but in default of satis-
factory material its distinctness from C. r. rufina, of Guiana, cannot
be considered as established. The few specimens available for com-
parison2 have the abdomen and under tail coverts decidedly darker
gray and the subterminal portion of the rectrices more obscured
than in C. r. rufina, suggesting an approach to the southern C. r. syl-
vestris. A male from Barcellos, Rio Negro, while agreeing in tail-
markings, is however, as pale-bellied as Guianan skins, and until a
good series of typical rufina from French and British Guiana comes
to hand, it is impossible to say whether C. r. andersoni is a valid race
or not.
441. Zenaida auriculata noronha Chubb.
Zenaida auriculata noronha Chubb, Ibis, (11), 1, p. 36, 191 1 — Fernando
Noronha Island, off Brazil.
Zenaida auriculata (not Peristera auriculata Des Murs) Reiser, pp. 87, 189 —
Lake Parnagua, Santo Antonio de Gilboez, Santa Philomena, and Caitetu, Piauhy.
Maranhao: Tranqueira, 0" ad., Aug. 31, 1925.
Piauhy: Ibiapaba, five o* o* ad., two 9 9 ad., Dec. 14, 15, 16,
17, 28, 29, 1924; Arara, & ad., 9 ad., Jan. 31, 1925.
^ield Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 294, 191 5.
2In addition to the type, I have examined an adult male collected by Natterer
at the Forte Sao Joaquim, Rio Branco, on December 12, 1831 (Vienna Museum);
an adult male from Sao Natal, Maraj6, October 28, 1912 (H. Durck, Munich
Museum); and finally an adult male secured on September 19, 1901, by Dr. Hag-
mann at Nazareth, Mexiana (Museu Goeldi, No. 2278).
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 465
This series as well as three adults from Rio do Peixe, near Quei-
madas, Bahia agree, in size and color, with two topotypes from
Fernando Noronha, courteously lent by the authorities of the Amer-
ican Museum of Natural History, New York. Compared with ten
skins of typical auriculata from central Chile, the Brazilian form is
decidedly smaller (wing of males 133 to 137, rarely 141 and 142,
against 147-157 mm.), and the anterior under parts are generally
of a paler vinaceous pink color. In small size, it approaches Z. auric-
ulata marajoensis Berlepsch,1 from Marajo and Para, but is less
vinaceous below, with the under tail coverts and middle of the lower
abdomen light buff or pale ochraceous buff.
The range of Z. a. noronha probably comprises the greater part
of eastern and inner Brazil, since two adults from Matto Grosso
(Cuyaba and Chapada) are apparently inseparable from the Piauhy
series. No material is available from southern Brazil (Minas Geraes,
Rio, Sao Paulo, Parana).
442. Scardafella squammata squammata (Lesson).
Columba squamosa (not of Bonaterre 1792) Temminck (and Knip), Les Pigeons,
1, Colombes, p. 127, pi. 59, 18 10 — "dans le territoire de Bahin (sic) au Br6sil" =
Bahia.
Columba squammata Lesson, Traits d'Orn., p. 474, 1831 — based on Temminck,
pl- 59-
Scardafella squammata cearae Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Zool. Ser.,
12, p. 6, 1 91 7 — Quixada, Ceara.
Goyaz: Philadelphia, lower Tocantins, cf ad., Nov. 25, 1925.
Maranhao: Codo, Cocos, two o* cf ad., June 10, 23, 1924; Sao
Francisco, opposite Amarante, Rio Parnahyba, 9 ad., July 1, 1925.
Piauhy: Ibiapaba, four 0" d" ad., 9 ad., 9 juv., Dec. 23, 24, 1924,
Jan. 7, 1925; Deserto, 9 ad., Apr. 14, 1925; Arara, d* ad., 9 ad.,
Jan. 22, 1925.
Additional specimens. — Ceara: Jua, near Iguatii, two o" o" ad.,
two 9 9 ad., Aug. 1, 2, 22, 1913; Quixada, six cf cf ad., June, 1913.
R. H. Becker.
With a very satisfactory series of forty specimens before me, I
can positively assert that there is no local variation in this race.
Birds from Ceara and adjacent districts are exactly like others from
xZenaiia jessieae marajoensis Berlepsch, Ornith. Monatsber., 21, p. 149, 1913
— Hacienda Sao Andre, island of Marajo (type in Senckenbergian Museum,
Frankfort examined).
466 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
Matto Grosso (Piraputanga), Sao Paulo (Irisanga), and Paraguay
(Villa Rica).1
When describing 5. 5. cearae, the late C. B. Cory was misled by
certain examples from Bahia (Macaco Secco, near Andarahy) and
Minas Geraes (Rio das Velhas, near Lagoa Santa), in which the
under parts are stained by ferruginous soil.
5. s. squammata is peculiar to the table-land of Brazil, ranging
from the interior of Maranhao and Piauhy, Ceara and Parahyba
south to northern Sao Paulo and Matto Grosso, and extending into
Paraguay (Villa Rica).
443. Columbina2 picui strepitans Spix.
Columbina strepitans Spix, Av. Bras., 2, p. 57, pi. 85, fig. 1, 1825 — "in campis
Piauhy" (type in Munich Museum examined).
Columbina {Columbula) strepitans Reiser (1), p. 87, 1910 — Pedrinha, Lake
Parnagua, Piauhy.
"Columbina strepitans Spix = Columbula picui (Tern.)" (sic) Reiser (2), p. 191,
1925 — near Parnagua, Piauhy.
Piauhy: Ibiapaba, two o71 c? ad., three 9 9 ad., Dec. 14, 17, 22,
1924, Jan. 10, 1925; Arara, two 9 9 ad., Jan. 23, 29, 1925.
Ceara: Varzea Formosa, 9 ad., March 2, 1925.
Additional specimens. — Piauhy: Pedrinha, 6" ad., May 22, 1903.
O. Reiser (Vienna Museum); immature (unsexed) from an unspeci-
fied locality, type of C. strepitans Spix (Munich Museum). — Ceara:
Quixada, 9 ad., June 19, 1913. R. H. Becker.
In the light of this material, C. p. strepitans turns out to be a
perfectly good race, although two of the characters, claimed by
Chubb,3 are seen to be of no consequence. Compared with twenty
specimens of typical picui from Paraguay (Villa Rica), Argentina
(Tapia, Tucuman; Tunuyan, Mendoza; Buenos Aires), the north-
Brazilian birds are smaller (wing 86-88, against 90-94) and markedly
palei, the back and inner secondaries being light grayish brown in-
stead of drab, and the anterior under parts much less shaded with
vinaceous, while the middle of the abdomen is more extensively
white. Two from Ibiapaba, Piauhy, by their pale vinaceous fawn
'An adult female, collected on Sept. 20, 1925, by F. Schade, in the collection
of H. B. Conover (No. 4099).
^Columbina Spix (Av. Bras., 2, p. 57, 1825), type by subs, desig. (Gray, List
Gen. Birds, 2nd edit., p. 75, 1841) Columbina strepitans Spix.
3Ibis, 1910, p. 62.
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 467
throat and breast, approach certain pale-colored examples of typical
picui which, as a rule, has these parts of a darker shade, between
light vinaceous fawn and vinaceous buff. The majority from the
north, however, are decidedly paler. One from Ibiapaba, excepting a
very faint pale drab grayish hue across the foreneck, is very nearly
white underneath, and a female from Varzea Formosa, Ceara shows a
delicate tilleul buff tinge on throat and chest.
A Bahia trade skin and two adults from Joazeiro, Bahia, in the
Vienna Museum are likewise referable to this pale race, whose range
is apparently restricted to northeastern Brazil.
444. Chamaepelia1 passerina griseola (Spix).
Columbina griseola Spix, Av. Bras., 2, p. 58, pi. 75a, fig. 2, 1825 — "in sylvis fl.
Amazonum" (type in Munich Museum examined; = 9 imm.).
''Chamaepelia passerina (L.) (=grisola Spix)" (sic) Reiser, pp. 87, 190 —
Amaracao, coast of Piauhy.
Maranhao: Tury-assu, o" ad., Dec. 7, 1923; Sao Luiz, d" ad.,
July 31, 1923.
Additional specimen. — Maranhao: Sao Luiz, o* ad., May 17,
1905. F. Schwanda (Sophia Museum).
Identical with specimens from the lower Amazon and Bahia.
A series from British Guiana is on average somewhat paler, particu-
larly below.
Spix's Ground Dove inhabits the Guianas, Lower Amazonia west
to the Rio Negro and Rio Madeira (Borba), and extends along the
coast of eastern Brazil as far south as Bahia.2
445. Chamaepelia minuta minuta (Linnaeus).
Columba minuta Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 285, 1766 — based on
"Turtur parvus fuscus americanus" Brisson, Orn., 1, p. 116, pi. 8, fig. 2, "San
Domingo," errore; Cayenne substituted as type locality by Berlepsch and Hartert
(Nov. Zool., 9, p. 119, 1902).
Chamaepelia minuta Reiser, pp. 87, 190 — lower Parnahyba, Piauhy.
Maranhao: Codo, Cocos, o" imm., 9 juv., June 26, 1924;
Victoria, Alto Parnahyba, 9 ad., July 15, 1925; Fazenda Inhuma,
Alto Parnahyba, two 9 9 ad., July 25, 1925 (Conover Collection).
According to the decision of the International Commission on Zoological
Nomenclature (Smithson. Inst. Pub., No. 2256, pp. 145-146, 1914), the original
orthography Chaemepelia is to be altered to Chamaepelia.
2Its reported occurrence in Paraguay and Misiones is doubtless due to confusion
with C. m. minuta, while Boeck's record from Cochabamba, Bolivia, must refer
to some other species.
468 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
Piauhy: Arara, 9 ad., Jan. 20, 1925; Ibiapaba, two c? o" ad., 9
juv., Dec. 29, 30, 1924, Jan. 7, 1925 (Conover Collection).
Ceara: Varzea Formosa, four cT c? ad., 9 ad., Feb. 25, March 2,
3, 1925 (Conover Collection).
This series, as well as another from Bahia, agrees perfectly with
specimens from British Guiana, while birds from Paraguay (Villa
Rica), in the male sex, are generally of a purer, more uniform gray
on the head and hind neck.
The typical race of the Plain-breasted Ground Dove is widely
distributed throughout the campo districts of Brazil, from Maran-
hao, Ceara, and Pernambuco1 south to Sao Paulo and Matto Grosso,
thence ranging into Paraguay. It is absent from the Amazon Valley,
but reappears in the Urubamba Valley, eastern Peru,2 in French
and British Guiana, and in the savannas around Ciudad Bolivar,
Venezuela, where it reaches the northern limit of its range.3
In the arid littoral of Peru, from Lima to Libertad, it is repre-
sented by a slightly smaller form of duller coloration, entitled to the
name C. minuta amazilia Bonaparte,4 while in Colombia and Central
America the decidedly darker C. minuta elaeodes Todd takes its
place.
446. Chamaepelia talpacoti talpacoti (Temminck).
Columba talpacoti Temminck (and Knip), Les Pigeons, 1, Colombigallines,
p. 22, pi. 12, 181 1 — "l'Amerique meridionale" = Brazil (auct. Brabourne and
Chubb).
Goyaz: Philadelphia, lower Tocantins, 9 ad., Dec. 10, 1925.
Maranhao: Carolina, 9 ad., Nov. 13, 1925; Barra do Corda, o*
ad., 9 ad., Sept. 16, 1924; Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba, two
9 9 ad., July 20, 23, 1925; Sao Francisco, opposite Amarante, Rio
Parnahyba, two cf c? ad., 9 ad., juv., June 8, July 5, 6, 1925; Sao
Bento, d" ad., Sept. 12, 1923; Codo, Cocos, 9 juv., June 26, 1924.
Piauhy: Arara, two o* cf ad., Jan. 21, Feb. 9, 1925; Ibiapaba, d"
ad., Jan. 13, 1925.
1 Chamaepelia griseola (not of Spix) Forbes, Ibis, 1881, p. 357 (spec, in British
Museum examined).
2 A single specimen was even recorded from Xeberos, northern Peru (see Sclater
and Salvin, P. Z. S. Lond., 1867, p. 753; 1873, p. 306).
3It is not found either in Trinidad or along the Caribbean coast of Venezuela.
^Chamaepelia amazilia Bonaparte, Consp. Av., 2, p. 78, 1854 — Peru (the type
examined in the Paris Museum is from Lima).
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 469
Ceara: Varzea Formosa, o" ad., 9 ad., two 9 9 juv., Feb. 24,
28, March 5, 1925.
Not different from specimens from other parts of Brazil (Bahia;
Sao Paulo; Matto Grosso), Misiones, and Paraguay (Villa Rica).
C. arthuri Bangs and Penard1 was evidently based on individual
variants of the present species, since we find, in the same locality,
specimens with plain dusky primaries, others with a distinct cinna-
momeous tinge on the inner webs, and others again that are variously
intermediate between these two stages. A male from Therezopolis,
Rio has even more rufous on the primaries than a topotype of C.
arthuri from Surinam. The under wing coverts are frequently mixed
with rufous in specimens of true talpacoti from southern Brazil and
Argentina.
The Talpacoti Ground Dove has an extensive distribution in
eastern South America. It ranges from the three Guianas all over
Brazil south to Rio Grande do Sul, and west to northern Argentina,
eastern Bolivia, and eastern Peru. In Venezuela, Trinidad, Colombia
(except the Cauca Valley), and Central America it is replaced by
C. t. rufipennis (Bonaparte) which, though strongly marked, is ob-
viously but a geographical representative.
447. Uropelia campestris (Spix).
Columbina campestris Spix, Av. Bras., 2, p. 57, pi. 75, fig. 2, 1825 — "in campis
Bahiae" (type in Munich Museum examined).
Columbina ( Uropelia) campestris Reiser, pp. 87, 192 — Lag6a do Saco (road
from Santo Antonio de Gilboez to Santa Philomena) and Santa Philomena, Piauhy.
Maranhao: Codo, Cocos, three cT o* ad., June 20, 23, 30, 1924.
Goyaz: Philadelphia, lower Tocantins, six o71 o* ad., Nov. 28,
Dec. 11, 14, 1925.
"Iris blue, bare skin round the eye yellow or orange, feet yellowish
brown, bill black."
Identical with a series from Sao Marcello, Rio Preto, Bahia in
Field Museum.
This delicately colored Ground Dove is one of the most character-
istic species of the Brazilian table-land.2 It ranges from Matto
Grosso and western Minas Geraes (Paracatu) through Goyaz and
xBull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 45, 191 8 — Vicinity of Paramaribo, Surinam.
2Reiser's assumption (1. c, p. 192) that the center of its distribution lies in
the Amazonian region is entirely unfounded.
470 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
Bahia north to Piauhy, Maranhao, and the island of Marajo,1 and
extends west into the plains of eastern Bolivia.
448. Claravis pretiosa (Ferrari-Perez).
Peristera pretiosa Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 9, p. 175, 1886 — new
name for Columba cinerea (not of Scopoli, 1786) Temminck (and Knip), Les
Pigeons, 1, Colombes, p. 126, pi. 58, 181 1 — Bresil.
"Claravis cinera ( = pretiosa)'1 (sic) Reiser, pp. 88, 192 — Amaracao, coast of
Piauhy.
Maranhao: Tranqueira, 0* ad., Aug. 29, 1925 (Conover Collec-
tion).
Additional specimen. — Piauhy: Amaracao, 9 ad., Sept. 19, 1903.
O. Reiser (Vienna Museum).
The specimens agree with others from Bahia and Sao Paulo.
Though nowhere common, the Blue Ground Dove is extensively
distributed throughout Central and South America down to Para-
guay and northern Argentina, without undergoing any noticeable
geographical variation.
449. Leptotila rufaxilla ruf axilla (Richard and Bernard).
Columba {rufaxilla) Richard and Bernard, Act. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris, 1, (1),
p. 118, No. 74, 1792 — Cayenne.
Maranhao: Tury-assu, Alto de Alegria, 9 ad., Nov. 21, 1923.
Very slightly paler above than specimens from Surinam and Brit-
ish Guiana.
L. r. rufaxilla is peculiar to the Guianas and Lower Amazonia,
west to the Jamunda and Rio Madeira, and, like so many other
Amazonian forms, extends east into the forested districts of northern
Maranhao.2
450. Leptotila verreauxi approximans Cory.
Leptoptila ochroptera approximans Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Zool.
Ser., 12, p. 7, 1917 — Serra de Baturite, Ceara.
Leptoptila ochroptera (not of Pelzeln) Reiser, pp. 88, 192 — Parnagua, Pedrinha,
and numerous localities along the Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy.
irrhe record from the Lagoa de Amapa, northern Para, by Goeldi (Ibis, 1897,
p. 164) is open to doubt.
*About the allied races, see Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 34, pp.
367-370, 1915.
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 471
Maranhao: Tury-assu, o71 ad., Nov. 26, 1923; Sao Luiz, 0" ad.,
Aug. 21, 1923; Grajahu, d" ad., Oct. 29, 1924; Fazenda Inhuma,
Alto Parnahyba, d" ad., two 9 9 ad., July 27, 29, 1925.
Piauhy: Arara, cf ad., Feb. 12, 1925; Deserto, d" ad., April 7,
1924; Ibiapaba, 9 ad., Dec. 26, 1924.
Additional specimens. — Piauhy: Parnagua, cf ad., May 16, 1903;
Pedrinha, cf ad., May 21, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum). —
Ceara: Serra de Baturite, c? ad., July 19, 1913. R. H. Becker (type
of subspecies).
This series clearly indicates the validity of Cory's form approxi-
mans, originally based on a single male in worn plumage from Ceara.
Compared with a very satisfactory series of some twenty specimens
from southern Brazil, the northern birds average smaller and paler,
particularly on the under parts. The two skins from the forested
coast district (Tury-assu, Sao Luiz) agree with those from the
interior.
L. v. approximans is very closely related to, and evidently but
subspecifically distinct from, the eastern race of L. verreauxi, of
Guiana and the north bank of the lower Amazon,1 differing merely
by decidedly grayish (instead of pale pinkish cinnamon) forehead,
and the absence of the conspicuous vinaceous-russet tinge on the
sides of the posterior crown behind the eye, besides some minor
average characters.
Its range extends southwards into northern Bahia, whence Field
Museum has two perfectly typical examples from Rio do Peixe, near
Queimadas, and an adult female from Sao Marcello, Rio Preto;
whereas an adult male from the latter locality, in size and coloration,
closely approaches the larger, darker southern form, long known as
xThe earliest available name for it is Peristera brasiliensis Bonaparte (Compt.
Rend. Ac. Sci. Paris, 43, p. 945, 1856), which antedates both Leptoptila verreauxi
macconnelli Chubb (Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 38, p. 32, 1917— British Guiana) and
Leptotila verreauxi tenella Penard (Proc. New Eng. Zool. CI., 8, p. 35, 1923 —
Schotelweg, Lelydorp, Surinam). As I have ascertained by careful comparison
with material from various localities especially selected for that purpose, the type
in the Paris Museum (an adult bird of unknown origin, brought by Geoffroy
Saint-Hilaire from his voyage to Lisbon) agrees with specimens from French and
Dutch Guiana, from which those of British Guiana and the Rio Branco are in-
separable. This race must, therefore, stand as Leptotila verreauxi brasiliensis
(Bonaparte).
Peristera brasiliensis Gray (List Spec. Brit. Mus., 4, Columbae, p. 54, 1856),
being a pure nomen nudum, has no nomenclatorial standing, and Salvadori (Cat.
B. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 556, 1893) is mistaken in listing as types, under L.ochroptera,
two specimens in the British Museum.
472 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
ochroptera,1 which ranges at least as far north as central Bahia,
since two adults taken by R. H. Becker at Macaco Secco, near Anda-
rahy, are indistinguishable from Minas Geraes and Sao Paulo birds.
The southward extension of its range is hard to define, as no fast
line can be drawn against L. v. chlorauchenia which differs solely by
larger size. In the west, however, it seems to extend, without appar-
ent change, across Matto Grosso and Bolivia to eastern Peru.
Birds from the latter country, which have been described as Leptop-
tila intermedia by Chubb,2 I am unable to satisfactorily distinguish
from a Brazilian series.
451. Penelope superciliaris jacupemba Spix.3
Penelope jacupemba Spix, Av. Bras., 2, p. 55, pi. 72, 1825 — Presidio do Sao
Joao, Rio de Janeiro (type in Munich Museum examined).
Penelope superciliaris jacupemba Reiser, pp. 88, 195 — Lag6a Missao, near
Parnagua, Piauhy.
Maranhao : Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba, two 9 9 ad., July
26, 29, 1925; Tranqueira, two 9 9 ad., Aug. 21, 29, 1925.
Goyaz: Santo Antonio (Boa Vista), lower Tocantins, o" ad., Jan.
27, 1926.
Piauhy: Deserto, cf ad., 9 ad., 9 juv., April 5, 7, 1925.
Additional specimens. — Maranhao: Boa Vista, 0" ad., Dec. 18,
1906. F. Schwanda (Conover Collection). — Piauhy: Lagoa da Mis-
sao, near Parnagua, two o"cf, 9 ad., May, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna
Museum).
1Leptoptila ochroptera Pelzeln (Orn. Bras., 3, p. 278, i87o)was published with-
out any description and thus rests exclusively on the bibliographic references
cited by its creator. The first quotation, Azara's No 320, is ambiguous and might
refer just as well to L. ochroptera auct. as to L. reichenbachii Wagler's description
appears to have been made from a bird o jthe " ochroptera" -chlorauchenia type,
though the synonyms C. ruf axilla Rich. & Bern, and C. frontalis Temm. do not
at all belong here. Wied's and Burmeister's accounts doubtless refer to L.
reichenbachii, whereas L. rufaxilla Bonaparte and Reichenbach are indefinite
mixtures of L. rufaxilla and L. reichenbachii. Under these circumstances, I
am afraid that L. ochroptera Pelzeln will have to be dropped as undeterminable.
The proper name for the south-Brazilian form appears to be Homoptila decipiens
Salvadori (Atti Accad. Sci. Torino, 6, p. 131, 1871 — Brazil), based on specimens
lacking the attenuated outermost primary.
2Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 38, p. 17, 191 7 — "Central South Peru." — The type ex-
amined in the British Museum is an adult male secured by H. Whitely, Jr., on
August 19, 1874, at Huiro, Urubamba Valley, Peru, and agrees well with one from
Chinchao, dept. Huanuco, in Field Museum. Chubb is quite confused in his
description.
3Two additional members of the Cracidae possibly occur in the region covered
by the present paper. Marcgrave's "Mitu Poranga" (Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 195)
appears to be Crax sclateri sclateri Gray (nearest recorded locality Rio Araguaya,
Goyaz), and the same author's "Mitu" (1. c, p. 194) forms the basis of Mitu mitu
'Linnaeus), known to range from Para to the confines of Peru.
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 473
The more satisfactory material now available tends to show that
the limits assigned to this form in my review of Spix's types1 require
modification.
Penelope superciliaris Temminck2 was originally based upon speci-
mens secured by one of Count Hoffmannsegg's collectors in the
vicinity of Para. Five skins from this district (Peixe-Boi; Igarape-
assu; Rio Acara) and four from the Rio Madeira (Borba and Forte
do Principe) are characterized by decidedly greenish general colora-
tion, with rather narrow, deep hazel margins to the inner secondaries,
wing coverts and tail coverts, and obsolete pale grayish or grayish
buff superciliaries.
Birds from eastern and southern Brazil are duller, more grayish,
especially on the breast; the rufous markings on the wings and tail
coverts are wider and paler, varying from hazel to ochraceous tawny,
and the superciliary streak is much more strongly pronounced.
For some time I was inclined to subdivide the inhabitants of eastern
Brazil into a northern form with rufescent, and a southern one with
grayish eyebrows, and while I have yet to see from the southern
states specimens with intensely rufous superciliaries, the present
series exhibits such a remarkable variation in this respect that I
feel that much more material is needed before anything like a final
conclusion can be reached. The type of P. jacupemba Spix, stated
to be from the Indian Village Presidio of Sao Joao, in the state
of Rio de Janeiro, agrees with certain northern examples, particu-
larly an adult male from Deserto, Piauhy (Conover Collection, No.
3202), in having the superciliary streak slightly tinged with buffy:
whereas in most of the other (twelve) specimens seen from southern
Brazil this marking is of a clear ashy gray. A female from Deserto,
Piauhy and the male from Santo Antonio, Goyaz, however, so closely
approach the latter as to be almost indistinguishable. On the other
hand, three individuals from the vicinity of Parnagua, Piauhy, in
the Vienna Museum, as well as two females from Tranqueira and
one from Fazenda Inhuma, obtained by Snethlage, are conspicuous
by their light ochraceous buff to ochraceous tawny superciliaries,
which join each other in front so as to form a distinct band across
the forehead.
For the present, I propose to unite, under Spix's name, the birds
of eastern Brazil (from Maranhao to Rio Grande do Sul and Matto
'Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., 22, No. 3, pp. 690-691, 1906.
2Hist. Nat. Pig. et Gall., 3, pp. 72, 693, 1815.
474 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
Grosso) and Misiones, restricting typical superciliaris to the
Amazon Valley, from Para to the Rio Madeira.
452. Penelope jacu-caca Spix.
Penelope jacu-caca Spix, Av. Bras., 2, p. 53, pi. 69, 1825 — near Pocoens Encima,
state of Bahia (type in Munich Museum examined); Reiser, pp. 88, 193 — Lag6a
Missao, near Parnagua, Piauhy.
Piauhy: Deserto, 9 ad., April 12, 1925 (Conover Collection).
In addition, I have examined in the Vienna Museum three ex-
amples secured by O. Reiser in the vicinity of Parnagua, in May, 1903 .
The "Jacu acu" of the natives has been recorded only from the
states of Piauhy and Bahia. In the Tring Museum there are three
specimens collected by Alphonse Robert at Lamarao, near Bahia
City, on May 19, 1901.
P. jacu-caca is nearly related to P. ochrogaster Pelzeln, of Matto
Grosso and Goyaz, and P. pileata Wagler, of Amazonia. They form
a natural group in the genus, characterized by the narrow black
streak, separating the white superciliaries from the unfeathered sides
of the head, and may be conspecific.
453. Ortalis spixi Hellmayr.
Ortalis spixi Hellmayr, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., 22, No. 3, pp. 693, 695,
1906 — Rio Itapicuni, Maranhao; Reiser (2), p. 196, 1925 — Riacho da Raiz, below
Uniao, and Barra do Cocal, lower Parnahyba, Piauhy.
Penelope araucuan Spix, Av. Bras., 2, p. 56, pi. 74, 1825 — part, female, Rio
Itapicuni, Maranhao.
Ortalis araucuan Reiser (1), p. 88, 1910 — Riacho da Raiz and Barra do Cocal,
Piauhy.
Maranhao: Codo, Cocos, 9 ad., June 21, 1924 (Conover Col-
lection).
Goyaz: Santo Antonio, lower Tocantins, 9 ad., Feb. 24, 1926
(Conover Collection).
This Guan is peculiar to northern Brazil south of the Amazon,
ranging from the Tocantins east to the lower Parnahyba, Piauhy.
Farther south and east, from Pernambuco to Minas Geraes and
Espirito Santo, it is replaced by the very different 0. araucuan
(Spix) [= albiventris (Wagler).]
454. Odontophorus capueira plumbeicollis Cory.
Odontophorus plumbeicollis Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Orn. Ser., 1 ,
p. 294, 191 5 — Serra de Baturite, Ceara.
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 475
Ceara: Serra de Baturite, d* (molting), July 21, 19 13. R. H.
Becker (type).
Compared with fourteen 0. c. capueira, from southern Brazil
(Sao Paulo and Santa Catharina) and Misiones, the unique type
differs very slightly by having the throat and foreneck vermiculated
with blackish (instead of plain gray), the breast tinged with pale
buffy brownish, the rufous frontal band and superciliaries somewhat
narrower, and the hind neck almost devoid of light markings. The
specimen being in rather poor condition, the validity of this form —
which is at best a poorly marked subspecies — needs corroboration
by additional material.
0. c. capueira is known to inhabit eastern Brazil, from Rio Grande
do Sul as far north as southern Bahia, besides being found in Para-
guay and Misiones.
455. Opisthocomus hoazin (Muller).
Phasianus hoazin P. L. S. Muller, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 125, 1776 — based on
Daubenton, PI. Enl. 337, Cayenne.
Opisthocomus cristatus Martius, Reise Bras., 2, p. 829, 1828 — Rio Itapicuni,
Maranhao.
"Opisthocomus cristatus (Gm.) (= hoazin P. L. S. Muller)" (sic) Reiser, pp. 88,
196 — lower Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy.
Maranhao: Tury-assu, 9 ad. (molting), Oct. 31, 1923-
The "Cigana" is generally distributed in the Amazonian forest
region from the Guianas, the Orinoco Valley, and the Rio Meta
south to the sources of the Rio Araguaya and Rio Madeira.
[456. Crypturornis1 soui soui (Hermann).
Tinamus soui Hermann, Tab. Affin. Anim., p. 165, 1783 — based on "Le Soui"
Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., 4, p. 512 and Daubenton, PI. Enl. 829, Cayenne.
Crypturus pileatus Reiser (1), p. 100, 1910 — Miritiba, Maranhao.
Crypturus soui Reiser (2), p. 244, 1925 — Miritiba.
Reiser records two males taken by the late F. Schwanda at Miri-
tiba on November 8, 1907, and February 4, 1908. We have no
material ; but as specimens from the Para district appear to be insep-
arable from Guianan skins, it may reasonably be assumed that they
are referable to the typical race, which probably reaches the eastern
1 Crypturornis Oberholser (Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 35, p. 74, 1922), type Tetrao
cinereus Gmelin.
476 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
limit of its range in the forested coast belt of Maranhao, this being
the case with many other Guianan and Lower-Amazonian species.
In eastern Brazil, from Pernambuco to Rio de Janeiro, another
closely allied form, C. soni albigularis Brabourne and Chubb1 takes
its place.]
457. Crypturornis undulatus vermiculatus (Temminck).
Tinamus vermiculatus Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 62, pi. 369, 1825 —
Brazil, coll. Auguste de Saint-Hilaire (type in Paris Museum examined).
Crypturus adspersus (not of Temminck) Reiser, pp. 98, 245 — Santa Philomena,
Cachoeiras, Una Sao Martin, and Caieara, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy.
Maranhao: Tranqueira, d* ad., Sept. 12, 1925 (Conover Col-
lection).
Additional specimen. — Piauhy: Caieara, Rio Parnahyba, 9 ad.,
Sept. 9, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum).
Allowing the usual amount of individual variation, these speci-
mens agree well with others from western Minas Geraes (Rio Jordao,
near Araguary) and Goyaz (Rio Araguaya). The type of T. vermic-
ulatus, obtained by Saint-Hilaire in the interior of Brazil, I found
to be referable to the same form, so there is no doubt as to its proper
appellation. Salvadori's reference of a specimen from Piauhy to C. u.
adspersus, as recorded by Reiser (1. c, p. 245), is certainly erroneous.
Tinamus adspersus Temminck,2 based on an example from the state
of Para, appears to be restricted to the lower Amazon, from the
Tapajoz to the Rio Madeira. The type agrees minutely with birds
from the Rio Tapajoz (Villa Braga).
While admitting that vermiculatus and adspersus are closely re-
lated, I still hold that, if two forms be distinguished, the birds from
the interior of Maranhao and Piauhy must go with vermiculatus, an
arrangement which is, furthermore, supported by geographical con-
siderations.
The examination of much additional material, since dealing with
this group,3 leads me to the conclusion that the birds found in Para-
guay, Bolivia, and Matto Grosso merely constitute a strongly marked
race, the apparent gap being bridged over to a certain extent by
JAnn. Mag. Nat. Hist. ,(8), 14, p. 320, 1914 — Rio de Janeiro.
2Hist. Nat. Pig. et Gall., 3, pp. 585, 751, 1815 — "dans la province de Para"
type in Berlin Museum examined).
3Abhhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., 22, No. 3, pp. 702-705. 1906.
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 477
C. u. confusus Brabourne and Chubb,1 from the left bank of the Rio
Madeira.
Therefore, their relationship appears to be more correctly ex-
pressed by trinomial nomenclature as follows:
(a) Crypturornis undulatus undulatus (Temminck). — Paraguay,
eastern Bolivia, and western Matto Grosso.2
(b) Crypturornis undulatus confusus (Brabourne and Chubb). —
Only known from a single specimen from Humaytha, left bank of
the Rio Madeira.
(c) Crypturornis undulatus yapura (Spix). — Eastern Peru and
northwestern Brazil (Rio Jurua and Rio Solimoes).
(d) Crypturornis undulatus adspersus (Temminck). — Northern
Brazil south of the Amazon, from the Tapajoz to the right bank of
the Rio Madeira.3
(e) Crypturornis undulatus vermiculatus (Temminck). — Eastern
Brazil, from Maranhao and Piauhy south through Goyaz to western
Minas Geraes and northern Sao Paulo.
[458. Crypturornis noctivagus noctivagus (Wied).
Tinamus noctivagus Wied, Reise Bras., 1, p. 160 (8vo ed., p. 158), 1820 —
Muribecca, Rio Itabapuana, Espirito Santo.
Crypturus noctivagus Reiser, pp. 98, 246 — Serra near Parnagua, and Saco Gorge
on the road from Parnagua to Santo Antonio de Gilboez, Piauhy.
Reiser found this scarce species on the dry slopes of the Serra near
Parnagua, in southern Piauhy. Dr. Snethlage did not meet with it.
C. n. noctivagus is restricted to eastern Brazil, ranging from Piauhy
south to Rio Grande do Sul. It is apparently nowhere common.
In British Guiana, Venezuela, and on the north bank of the Amazon
(Obidos), it is replaced by C. noctivagus dissimilis Salvadori.]
459. Microcrypturus4 tataupa tataupa (Temminck).
Tinamus tataupa Temminck, Hist. Nat. Pig. et Gall., 3, pp. 590, 752, 1815 —
based on Azara, No. 329 (Paraguay), and Brazilian specimens in the collections
at Lisbon and Paris.
*Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8), 14, p. 321, 1914 — Humaytha, Rio Madeira.
2Three specimens from Molinas-cue, Paraguay {undulatus) and twelve from
Buenavista, Bolivia (scolopax Bonaparte \radiatus Gray), in the Conover Collection,
prove to be inseparable from each other.
3C. undulatus simplex (Salvadori), from British Guiana and the Rio Branco, is
doubtfully separable.
*Microcrypturus Chubb (Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 28, p. 30, 1917; type Tinamus
tataupa Temminck).
478 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
Crypturus tataupa Reiser, pp. 98, 244 — Burity, near Parnagua, Santa Philo-
mena, and Barroca do Maranhao, Piauhy.
Piauhy: Ibiapaba, o" imm., Jan. 7, 1925 (Conover Collection).
Ceara: Varzea Formosa, 9 ad., Feb. 21, 1925 (Conover Col-
lection).
Additional specimen. — -Ceara: Jua, near Iguatu, 9 ad., July 30,
1 913. R. H. Becker.
I cannot discover any racial variation in a large series from Para-
guay, various parts of Brazil, and Argentina (Misiones and Tucu-
raan). Even Peruvian birds1 seem barely separable by reason of
slightly deeper rufous brown backs and longer bills.
M. t. tataupa ranges all over Brazil from Piauhy, Ceara, and
Pernambuco south to Sao Paulo and Matto Grosso.
460. Microcrypturus parvirostris (Wagler).
Crypturus parvirostris Wagler, Syst. Av., Genus Crypturus, sp. 13, 1827 —
Brazil, Spix coll.; we suggest Bahia (type in Munich Museum examined).
Maranhao: Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba, two 9 9 ad.,
July 19, 31, 1925.
Piauhy: Arara, o71 ad., Jan. 29, 1925.
Additional specimen. — Ceara: Jua, near Iguatu, c71 ad., July 30,
1913. R. H. Becker.
These examples appear to be identical with others from Bahia
(Sao Marcello, Rio Preto), Sao Paulo (Victoria), and Paraguay (Villa
Rica). Birds from the Rio Madeira (Humaytha) and Peru (Santa
Ana, Urubamba) are somewhat smaller.
In the north, this species ranges to the island of Marajo and the
south bank of the Amazon, but the center of its distribution lies
in the semiarid table-land of Brazil.
461. Nothura boraquira (Spix).
Tinamus boraquira Spix, Av. Bras., 2, p. 63, pi. 79, 1825 — "in campis petrosis
districtus adman tini"2 (type in Munich Museum examined).
Nothura boraquira Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 10, 1907 — Parnagua, Piauhy;
Reiser (2), p. 248 — Parnagua, Pedrinha, Burity, Rio Fundii, and Caitetu, Rio
Parnahyba, Piauhy.
1Crypturus tataupa peruviana Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Orn. Ser., 1,
p. 293, 191 5 — San Ram6n, dept. Junfn, Peru.
2Reinhardt (Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist.Foren., 1870, p. 5i)deniesits occurrence
in Minas Geraes, and it is quite possible that the type came from Bahia or Piauhy
rather than from the diamond district.
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 479
Ceara: Quixada, 9 ad., June 30, 1913; Jua, near Iguatu, 9 ad.,
Aug. 30, 1913. R. H. Becker.
Not quite so grayish as the type and specimens from Lamarao,
near Bahia City, but doubtless belonging to the same form. The
characters of this very distinct species have been set forth in my
review of Spix's types.1
N. boraquira is now known to be rather common in northeastern
Brazil, its range extending from Bahia north to Ceara and Piauhy.
Three recently collected specimens from Buenavista, Bolivia, in
the Conover Collection, tend to confirm my belief that N. marmorata
Gray2 is inseparable, despite its widely remote habitat.
462. Rhynchotus rufescens catingae Reiser.
Rhynchotus rufescens catingae Reiser, Anzeiger Ak. Wiss. Wien, 42, p. 324,
1905 — Palmeirinhas (type) and Corrientes, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy; idem, Denks.
Math.-naturw. Kl. Ak. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 98, 1910; p. 247, 1925 — same localities.
Maranhao: Codo, Cocos, 9 ad., July 7, 1924. — Wing, 185; bill
42 (Conover Collection).
Additional specimens. — Piauhy: Palmeirinhas, d" ad., May 10,
1903 (type); Corrientes, Rio Parnahyba, cf ad., July 26, 1903. O.
Reiser (Vienna Museum).
The two original specimens, when compared with a large series
of typical rufescens3 from Sao Paulo, Parana, Minas Geraes, and
Matto Grosso,4 are indeed more grayish (less buffy) on the belly,
and have the upper parts grayish brown rather than brownish, with
the pale transverse bands more whitish. Two skins from Humaytha
(left bank of the upper Rio Madeira) are very similar. Still I feel a
little doubtful about the validity of the race, since the bird procured
by Dr. Snethlage is barely distinguishable from certain Sao Paulo
and Paraguayan (Villa Rica) examples.
If there are two races in Brazil, the range of R. r. catingae would
seem to be singularly restricted. Birds from Lamarao, near Bahia
City, are nowise different from those of more southern localities, and
'Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., 22, No. 3, pp. 705-706, 1906.
2List Birds Brit. Mus., 5, Gallinae, p. 104, 1867 — Bolivia (type examined).
3Tinamus rufescens Temminck, Hist. Nat. Pig. et Gall., 3, pp. 552, 747, 1815 —
Brazil (described from a single specimen in the Paris Museum). — The type no
longer exists in the French National Collection, but doubtless came from southern
Brazil. We suggest Sao Paulo as type locality.
4Five skins from Matto Grosso (R. r. alleni Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 28,
p. 30, 1917 — Chapada) are exactly like a series from Sao Paulo.
480 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
the type of Rhynchotus fasciatus Spix1 is likewise a normal example
of typical rufescens. More material from the northern states is
needed before the status of R. r. catingae can be definitely established.
[463. Cariama cristata (Linnaeus).
Palamedea cristata Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 232, 1766 — based on
"Cariama" Marcgrave, Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 203, northeastern Brazil.
Dicholophus cristatus Reiser, pp. 93, 221 — Parnagua, Pe do Morro, and other
localities, Piauhy.
Reiser found the Seriema at numerous places in Piauhy. This
singular bird is widely distributed in the table-land of Brazil.]
[464. Eurypyga helias helias (Pallas).
Ardea Helias Pallas, Neue Nord. Beytr., 2, p. 48, pi. 3, 1781 — Brazil.
Eurypyga helias Reiser, pp. 93, 221 — Riacho da Raiz and Barra do Cocal,
Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy.
The Vienna Academy Expedition met with the Sun Bittern on
the Rio Parnahyba, and an immature female was collected on August
31, 1903, at Barra do Cocal, Piauhy.]
465. Rallus longirostris crassirostris Lawrence.
Rallus crassirostris Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 10, p. 20, 187 1 —
Bahia.
Maranhao: Mangunca Island, cf ad., 9 ad., March 19, 22, 1924.
- — Wing (male) 143, (female) 126; bill 54, (female) 46.
"Iris brown, feet reddish brown, bill reddish brown, base of man-
dible red."
These specimens agree with another from Iguape, Sao Paulo,
which I take to be R. crassirostris. Material of typical R. longi-
rostris from Guiana not being available, I am unable to make out
whether the Brazilian is really separable and how far its range ex-
tends to the north.
466. Pardirallus maculatus maculatus (Boddaert).
Rallus maculatus Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl.,p. 48, 1783 — based on "Rale tachete\
de Cayenne" Daubenton, PI. Enl. 775, Cayenne.
Ceara: Quixada, 9 ad., June 22, 1913. R. H. Becker.
I have also seen a young bird from Sao Lourengo, Pernambuco,
in the Tring Museum.
*Av. Bras. 2, p. 60, pi. 76c, 1825 — Sao Paulo and Minas Geraes.
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 481
This Rail is widely distributed in South America, ranging south
to Paraguay and Argentina.
467. Aramides mangle (Spix).
Gallinula mangle Spix, Av. Bras., 2, p. 74, pi. 97, 1825 — "ad litora maris in
locis paludosis, arbustis mangliferis obsitis"; we suggest coast of Bahia (types in
Munich Museum examined).
Aramides mangle Reiser, pp. 95, 229 — Amaracao, delta of the Rio Parnahyba,
Piauhy.
Piauhy: Arara, cf ad., Feb. 12, 1925 (Conover Collection).
The Vienna Academy Expedition also obtained a single male
near Amaragao, Piauhy, of this Rail, which is peculiar to eastern
Brazil, from Piauhy south to Rio de Janeiro.
[468. Aramides ypecaha (Vieillot).
Rallus ypecaha Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 28, p. 568, 1819 —
based on Azara, No. 367, Paraguay and Buenos Aires.
Aramides gigas Reiser (1), p. 96, 1910 — Parnagua, Piauhy.
"Aramides ypacaha (=gigas Spix)" Reiser (2), p. 230, 1925 — Lag6a near Fa-
zenda do Santo Antonio, Lake Parnagua, and Brejao, Piauhy.
The Ypecaha Rail was met with by O. Reiser at various localities
in Piauhy. Specimens from eastern Brazil (Gallinula gigas Spix)1 do
not seem to differ from others taken near Buenos Aires, in spite
of the range being apparently discontinuous. The species has been
found in Paraguay, Uruguay, and the adjacent provinces of
Argentina, and again in northern Minas Geraes (Contendas),
Bahia (near Sambaiba, Rio Sao Francisco) and Piauhy, but there
is no record from the intervening territory. Examination of a larger
series from Brazil may yet reveal some geographical variation.]
469. Aramides cajanea cajanea (Muller).
Fulica cajanea P. L. S. Muller, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 119, 1776 — based on
Daubenton, PL Enl. 352, Cayenne.
Aramides cayanea Reiser, pp. 95, 230 — below Colonia Floriano and Caicara,
Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy.
Maranhao: Codo, Cocos, 9 ad., July 8, 1924 (Conover Collec-
tion) .
xAv. Bras., 2, p. 75, pi. 99, 1825 — Contendas, Minas Geraes (type in Munich
Museum examined).
482 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
Additional specimens. — Maranhao: B6a Vista, 9 ad., Nov. 23,
1907. F. Schwanda (Conover Collection). — Ceara: Jua, near Iguatii,
c? imm., Aug. 1, 1913. R. H. Becker.
The B6a Vista bird is an extremely pale variety, having the breast
even lighter in color than A. albiventris, of Yucatan, while the two
others do not differ from average examples from British Guiana and
Paraguay.
It is now generally conceded1 that the brownish wash on the
hind crown has no geographical significance and cannot possibly be
used for the discrimination of races in South America. In my re-
view of Spix's types2 I called attention to the pale grayish olive
back in a pair from the Rio Boraxudo, state of Parana, Brazil,
suggesting the probable existence of a separable southern race (A.
cajanea ckiricote [Vieillot]).3 Four topotypes from Villa Rica, Para-
guay, in the Conover Collection, however, do not support this view,
since three of them are indistinguishable from Guianan specimens
picked at random.
In French and Dutch Guiana as well as in Lower Amazonia
(Borba, Rio Madeira; Rio Curicuriari, above Barcellos, Rio Negro;
Para) specimens with remarkably dark under parts are occasionally
met with, but as they are associated with normally colored birds,
I do not see how Fulica ruficollis Gmelin4 and Aramides cajanea
grahami Chubb5 can be anything but individual variants of A. cajanea,
although I have to admit that this dark "stage" is not represented
by a single example in the large series examined from southern
Brazil, Paraguay, and Argentina.
The types of Aramides cajanea venezuelensis Cory6 and A. cajanea
peruviana Cory,6 from Encontrados, Zulia, Venezuela, and Moyo-
bamba, Peru are likewise based on individual variation, and can
be exactly matched by specimens from other localities.7
!See Hellmayr, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., 22, No. 3, pp. 712-713, 1906
and Bangs, Amer. Natur., 41, p. 180, 1907.
2Loc. cit., p. 713, 1906.
3Rallus chiricote Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 28, p. 551, 1819 —
based on Azara, No. 368, Paraguay.
4Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 700, 1789 — based on "Black-bellied Gallinule" Latham,
Gen. Syn. Birds, 3, (1), p. 253, Cayenne (type in Vienna Museum examined).
*Ibis, (11), 1, p. 53, 1919 — Para (type in British Museum examined).
6Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 296, 1915.
7It may be stated here that Chubb (Ibis, 1919, p. 52) is no doubt confused in
calling the back of A. c. cajanea "rufous brown." The anterior upper parts in
these Rails vary from medal bronze and buff y olive to grayish olive, but are never
brown or rufous.
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 483
[470. Creciscus melanophaius lateralis (Lichtenstein).
Crex lateralis Lichtenstein, Verz. Dubl. Berliner Mus., p. 79, 1823 — Brazil (excl.
cit. Azara, No. 376) ; type locality Bahia (see Lichtenstein, Nomencl. Av. Mus.
Berol., p. 96, 1854).
Ortygometra (Creciscus) melanophaea Reiser (1), p. 96, 1910 — Santa Philomena,
Piauhy.
Creciscus (Ortygometra) melanophaeus Reiser (2), p. 230, 1925 — same locality.
Piauhy: Santa Philomena, 9 ad., July 16, 1903. O. Reiser
(Vienna Museum).
On comparing twenty specimens of this Crake from various local-
ities I notice that birds from Bahia northwards to British Guiana
may generally be distinguished from those of Paraguay, Argentina
(Buenos Aires), and southern Brazil (Rio to Santa Catharina) by
having the lores, auricular region, and cheeks pinkish cinnamon
rather than grayish. The difference, however, is not quite constant.
Of two specimens from British Guiana (C. melanophaius maccon-
nelli Chubb),1 one is identical with Bahia skins, while the other in the
decidedly grayish sides of the head resembles topotypical melano-
phaius, from Paraguay. In Upper Amazonia, from southeastern
Colombia to eastern Peru, another nearly allied race, C. m. oenops
(Sclater and Salvin), is found.]
471. Creciscus viridis viridis (Miiller).
Rallus viridis P. L. S. Muller, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 120, 1776 — based on
Daubenton, PI. Enl. 368, Cayenne.
Maranhao: Ponto (Canella), 9 ad., Aug. 29, 1924; Fazenda In-
huma, Alto Parnahyba, two 9 9 ad., Aug. 3, 5, 1925.
I am unable to find any appreciable difference between ten skins
from French and Dutch Guiana and fifteen from eastern Brazil
(Para, Maranhao, Pernambuco, Bahia, and Ilha Grande, near Rio
de Janeiro).
Peruvian birds are slightly different and may stand as C. viridis
facialis (Tschudi).2
[472. Gallinula chloropus galeata (Lichtenstein).
Crex galeata Lichtenstein, Verz. Saugeth. und Vogel Berliner Mus., p. 36, 1818 —
based on Azara, No. 379, Paraguay.
Gallinula galeata Reiser (2), p. 231, 1925 — Rio Taquarussu, Piauhy.
Recorded by Reiser from the Rio Taquarussu in southern Piauhy.]
JBirds Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 75, 1916 — Bonasica River.
2Crex facialis Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 9, (1), p. 388, 1843 — Peru (type in
Neuchatel Museum examined; =juv.).
484 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
[473. Ionornis martinica (Linnaeus).
Fulica martinica Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 259, 1766 — Martinique.
Porphyriola martinica Reiser (2), p. 231, 1925 — Lake Parnagua, Piauhy.
A few were observed by Reiser on the shores of Lake Parnagua,
in southern Piauhy.]
[474. Aramus scolopaceus (Gmelin) subsp.
Ardea scolopacea Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 647, 1789 — based on Buffon and
Daubenton, PI. Enl. 848, Cayenne.
Aramus scolopaceus Reiser, pp. 93, 220 — Parnagua, Piauhy.
Reiser records the Limpkin from Parnagua, Piauhy. In the ab-
sence of specimens, I am unable to ascertain whether they are
referable to typical scolopaceus or to the larger southern A. s. carau
Vieillot, which ranges at least as far north as Minas Geraes, since
the type of Rallus ardeoides Spix,1 in size, agrees with a topotypical
example of the latter form from Paraguay.]
[475. Theristicus caudatus (Boddaert).
Scolopax caudatus Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 57, 1783 — based on Daubenton,
PI. Enl. 976, Cayenne.
Theristicus caudatus Reiser, pp. 92, 211 — Burity, Fazenda Enseada, and Rio
Parnahyba, Piauhy.
The Curicaca was noticed by the members of the Vienna Acad-
emy Expedition at various localities in Piauhy from the vicinity of
Parnagua north to below Estreito, on the Rio Parnahyba. We have
an adult male from Sao Marcello, Rio Preto, Bahia, which, except
for the sexual difference in size, agrees well with a female from near
Boa Vista, Rio Branco, Brazilian Guiana.
This Ibis is widely distributed in northern and eastern South
America, ranging from Colombia, Venezuela, and Guiana all over
Brazil south to northern Argentina and Paraguay. It was first de-
scribed under its Brazilian vernacular name by Marcgrave,2 who
met with it along the Rio Sao Francisco, at Itapuama, and other
places in northeastern Brazil.]
xAv. Bras., 2, p. 72, pi. 91, 1825 — near Contendas or Riachao, Minas Geraes
(type in Munich Museum examined).
2Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 191, 1648.
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 485
[476. Phimosus infuscatus1 nudifrons (Spix).
Ibis nudifrons Spix, Av. Bras., 2, p. 69, pi. 86, 1825 — Sao Francisco River,
Brazil.
Plegadis nudifrons Reiser, pp. 92, 212 — Parnagua, below Sao Estevao and
above Colonia Floriano, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy.
O. Reiser took an immature bird on the shore of Lake Parnagua
and noticed other individuals along the banks of the Rio Parnahyba.
When separating the Venezuelan form,2 I was mistaken in assum-
ing the bill and bare part of the head to be yellow in Brazilian birds.
As a matter of fact, in freshly killed specimens, the bill is clay-color
or chamois, and the face brick red, both parts fading to yellow in
Museum skins.
In birds from the Orinoco Valley and Rio Chaura, near Merida,
Venezuela, the bare part of the head is dark carmine, while the bill
is decidedly wood brown, with a blackish tip. This northern form
may, therefore, stand as P. infuscatus berlepschi.
Spix's Bare-faced Ibis is peculiar to Brazil south of the Amazon,
ranging from Piauhy down to Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo, and
west to Matto Grosso.]
477. Guara rubra (Linnaeus).
Scohpax rubra Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 145, 1758 — based on
Catesby (Bahama Islands), Brisson (Cayenne), etc.
Guara rubra Reiser, pp. 92, 213 — Amaragao, coast of Piauhy.
Maranhao: Mangunca Island, cf ad., March 18, 1924.
Widely distributed in eastern tropical America, from the West
Indies south to southeastern Brazil.3
[478. Mycteria americana Linnaeus.
Mycteria americana Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 140, 1758 — based on
"Jabiru-guacu" Marcgrave, Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 200, northeastern Brazil.4
*In spite of Messrs. Berlepsch and Hartert's contrary contention (see Nov.
Zool., 9, p. 123, 1902, note) I do not see how we can avoid using Ibis infuscata
Lichtenstein (Verz. Dubl. Berliner Mus., p. 75, 1823) for the Paraguayan form
of this Ibis, in view of his quoting Azara's No. 365, where an excellent description
is given.
2Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 53, p. 247, 1903.
3The most southerly locality on record appears to be Guaratuba, on the coast
of the Brazilian state of Parana, where Auguste de Saint-Hilaire (Mem. Mus.
Hist. Nat. Paris, 9, p. 353, 1822) found the Red Ibis very abundant.
4See Hellmayr, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 711, 1906.
486 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
Tantalus loculator Reiser, pp. 92, 124 — B6a Vista, near Brejao (road from
Santo Antonio de Gilboez to Santa Philomena) and below Villa Nova, Rio Parna-
hyba, Piauhy.
The Wood Ibis was observed by the members of the Vienna
Academy Expedition.]
[479. Ardea cocoi Linnaeus.
Ardea Cocoi Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 237, 1766 — based on Brisson,
Cayenne; Reiser, pp. 92, 215 — Parnagua, Lake Parnagua, Brejao, and Rio Parna-
hyba, Piauhy.
The Cocoi Heron was met with by the Vienna Academy Expedi-
tion. Generally distributed in eastern South America.]
[480. Casmerodius albus egretta (Gmelin).
Ardea egretta Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 629, 1789 — based on Buffon's
"Grande Egrette," Cayenne, Santo Domingo, and Louisiana; Reiser (1), p. 92, 1910
— Lake Parnagua, Piauhy.
Herodias egretta Reiser (2), p. 215, 1925 — Lake Parnagua, Lag6a do Rio
Fundu, and Amaracao, Piauhy.
Recorded by Reiser from Piauhy. Generally distributed through-
out temperate and tropical America.]
[481. Egretta thula thula (Molina).
Ardea thula Molina, Saggio Stor. Nat. Chile, pp. 235, 344, 1782 — Chile.
Ardea candidissima Reiser (1), p. 92, 1910 — Pedrinha, Lake Parnagua, Piauhy.
Herodias candidissima Reiser (2), p. 216, 1925 — Lake Parnagua, Lag6a do Rio
Fundu, Colonia Floriano and Amaracao, Piauhy.
The Snowy Egret, widely diffused in North and South America,
is recorded by Reiser from various localities in Piauhy.]
[482. Florida caerulea (Linnaeus).
Ardea caerulea Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 143, 1758 — "America
septentrionalis" = Carolina (ex Catesby) accepted as type locality.
Florida coerulea Reiser, pp. 92, 217 — Amaragao, coast of Piauhy, and Miritiba,
Maranhao.
Specimens of the Little Blue Heron were listed by Reiser from
the coast districts of Piauhy and Maranhao.]
483. Hydranassa tricolor tricolor (Muller).
Ardea tricolor P. L. S. Muller, Natursyst., Suppl., p. Ill, 1776 — based on
Daubenton, PI. Enl. 350, Cayenne.
Hydranassa tricolor Ihering and Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 407, 1907 —
Primeira Cruz, Maranhao.
Florida tricolor Reiser, pp. 92, 217 — coast of Piauhy.
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 487
Maranhao: Tury-assu, o" ad. (in breeding plumage), Dec. 27,
1923. — Wing 230; tail 80; bill 84.
With somewhat longer wings, but otherwise agreeing with Gui-
anan examples.
The Tricolored Heron ranges from British Guiana south along
the coast to the delta of the Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy. Allied races
are found in Trinidad, the West Indies, Central America, and
southern North America.1
484. Butorides striata (Linnaeus).
Ardea striata Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 144, 1758 — Surinam.
Butorides striata Reiser (1), p. 93, 1910 — coast of Piauhy; idem (2), p. 219,
1925 — Manias, lower Parnahyba, Piauhy.
Butorides virescens (not of Linnaeus) Reiser (2), p. 219, 1925 — Amaracao,
Piauhy.
Maranhao: Sao Bento, 9 ad., 9 imm., Aug. 27, 31, 1923.
Piauhy: Ibiapaba, 9 juv., Dec. 14, 1924.
Like specimens from Guiana and other parts of Brazil. I have
little doubt that the bird from Amaracao mentioned by Reiser will
also turn out to belong to B. striata, which, in juvenile plumage, is
often very hard to distinguish from B. virescens. No representative
of the latter species has ever been found in eastern South America,
although local races are known to inhabit the island of Tobago and
the extreme northwest of the continent (Colombia and adjacent
section of Venezuela).
The Black-crowned Heron is widely diffused in South America,
ranging from Trinidad and Venezuela south to Argentina and Para-
guay. I am not able to satisfactorily separate the southern form B.
s. cyanura, recently revived by Wetmore.2
[485. Nyctanassa violacea violacea (Linnaeus).
Ardea violacea Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 143, 1758 — based on
Catesby, Carolina.
Nyctanassa violacea Reiser, pp. 93, 217 — coast of Piauhy.
Reiser found the Yellow-crowned Night Heron in the delta of
the Rio Parnahyba, where a young individual was obtained on Sep-
tember 16, 1903. Widely distributed in warm temperate and tropical
America.]
xSee Nov. Zool., 13, p. 50, 1906.
2Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 55, 1926.
488 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
[486. Cochlearius cochlearius (Linnaeus).
Cancroma cochlearia Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 233, 1766 — based on
Brisson, Cayenne; Reiser, pp. 93, 218 — Ilha do Meio, Lake Parnagua, Piauhy.
The Vienna Academy Expedition met with a flock of the Boatbill
on May 22, 1903, in the Ilha do Meio, Lake Parnagua, Piauhy.]
[487. Nycticorax nycticorax naevius (Boddaert).
Ardea naevia Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 56, 1783 — based on Daubenton, PL
Enl. 939, Cayenne.
Nycticorax tayazu-guira Reiser, pp. 93, 218 — Lake Parnagua, Colonia Floriano
and Caicara, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy.
Recorded by Reiser from various localities in Piauhy.
Specimens from eastern Brazil, at least as far south as Bahia,
appear to me indistinguishable from Guianan birds, while Night
Herons from the United States average slightly larger.]
[488. Philherodius pileatus (Boddaert).
Ardea pileata Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 54, 1783 — based on Daubenton, PI.
Enl. 907, Cayenne.
Nycticorax pileatus Reiser, pp. 93, 218 — below Uniao and Riacho Novo, Rio
Parnahyba, Piauhy.
The Capped Heron, a species of wide distribution in Guiana,
Amazonia, and Brazil south to Santa Catharina, was repeatedly
met with by the Vienna Academy Expedition on the banks of the
Rio Parnahyba, in Piauhy.]
[489. Tigrisoma lineatum marmoratum (Vieillot).
Ardea marmorata Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 14, p. 415, 1817 —
based on Azara, No. 353 (= juv.), Paraguay.
Tigrisoma marmoratum Reiser, pp. 93, 219 — Lake Parnagua, Brejao, and
Riacho da Raiz, Piauhy.
Piauhy: Lake Parnagua, two 9 9 ad., 9 imm., o* imm., May
and June, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum).
Maranhao: Primeira Cruz, cf ad., Sept. 28, 1906. F. Schwanda
(Tring Museum).
Although it has not been possible to examine topotypical Para-
guayan material, it seems pretty certain that the Tiger Bittern from
northeastern Brazil is referable to T. I. marmoratum, as defined by
the late Count Berlepsch.1 Compared with T. I. lineatum, of Guiana
'Journ. Orn., 35, pp. 30-31, 1887.
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 489
and Amazonia, the adults merely differ in larger size, wider black
crown-streaks, and more extensive feathering at the base of the lower
mandible. Two apparently immature specimens correspond to T.
bahiae Sharpe,1 and clearly show that this supposed species is nothing
but an intermediate stage of plumage,2 as pointed out by Reiser.
Marcgrave's "Soco"3 no doubt refers to the juvenile dress of the
present form.
T. I. marmoratum obviously replaces the Amazonian T. I. linea-
tum4 in the Brazilian highlands, Paraguay, and northern Argentina.
Its exact range and that of the black-headed T. fasciatum, probably
another representative form, have yet to be worked out.]
490. Ixobrychus exilis erythromelas (Vieillot).
Ardea erythromelas6 Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 66.., 14, p. 422,
1 81 7 — based on Azara, No. 360, Rio Paraguay.
Maranhao: Sao Bento, cf ad., 9 juv., Aug. 27, Sept. 14, 1923.
Vieillot's Least Bittern, which is clearly conspecific with the North
American form, has a wide range in tropical South America, extend-
ing from Colombia, Venezuela and Trinidad to Paraguay and
southern Brazil.
491. Jacana spinosa6 jacana (Linnaeus).
Parra Jacana Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 259, 1766 — based on "Jacana
quarta species" Marcgrave (Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 191, northeastern Brazil); "Spur-
winged Water-hen" Edwards (Glean. Nat. Hist., 3, p. 305, pi. 357, Surinam) and
"Le Chirurgien brun" Brisson (Orn., 5, p. 125) in part;7 Surinam (ex Edwards)
accepted as type locality (auct. Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 304, 1908).
*Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 196, pi. 2A, 1898— Bahia.
2A similar "phase" also occurs in the Guianan T. I. lineatum (cf. Todd, Ann.
Carnegie Mus., 14, pp. 136-137, 1922).
3Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 199, 1648.
4The name of the Guianan Tiger Bittern may have to be changed, since Ardea
brasiliensis Linnaeus (Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 239, 1766) chiefly rests on "Le
Heron, du Bresil" of Brisson (Orn., 5, p. 441, 1760) who, while referring to Marc-
grave's "Soco," appears to have described a young bird from Cayenne sent by
Artur to the Reaumur Collection. Ardea soco Wagler (Syst. Av., 1, Genus Ardea,
sp. 30, 1827), on the other hand, covers both T. lineatum and T. marmoratum,
because of references and habitat.
5Misprinted erythromelas.
6Fulica spinosa Linnaeus (Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 152, 1758 — based exclu-
sively on "The Spur-winged Water Hen" Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, 1, p. 48,
pi. 48), in spite of the (evidently erroneous) locality Carthagena, is clearly referable
to the Central American Jacana, both figure and description in Edwards's work
being quite explicit with respect to the trifid posterior margin of the frontal shield.
'Neither the reference in Hernandez's work, quoted by Brisson, nor the speci-
men from Santo Domingo in the Reaumur Collection belongs to the present form.
49° Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
Jacana jacana Reiser, pp. 95, 229 — north of Pedrinha, Lake Parnagua, Lagda
do Rio Fundii, Brejao, Rio Taquarussu, Poty, near Therezina, Riacho da Raiz,
and Queimadas, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy.
Maranhao: Sao Bento, 0" ad., Aug. 31, 1923; Sao Francisco (op-
posite Amarante), Rio Parnahyba, cf ad., July 5, 1925.
Piauhy: Ibiapaba, cf ad., 9 juv., Dec. 31, 1924, Jan. 5, 1925;
Deserto, 9 ad., c? imm., March 28, 1925.
Additional specimens. — Ceara: Quixada, d", 9 ad., June 10, 24,
1 9 13. R. H. Becker.
The Rufous-backed Jacana is remarkably uniform throughout its
range, birds from so widely remote sections as Guiana, eastern Brazil,
and Paraguay being perfectly alike. Specimens from northern Vene-
zuela (Maracay, Aragua) are darker chestnut on the back and may
stand as J. spinosa intermedia (Sclater), while western Ecuador is
tenanted by the well-marked /. 5. scapularis Chapman,1 distinguished
by its lighter back, black stripe along the scapulars, and almost
white (instead of greenish) outermost primaries.
The two dark Jacana forms inhabiting Colombia and eastern
Panama, /. melanopygia (Sclater) and /. hypomelaena (Gray),2
while requiring further investigation as to their interrelations and
ranges, are also clearly conspecific.
[492. Arenaria interpres morinella (Linnaeus).
Tringa morinella Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 249, 1766 — based on
Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 72, pi. 72, coast of Florida.
Arenaria interpres (not Tringa interpres Linnaeus) Reiser (1), p. 95, 1910 —
coast of Piauhy.
Arenaria interpres morinella Reiser (2), p. 228, 1925 — coast of Piauhy.
The Ruddy Turnstone is a winter visitor to Brazil. Reiser shot
several specimens about the middle of September 1903 among the
lagoons on the north coast of Piauhy, near Amaracao.]
xAmer. Mus. Novit., 31, p. 3, 1922 — Chone, prov. Manabi, Ecuador.
2Elliot (Auk, 5, p. 296, 1888) was the first author to misapply Gmelin's name
nigra to the Black Jacana of eastern Colombia.
Parra nigra Gmelin (Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 708, 1789) was solely and exclusively
based on "Jacana tertia species" of Marcgrave (Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 191), and what-
ever this rather obscurely described bird from northeastern Brazil may be, it
certainly is not P. hypomelaena which has never been found outside of Colombia
and Panama. Lichtenstein (Abhandl. Ak. Wiss. Berlin, Phys. Kl., for 1816-17,
p. 158, 1819) suggests its identity with J. s. jacana, attributing the discrepancies
in the description to a possible transposition of the color-terms for upper and under
parts. Unfortunately, there is no figure of this bird among Marcgrave's original
drawings in the Menzel Collection.
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 491
493. Hoploxypterus cayanus (Latham).
Charadrius cayanus Latham, Ind. Orn., 2, p. 749, 1790 — based on Buff on and
Daubenton, PI. Enl. 633, Cayenne.
Hoploxypterus cayanus Reiser, pp. 93, 223 — Parnagua, Piauhy and Miritiba,
Maranhao.
Piauhy: Deserto, c? ad., Apr. 4, 1925; Ibiapaba, 9 ad., Jan. 9,
1925-
Goyaz: Philadelphia, lower Tocantins, three 9 9 ad., d" juv.,
Dec. 10, 14, 21, 1925 (Conover Collection).
The Spur-winged Plover ranges from Guiana and southern Vene-
zuela (Orinoco basin) through Amazonia to southern Brazil.
494. Belonopterus cayennensis lampronotus (Wagler).
Charadrius lampronotus Wagler, Syst. Av., 1, Genus Charadrius, sp. 48, 1827 —
part, adult ptil. aest. (type from Brazil in Munich Museum examined).1
Belonopterus cayennensis (not Parra cayennensis Gmelin) Reiser (2), p. 223,
1925 — Lake Parnagua, Lag6a Missao, and Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy.
Maranhao: Miritiba, two cf cf ad., April 10, 1910, April 23, 1907.
F. Schwanda (Conover Collection).
These specimens as well as an adult female secured by R. H.
Becker at Cidade da Barra, Rio Sao Francisco, Bahia, in Field Mu-
seum agree with a series from Matto Grosso, northeastern Argentina
(Santa Ana, Misiones; Cambaceres, prov. Buenos Aires) and Uru-
guay, in having a distinct black stripe along the middle of the fore-
neck, connecting the black of the throat with that of the breast.
They are somewhat lighter on the sides of the head and neck, thereby
approaching B. c. cayennensis, from Amazonia and Guiana, but this
slight divergency should be confirmed by a larger series.
B. c. lampronotus thus seems to range over the greater part of
the Brazilian table-land, while B. c. cayennensis replaces it in the
savannas of Colombia, Venezuela, Guiana, and northern Brazil,
south to the banks of the Amazon.2
Although Cayenne is included in its range, and the characters shown by birds
from that country are considered to be probably seasonal, Wagler, in the first
place, clearly had the southern form in mind, as is evident from the passage "stria
a mento in collo antico medio ad pectus ducta .... nigerrimis." Besides, the
only specimen in the Munich Museum, named C. lampronotus, dating from
the time previous to Wagler's death is from Brazil, and belongs to the race to
which both Peters (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 296, 1923) and Wetmore (Bull.
U. S- Nat. Mus., 133, pp. 169-170, 1926) have restricted the term lampronotus.
2The subspecific pertinence of the Lapwings recorded by Snethlage (Bol.
Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 84, 1914) from the islands of Marajo and Mexiana in the delta
region has yet to be ascertained.
492 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
[495. Squatarola squatarola cynosurae Thayer and Bangs.
Squatarola squatarola cynosurae Thayer and Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. CI.,
5, p. 23, 1914 — Baillie Island, Arctic America.
Charadrius squatarola Reiser, pp. 94, 224 — Amaracao, Piauhy.
Reiser met with flocks of this winter visitor in the lagoons near
Amaracao, on the coast of Piauhy, where a female was shot on
September 19, 1903.]
496. Pagolla wilsonia wilsonia (Ord).
Charadrius ivilsonia Ord in Wilson's Amer. Orn., 9, p. 77, pi. 73, fig. 5, 1814 —
"shores of Cape Island" =Cape May, New Jersey.
Eudromias wilsoni Reiser (1), p. 94, 19 10 — coast district of Piauhy.
"Charadrius wilsoni (Ord) =Ochthodromus wilsonia (Ord)" (sic) Reiser (2),
p. 224, 1925 — Amaracao, Piauhy.
Maranhao: Mangunca Island, o* ad., 9 ad., March 8, 1924.
Additional specimens. — Piauhy: Amaracao, cf ad., four 9 9
ad., Sept. 14, 15, 17, 1903. O. Reiser (Vienna Museum).
Like the type of Charadrius crassirostris Spix,1 with which it was
directly compared, our male has but a few feathers behind the auric-
ulars faintly tipped with pinkish cinnamon, while the jugular band,
in both, is blackish, indistinctly edged with pale brownish. They
are matched by numerous individuals from the United States and
the Bahamas, but are very different from a series of fifteen males
from Aruba, Bonaire, Aves Island, Margarita, and Trinidad,2 all of
which have the crown, sides of head, and jugular band strongly suf-
fused with bright rufous (varying from sayal brown to orange
cinnamon). The same applies to the female which differs from ten
specimens of the Caribbean breeding race by the complete absence
of any rufescent tinge whatsoever on head and jugular band, and
cannot be distinguished from females of Wilson's Plover. Only two
(out of five) birds obtained by Reiser at Amaracao, coast of Piauhy,
in September, 1903, show a slight cinnamon tinge behind the auric-
ulars and in the jugular band, such as is frequently observed in
specimens taken in the United States.
Under these circumstances, I cannot but maintain my former
contention3 that the birds occurring in winter time on the coast of
eastern Brazil are migrants from the United States.
!Av. Bras., 2, p. 77, pi. 94, 1825 — Brazil (locality not specified).
2Pagolla wilsonia cinnamomina Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 8,
p. 113, 191 9 — Sabanilla, Colombia.
"Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 715, 1906.
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 493
Although Mr. Todd1 dissents from this view, it seems extremely
unlikely that all of the numerous examples taken in Brazil should be
immature (those examined in the present connection have every ap-
pearance of being adult). Besides, it must be remembered that P.
w. cinnamomina has not yet been met with outside its breeding range,
and is most probably a resident, non-migratory form.
[497. Charadrius hiaticula tundrae (Lowe).
Aegialitis hiaticula tundrae Lowe, Bull. Brit. Orn. CL, 36, p. 7, 1915 — Valley
of the Yenisei, eastern Siberia.
Aegialitis hiaticula (not of Linnaeus) Reiser, pp. 100, 225 — Miritiba, Maranhao.
The late F. Schwanda shot a molting female on October 11, 1907,
at Miritiba, Maranhao. Hartert, to whom the specimen, now in the
Vienna Museum, was submitted, believes it to be referable to the
dark race breeding in eastern Siberia. Doubtless a rare straggler to
South America.]
498. Charadrius collaris Vieillot.
Charadrius collaris Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 27, p. 136, 1818
— based on Azara, No. 392, Paraguay.
Aegialitis collaris Reiser, pp. 94, 225 — below Therezina, Ilha Sao Martin, and
Amaracao, Piauhy.
Piauhy: Ibiapaba, 9 juv., Dec. 26, 1924 (Conover Collection).
On examining a large series of Azara's Ringed Plover I notice
considerable individual variation in size and, while admitting that
specimens from southern South America average slightly larger, the
difference does not seem to be constant enough to warrant the recog-
nition of two geographic races, as has been advocated by Hartert
and Jackson.2
499. Limnodromus griseus griseus (Gmelin).
Scolopax grisea Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 658, 1789 — based on "Brown
Snipe" Pennant, Arct. Z00L, 2, p. 464, coast of New York.
Maranhao: Mangunca Island, two d" o71 ad., March 10, 19, 1924.
The Dowitcher, a winter visitor to South America, has previously
been recorded from various other localities along the Brazilian coast
(Marajo; Cajetuba, near Para; Bahia). One of Snethlage's examples
*Ann. Carnegie Mus., 7, p. 415, 191 1; 1. c., 14, p. 186, 1922.
2Ibis, 1915, pp. 530-531.
494 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
is in full winter dress, while the other already shows a few feathers of
the nuptial plumage.
[500. Ereunetes pusillus (Linnaeus).
Tringa pusilla Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 252, 1766 — based on Bris-
son, Orn., 5, p. 222, pi. 25, fig. 2, Santo Domingo.
Ereunetes pusillus Reiser, pp. 95, 228 — Amaracao, Piauhy.
The Semipalmated Sandpiper, a common winter visitor in South
America, was met with by Reiser in the coast district of Piauhy,
in September, 1903.]
[501. Canutus canutus rufus (Wilson).
Tringa rufa Wilson, Amer. Orn., 7, p. 43, pi. 57, fig. 5, 1813 — middle Atlantic
states, probably New Jersey.
Tringa canuti (not Tringa canutus Linnaeus) Reiser (1), p. 94, 1910 — coast of
Piauhy.
Tringa canuti rufa Reiser (2), p. 227, 1925 — coast of Piauhy.
This great wanderer was collected by the Vienna Academy Ex-
pedition near Amaracao, north coast of Piauhy, late in September,
1903J
502. Pisobia fuscicollis (Vieillot).
Tringa fuscicollis Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 66.., 34, p. 461, 1819 —
based on Azara, No. 404, Paraguay.
Maranhao: Carolina, lower Tocantins, three 9 9 ad., Nov. 6,
1925 (Conover Collection).
Bonaparte's Sandpiper is a common winter visitor to South
America.
503. Pisobia minutilla (Vieillot).
Tringa minutilla Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 34, p. 466, 1819 —
"a Halifax et dans la Nouvelle Ecosse, mais .... beaucoup moins nombreux que
dans les iles Antilles."
Limonites minutilla Reiser, pp. 95, 228 — above Pintados, Rio Parnahyba, and
Amaracao, Piauhy.
Maranhao: Mangunca Island, 9 ad., March 8, 1924.
Piauhy: Ibiapaba, cf ad., Jan. 8, 1925 (Conover Collection).
The Least Sandpiper is likewise a common winter visitor in South
America.
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 495
[504. Crocethia alba (Pallas).
Trynga {alba) Pallas in Vroeg, Cat., Adumbrat., p. 7, 1764 — coast of North
Sea, Holland.
Calidris arenaria Reiser, pp. 95, 228 — Amaragao, Piauhy.
Specimens of the Sanderling, another winter visitor from the
north, were taken on September 14, 1903, near Amaracao, along the
coast of Piauhy, by members of the Vienna Academy Expedition.]
[505. Actitis macularia (Linnaeus).
Tringa macularia Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 249, 1766 — based on
"Spotted Sandpiper" Edwards, Glean. Nat. Hist., 2, p. 139, pi. 277, lower figure;
near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Actitis macularius Reiser, pp. 95, 227 — Amaragao, Piauhy.
A common winter visitor to South America, which was observed
and secured by O. Reiser along the Rio Parnahyba and on the coast
of Piauhy in September, 1903.]
[506. Numenius hudsonicus Latham.
Numenius hudsonicus Latham, Ind. Orn., 2, p. 712, 1790 — based on "Eski-
maux Curlew" Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, No. 364, pi. 19, Hudson Bay; Reiser, pp.
94, 226 — Amaracao and Ilha Grande, Piauhy.
Specimens of the Hudsonian Curlew were shot by members of
the Vienna Academy Expedition on the coast of Piauhy around the
middle of September, 1903.]
507. Himantopus himantopus mexicanus (Muller).
Charadrius mexicanus P. L. S. Muller, Natursyst., Suppl. p. 117, 1776 — based
on "L'Echasse du Mexique" Brisson, Orn., 5, p. 36, 1760, Mexico.
Himantopus mexicanus Reiser, pp. 94, 225 — Ilha Grande (Lake Parnagua)
and Manias, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy.
Maranhao: Mangunca Island, d" ad., Feb. 27, 1924.
A perfectly typical example of the American Stilt, without trace
of a white band across the upper back, and with the white restricted
to the anterior crown, and doubtless a migrant from the north.
Reiser (1. c, p. 225) states that a male from Parnagua, Piauhy,
resembles the southern H. h. melanurus in having a white band
across the hind neck, but agrees in dimensions with H. h. mexicanus.
There is no definite breeding record for any Stilt in northern
Brazil, though it would appear from Wied's1 description that the
^eitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (1), p. 741, 1832.
496 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
birds he found breeding in abundance on the sand banks of the Rio
Belmonte, Bahia, belonged to the present form rather than to H. h.
melanurus, the northern limits of whose range have yet to be deter-
mined.
508. Capella paraguaiae paraguaiae (Vieillot).
Scolopax paraguaiae Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 3, p. 356,
1 8 16 — based on Azara, No. 387, Paraguay.
Gallinago paraguayae Reiser, pp. 95, 229 — Parnagua, Piauhy.
Maranhao: Sao Bento, 9 ad., one (unsexed) adult, Aug. 31,
Sept. 14, 1923.
In addition, we have several specimens obtained by R. H. Becker
at Sao Marcello, Rio Preto, Bahia. The Brazilian skins agree in
every respect with twelve others from Villa Rica, Paraguay, collected
by F. Schade, in the Conover Collection.
With a very satisfactory series of nearly fifty examples of this
Snipe from Chile, Paraguay, Argentina, and Brazil before me I have
no difficulties in recognizing the two races discriminated by Mrs.
Meinertzhagen1 and Dr. Wetmore.2 However, I cannot agree with
these authors in the application of Vieillot's name. Azara clearly
describes the breeding species of Paraguay, which, so far as I can see,
is indistinguishable from the Brazilian bird (S. braziliensis Swainson) ;
whereas the occurrence in Paraguay of the southern race, with buffy,
more coarsely marked foreneck, even in winter time, has yet to be
proved.
C. p. paraguaiae is, therefore, the proper name of the Snipe
breeding from Colombia and Guiana south to Uruguay and Buenos
Aires, Scolopax braziliensis Swainson and Scolopax frenata Lichten-
stein8 being synonyms. The breeding form of southern Argentina
and Chile, migrating northward in winter, will have to stand as
Capella paraguaiae magellanica (King).
[509. Rynchops nigra intercedens Saunders.
Rhynchops intercedens Saunders, Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 4, p. XXVI, 1895 — type
from Sao Paulo, Brazil, in British Museum.
^bis, 1926, pp. 506, 509.
2Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, pp. 161-162, 1926.
3Verz. Dubl. Berliner Mus., p. 75, 1823. — Though published without any
description, 5. frenata, by the added reference to "Becassime (sic) Azar. 387,"
becomes virtually a valid name for the species described under that name.
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 497
Rhynchops nigra (not of Linnaeus) Reiser (1), p. 98, 1910 — Ilha Grande, Lake
Parnagua, Piauhy.
Rhynchops nigra inter cedens Reiser (2), p. 242, 1925 — Lake Parnagua, Urubu
Grande, Manga, Colonia Floriano, Sao Goncalinho and Queimadas, Rio Parna-
hyba, Piauhy, and B6a Vista, Maranhao.
The Southern Skimmer has been recorded by Reiser from many
localities in Piauhy and B6a Vista, northern Maranhao. We have
no material from northern Brazil.]
510. Sterna superciliaris Vieillot (subsp.?).
Sterna superciliaris Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 66.., 32, p. 176, 1819
— based on Azara, No. 415, Paraguay; Reiser, pp. 97, 242 — Remanso do Arasa
and near Therezina, Rio Parnahyba, and near Amaracao, Piauhy.
Maranhao: Sao Luiz, 9 ad., 9 juv., July 30, 31, 1923.
The adult female as well as an unsexed adult from Marajo, while
somewhat smaller (wing 170-178 mm.), agree with specimens from
southern Brazil and Argentina in decidedly gray back, compara-
tively narrow black loral streak, and wholly yellow bill, without
black tip. In size, they closely approach 5. albifrons antillarum Les-
son, but this form is paler above, with more black in the loral region,
and has the bill as a rule tipped with black. Three specimens from
Inagua Island (Bahamas), however, lack the black tip and run very
close to the female from Maranhao.
It will be remembered that Reiser1 recorded both 5. superciliaris
and 5. antillarum from Amaracao, in the coast region of Piauhy.
However, I cannot help thinking that they all belong to one and the
same systematic unit which occupies, geographically as well as tax-
onomically, an intermediate position between these two allied forms,
and may prove to be separable from either.
[511. Phaetusa simplex simplex (Gmelin).
Sterna simplex Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 606, 1789 — based on "Simple Tern"
Latham, Gen. Syn. Birds, 3, (2), p. 355, Cayenne.
Phaethusa magnirostris Reiser (1), p. 97, 1910 — Piranha, Lake Parnagua, and
Cocal, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy.
"Phaethusa (magnirostris Licht.) chloropoda" (not Sterna chloropoda Vieillot)
Reiser (2), p. 240, 1925 — same localities.
Reiser records the Large-billed Tern from Lake Parnagua and
the sand banks of the Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy. We have no material
xDenks. Math.-naturw. Kl. Ak. Wiss. Wien, 76, pp. 97, 241, 1910-25.
498 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
from this state, but as birds from Pernambuco are referred by Wet-
more1 to the dark-backed northern race, there can be hardly any
doubt that those from Piauhy likewise belong to it.]
[512. Larus cirrocephalus cirrocephalus Vieillot (?).
Larus cirrocephalus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. e'd., 21, p. 502, 1818
— Brazil, coll. Delalande, = Rio de Janeiro; Reiser (2), p. 242, 1910 — Sao Luiz
and Miritiba, Maranhao.
Larus atricilla (not of Linnaeus?) Reiser (1), p. 100, 1910 — Maranhao.
Reiser refers a male in winter plumage, obtained by F. Schwanda
at Miritiba on January 26, 1908, to this species, which otherwise
is not known to occur farther north than Rio de Janeiro. The iden-
tification seems to be open to doubt, the same example having pre-
viously been listed as L. atricilla, a species more likely to be met
with in Maranhao.]
[513. Anhima cornuta (Linnaeus).
Palamedea cornuta Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 232, 1766 — based on
Marcgrave's "Anhima" (Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 215) and Brisson's "Kamichy" (Orn.,
5, p. 518, Cayenne); Reiser, pp. 96, 233 — Remanso de Coco, Rio Parnahyba,
Maranhao.
The Vienna Academy Expedition met with the Screamer on the
shores of Lake Parnagua in Piauhy and again on the Maranhao
side of the Rio Parnahyba.
The Inhuma has an extensive range in tropical South America,
stretching from Ecuador, Venezuela and Guiana down to southern
Brazil.]
[514. Cairina moschata (Linnaeus).
Anas moschata Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 124, 1758 — "India," errore,
= Brazil (see Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 131, 1902).
Cairina moschata Reiser, pp. 96, 233 — Lagda do Saco and lower Parnahyba,
Piauhy.
The Muscovy Duck was met with during the Vienna Academy
Expedition at various localities in Piauhy.]
[515. Sarkidiornis sylvicola Ihering and Ihering.2
Anas carunculata (not of Vieillot 181 6) Lichtenstein, Abhandl. Ak. Wiss.
Berlin, Phys. KL.for 1816-17, p. J76. I&19 — based on "Ipecati Apoa" Marcgrave,
Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 218, and Azara, No. 428 (Paraguay).
^ull. U. S. Nat. Mus.f 133, p. 141, 1926.
2Most probably conspecific with the Old World species (5. melanota).
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 499
Sarkidiornis sylvicola Ihering and Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 72, 1907 —
new name for Anas carunculata Lichtenstein; idem, 1. c, p. 408 — Primeira Cruz,
Maranhao.
" Sarcidiornis carunculata (Illig.) ( — Sylvicola Ihering)" (sic) Reiser (2), p.
234, 1925 — below Nova York and Manias, Piauhy.
Recorded by Reiser from the lower Parnahyba.]
[516. Dendrocygna viduata (Linnaeus).
Anas viduata Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 205, 1766 — Carthagena,
Colombia.
Dendrocygna viduata Reiser, pp. 96, 235 — Lake Parnagua, Lag6a do Rio Fundu,
and Manias, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy.
Recorded by Reiser from several localities in Piauhy.]
517. Dendrocygna autumnalis discolor Sclater and Salvin.
Dendrocygna discolor Sclater and Salvin, Nomencl. Av. Neotrop., p. 161, 1873 —
"Venezuela, Guiana et Brasilia," type from Maroni River, Surinam; Reiser, pp.
96, 236 — Lake Parnagua, Rio Taquarussu and Urubu Grande, Rio Parnahyba,
Piauhy.
Ceara: Varzea Formosa, d\ two .9 9 ad., March 1, 1925 (Cono-
ver Collection).
Piauhy: Ibiapaba, d" ad., Jan. 8, 1925 (Conover Collection).
Generally distributed in South America.
518. Nettion brasiliense (Gmelin).
Anas brasiliensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 517, 1789 — based on "Mareca
alia species" Marcgrave, Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 214, northeastern Brazil.
Nettion brasiliense Reiser (2), p. 237, 1925 — Lake Parnagua and Rio Parna-
hyba, Piauhy.
Maranhao: Primeira Cruz, cf ad., June 30, 1906. F. Schwanda
(Conover Collection).
The Brazilian Teal has an extensive range in South America.
[519. Nomonyx dominicus (Linnaeus).
Anas dominica Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 201, 1766 — based on "La
Sarcelle, de Sainte-Domingue" Brisson, Orn., 6, p. 472, pi. 41, fig. 2, Santo Domingo.
Erismatura {Nomonyx) dominica Reiser (2), p. 238, 1925 — Inhuma, Rio
Parnahyba, Piauhy.
Reiser shot an immature female of this duck near Inhuma, Rio
Parnahyba, on July 22, 1903. The species is widely distributed
throughout tropical America.]
500 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XII.
[520. Anhinga anhinga (Linnaeus).
Plotus anhinga Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 218, 1766 — based on "An-
hinga" Marcgrave (Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 218, northeastern Brazil) and Brisson
(Cayenne) ; Reiser, pp. 97, 239 — mouth of Pedra-Farada and above Sao Estevao,
Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy.
The Vienna Academy Expedition met with the Water Turkey at
various localities on the middle and upper stretches of the Rio
Parnahyba.]
[521. Phalacrocorax olivaceus olivaceus (Humboldt).
Pelecanus olivaceus Humboldt, Rec. Obs. Zool. et Anat. Comp. 1, p. 47, 1805 —
near Banco, Rio Magdalena, Colombia.1
Phalacrocorax vigua Reiser (2), p. 239, 1925 — Barra do Amaracao, Piauhy,
and Barra do Tutoja, Maranhao.
Observed by O. Reiser along the coast of Piauhy and Maranhao.
The Cormorant is generally distributed in South America.]
[522. Colymbus dominicus brachyrhynchus Chapman.
Colymbus dominicus brachyrhynchus Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 12,
p. 255, 1899 — Chapada, Matto Grosso, Brazil.
Podicipes (sic) dominicus Reiser (1), p. 97, 1910 — Canto Grande, Rio Parna-
hyba, Piauhy.
Podicipes dominicus brachyrhynchus Reiser (2), p. 240, 1925 — same locality.
The only record of this Grebe is a young male secured by Reiser
on July 28, 1903 at Canto Grande, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy.]
523. Podilymbus podiceps podiceps (Linnaeus).
Colymbus podiceps Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 136, 1758 — based on
Catesby, Carolina.
Ceara: Varzea Formosa, cf ad., March 8, 1925.
Additional specimens. — Ceara: Jua, near Iguatu, cf ad., July 30,
1913; Quixada, 9 juv., June 27, 1913. R. H. Becker.
These specimens appear to me indistinguishable from others taken
in the United States and, therefore, do not belong to P. p. antarcticus
(Lesson), of southern South America.2
[524. Rhea americana americana (Linnaeus).
Struthio americanus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 155, 1758 — based on
"Nhanduguacu" Marcgrave, Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 190, Sergipe and Rio Grande
(do Norte).
^ee Richmond, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 39, p. 142, 1926.
*See Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 49, 1926.
Brazilian Birds — Hellmayr. 501
Rhea americana macrorhyncha Reiser (2), p. 249, 1925 — Apertada Hora, Santo
Antonio de Gilboez, and Grotao, Piauhy.
The typical form of the Nandu, redescribed by Sclater as R.
macrorhyncha from Pernambuco, ranges south at least into Bahia.
No material is available.!
.c HAW*1 ■
K'W
ov
^NwS
DEX
Current name:
new names in bol
aburri, Aburria. .
Aburria aburri . .
Accipiter pileatus
acanthinus, Scelop
Accipiter pileatus,
superciliosi
tinus
acer, Tyranniscus
A croleptes violaceu
Actitis macularia .
macularius.
acuminatus , Colub
Oxybelis. . .
acutipennis, Capri
Chordeiles .
acutus, Crocodylu
Typhlops. .
adspersus, Cryptur
Aegialitis collar is .
hiaticula. . .
tundrae. . . .
aequinoctialis, Bu
Falco
aestiva, Amazona.
Chrysotis . .
aestivus, Psittacus.
affinis, Elaenea. . .
Empidagra.
Suiriri
Agama tuberculatz
Agelaeus cyanopus
frontalis . . .
Agelaius cyanopus
frontalis. . .
agilis, Lanius ....
Mabuya. . .
Scincus. . . .
Vireosylva .
Agkistrodon intern
Agyrtria bahiae. . .
nigricauda .
nitidifrons .
Agyrtrina leucogas
nigricauda.
nitidifrons .
akeleyi, Barbus. .
Akodon macronyx.
megalonyx .
michaelseni
valdivianus. . . ,
vestitus
alba, Crocethia
Trynga
albescens, Synallaxis .
onyms and secondary references in italics,
Page
albicollis, Caprimulgus 400
Falco 462
Leucopternis 462
Nyctidromus 400
Porzana 40
albigula, Cranioleuca 56
albigularis, Falco 455
albilinea, Chloroenas 33
albinucha, P achyrhamphus 326
Xenopsaris 326
albipectus, Thryophilus 255
Thryothorus 255
albiventer, Fluvicola 306
Hirundo 266
Iridoprocne 266
Muscicapa 306
Planesticus 249
Turdus 249
albiventris, Fluvicola 306
Tachycineta 266
albivertex, Elaenia 327
Elainea 327
albogularis, Loxia 294
Sporophila 294
alboguttata, Ameiva 156
Alcedo amazona 421
americana 421
inda 42 1
maculata 426
torquata 42 r
ilegriae, Picumnus 419
illapallensis, Mabuya 170
illeni, Chrysomitris 297
illeni, Notiomys 124
.lleni, Spinus 297
illigator chiapasius 227
cynocephalus 216
latirostris 216
niger 214
palpebrosus 210
punctulatus 226
sclerops 225
trigonatus 209
ilsophis portoricensis 160
maurocephala, Pachysylvia 262
Sylvia 262
maurocephalus, Leptopogon 333
maurochalinus, Planesticus 250
Turdus 250
maurospiza moesta 294
mazona aestiva 449
xanthops 449
mazona amazonica 449
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